var Acts = {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"name": "Acts",
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } },
"features": [
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Middlesex Co.", "Location": "Middlesex", "Lat": 42.541101, "Long": -71.184594, "Description": "October: Job Shattuck led a mob whom fell on hapless tax collectors.", "Source": "Hall. Politics without Parties, p.187 Taylor. Western Mass., p.121", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Job Shattuck", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.184594, 42.541101 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Loyalist irritated by the increasing presence of the stars and stripes on ships coming in the NY harbor boarded an American vessel, tore down the flag and carried it in triumph through the streets \"attended by a chosen bowditti (??) of Negroes, sailors, and loyal leather aproned statesmen.\"", "Source": "Wertenbaker.Father Knickbocker Rebels, p.266", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Loyalist; Black; Sailor; Tory; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; American", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 3, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Four days before the British evacuated Ephraim Smith, Inspector of Markets assisted by a party of soldiers cut down the Flymont Bell (??) to prevent the \"Rebels\" from using it when they took over. However, the commandant was informed of this and ordered Smith to return the bell.", "Source": "Devoe.Market Book, p.178-179", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Loyalist; Military; British; Tory; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; American", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ephraim Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 4, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A mob of women \"mostly of the wives of those who had returned from exile\" threatened the British Provost, or keeper of prisons, with hanging. His name was Cunningham and he had been very cruel to American prisoners and was believed to have hung some in the dead of night. Cunningham had remained on duty until the American troops arrived and was intercepted by this mob on his way to the river and an awaiting boat. The mob threatened to hang him on the same gallows he had hung Americans on. But \"some of the more considerate citizens\" and finally George Washington interceded to liberate the man.", "Source": "\"Memoirs of Stephen Allen,\" p. 36-37", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; American; Political", "Target Classification": "British; Political; Legal", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cunningham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 5, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: On evacuation day \"A few of the old Whigs\" amused themselves by going through town pulling down the signs of the Tories, especially the taverns who had the English ensign on their signs. One clever tavern keeper had wisely painted a British flag with the American colors on a ship on his sign. The sailors appreciated this foresight and did not harm that sign.", "Source": "\"Memoirs of Stephen Allen,\" p.35", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Whig (Revolution); Political; American", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Loyalist; British; Tory; Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 6, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A mob led by Sears, Lamb, Willet assaulted Tory printer James Rivington. This was forty-eight hours after the American army had withdrawn to West Point for discharge.", "Source": "Lynd. \"The Revolution and the Common Man,\" p.176", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Political", "Target Classification": "Printer; Tory; Loyalist; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sears; Lamb; Willet", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Rivington", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 7, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington, Penn", "Lat": 40.177923, "Long": -80.252209, "Description": "January: Jail rescue of Abraham Donne (??) and two women who had opposed state excise tax.", "Source": "Fennell, p.17-18", "Type": "Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Woman", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Abraham Donne", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.252209, 40.177923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 8, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/01", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Vermont", "Lat": 43.740456, "Long": -72.758761, "Description": "Jan and Feb: Serious commotions in Ut.", "Source": "N.Y. JournalF.19, 1784", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.758761, 43.740456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 9, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/03", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Vermont", "Lat": 43.740456, "Long": -72.758761, "Description": "March: Vermonters driving Yorkers from their farms.", "Source": "GazatteerMarch 31, 1784 (??)", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vermonter; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Yorker; Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.758761, 43.740456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 10, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "Montgomery, Ulster Co. NYC", "Lat": 41.523831, "Long": -74.217125, "Description": "March: A Tory was shot when he attempted to settle in Whig territory. A Whig mob came to him. He ran and was shot.", "Source": "NY Gazatteer March 24, 1784", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Tory", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.217125, 41.523831 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 11, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Some sort of disturbance, probably the harassment of English officers, occurred between 1 and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Statements of disapprobation appeared by the Which mechanics, the Governor, and the Order of Cincinatti.", "Source": "NY Independent Journal March 31, April 3, 1784", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution); American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 12, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/06", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: Mob gathered at Gaddens' (??) Wharf and Long accused Tory James Cook in effigy.", "Source": "Klein. Unification, p.125", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Target Classification": "Political; Tory", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Cook", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 13, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Clinton intervened in person to save two British officers from tarring and feathering by a mob.", "Source": "Spaulding....George Clintonp.111", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution); American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 14, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/06", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: When Tory carpenter Gilbert Chambers returned to town he was threatened and his house attacked by a mob of disguised men. His family was terrified and he announced that he intended to leave the state.", "Source": "Walsh. Charleston's Sons of Liberty, p.118", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Target Classification": "Political; Tory", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gilbert Chambers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 15, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/06", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Woodbridge", "Location": "Woodbridge NJ", "Lat": 40.555129, "Long": -74.285982, "Description": "June: Two Tories tarred and feathered. This occurred on Muster day and was done by the community to drive the Tories out of town. It was a highly organized affair.", "Source": "N.Y. Gazetteer July 14, 1784", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Target Classification": "Political; Tory", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.285982, 40.555129 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 16, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: After the 4th, \"a band of innocent, frolicking apprentices were attacked, St. Michael's bells pealed, and street battles ensued between the magistrates with their supporters, the aristocrats, against the Marine Anti-Britanics and mechanics, the Democrats. Horsemen rode recklessly through the streets. Henry Perronean (??), an anti or townie alleged that Colonel Hory (??) leading a mounted band picked on the Whigs. Heated accusations filled the gazettes.\" Duel challenges followed and for one month there was hot-headed confession.", "Source": "Walsh. Charleston's Sons of Liberty, p.120-121", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Tory", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution); Youth; Worker", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hory", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Perronean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 17, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "July: After eviction of Yankees by Pennsylvania forces in May, Yankees retaliate. John Franklin leads Yankees in evicting at least 17 people who settled region under Pennsylvania title.", "Source": "Bradley.\"Wyoming,\" p.190", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Pennamite; Squatter", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Franklin", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 18, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "July: Yankees and Pennamites skirmish. Two Yankees killed (\"lost\") in the ambush by William Patterson's men (Pennamite with a quasi-legal commission)", "Source": "Bradley.\"Wyoming,\" p.190", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pennamite; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Patterson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 19, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wilkes-Barre, Penn. (Ft. Dickinson\/Wyoming Valley)", "Lat": 41.242833, "Long": -75.881764, "Description": "July: John Franklin and Yankees besiege Pennamites under Alexander Patterson. In various battles, two Yankees killed and Franklin wounded. Cease fire arranged on 31st.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.190-193", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Pennamite; Squatter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Franklin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander Patterson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.881764, 41.242833 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 20, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: The mayor, in a charge to the grand jury, cited \"the riot and disorder which prevailed in the Sonty Ward (??) of the city.\" The jury then went to each house in investigation, enquiry the number of inhabitants, the manner in which they got their livelihood, and other circumstances. They recommended \"proper steps\" should be taken to eradicate vice in the area. With an indictment preferred against a number of dwelling of (??) town the sheriff demolished several houses on September 30.", "Source": "Stokes. Iconography IV, p.1194", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 21, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Three persons indicted in O+T court for riot and assault and battery.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC,\" p. 19", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 22, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wilkes-Barre, Penn. (Ft. Dickinson\/Wyoming Valley)", "Lat": 41.242833, "Long": -75.881764, "Description": "September: In August a supposedly neutral militia force convinced both Pennamites and Yankees to lay down arms, but then arrested the Yankees. By September, most of the Yankees were free and determined to use violence. Yankees again attack Ft. Dickinson. After two hour battle, two Yankees wounded, two Pennamites killed, two Pennamites wounded.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.199", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Pennamite; Militia; Squatter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.881764, 41.242833 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 23, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "October: John Armstrong led a partisan militia force in an attack on the Connecticut men who defended themselves in a cluster of log houses. Two attackers slightly wounded; one defender mortally wounded. Attackers had to retreat.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.201-203", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Armstrong", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 24, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "October: Several skirmishes between Yankees and Pennamites, with the latter holding the fort (Fort Dickinson) and the former maintaining possession of their property.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.203", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Pennamite; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Yankee; Pennamite; Squatter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 25, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: \"Several riots having happened at the door of the Methodist meeting, to the great annoyance, and vexation of the pious and well-inclined, Mr. Aldermon (??) Lott attended on Sunday evening, for the (??) purpose of enforcing a proper discourse, when several bucks beginning to beat up a dust, the ring leaders were taken into custody, and confined for the night in the Provost.\"", "Source": "N.Y. Gazetteer, November 30, 1784", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Aldermon Lott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 26, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wilkes-Barre", "Location": "Wilkes-Barre, Penn. (Ft. Dickinson\/Wyoming Valley)", "Lat": 41.242833, "Long": -75.881764, "Description": "November: After the Pennamites evacuated the fort on November 27, the Yankees destroyed it on the 30th.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.204-205", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Pennamite; Squatter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.881764, 41.242833 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 27, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Three persons charged with riot and false imprisonment in O+T court.", "Source": "\"Gen List…\" p.19", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 28, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "96 District", "Location": "96 District, SC", "Lat": 34.175277, "Long": -82.024121, "Description": "December: A returning Tory was arrested and tried before a judge. Acquitted, the ex-Tory was lynched, with all due respect to the laws, after the judge moved on in his circuit. The judge himself was not particularly disturbed by the affair.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, July 21, 1785", "Type": "Political; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Tory; Political; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.024121, 34.175277 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 29, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Two persons convicted and one person charged with riot in Sessions Court.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.19", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 30, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Virginia", "Lat": 37.501713, "Long": -78.033621, "Description": "April: Thomas Coke, a Methodist preacher, was threatened with mob violence and had two bills of indictment present against him for speaking out against slavery in the spring of 1785.", "Source": "Geasche(??). The Great Awakening in Virginia,p.247", "Type": "Anti-Abolition; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Coke", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.033621, 37.501713 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 31, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "April: In easternmost part of the county there was a sharp dispute between the Livingston's and alleged squatters who claimed that the land they settled on belonged to Mass, not NY. After hearing threats to murder one of the \"manor lords,\" Gov. Clinton commanded the sheriffs of Albany and Dutchess county to assist the proprieters in apprehending the \"rioters.\"", "Source": "Young. Dem Rep in N.Y, p.61", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 32, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: British sailors and Tory sympathizer attacked members of a French packet. This aroused the populace and brought forth legislative action. Rioters include (convicted and sentenced) Jeremiah Watson, Joseph Biggs, and James Watson.", "Source": "Pomerantz. p.298", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Political; British; Tory", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jeremiah Watson; Joseph Biggs; James Watson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 33, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "SC", "Lat": 33.561326, "Long": -80.619577, "Description": "April: Crowd forced Justice John F. Grimke to close court. Also produced petition against (??)", "Source": "Holton. \"Federalist Earliest Adventures,\"JER, p.25, 385", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Justice", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John F. Grimke", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.619577, 33.561326 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 34, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/05", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "SC", "Lat": 33.561326, "Long": -80.619577, "Description": "May: Protests against debt collection. In one incident Colonel Hezekinch (??) Mayhem madethe sheriff eat the writ he was attempting to serve.", "Source": "Szatmary. P.124-125", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hezekinch Mayhem", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.619577, 33.561326 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 35, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Six persons charged with riot and assault in May Sessions; 11 persons charged in May O+T, three of these were convicted.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.20", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 36, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Five persons convicted of riot and assault in May sessions court. Could be April 17 riot.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.19", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 37, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/06", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "SC", "Lat": 33.561326, "Long": -80.619577, "Description": "June: Farmers assaulted the courthouse, blocked consideration of debt cases and drove the judges out.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.125", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Judge", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.619577, 33.561326 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 38, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Three different groups charged with riot in August sessions: 1st group, six persons, 2nd group, seven persons, 3rd group, four persons. Three in the last are convicted.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.21", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 39, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: A \"fracas\" occurred between some British officers and some American citizens. A sailor, who held a grudge against the officer for his service aboard a British ship during the war, bumped into one of the officers. Words ensued and a crowd collected. \"Some boys etc.\" followed the officers in their prudent retreat into State st. There the officers asked for and received protection. But not before they had \"gellantly\" (??) drew their swords and \"bid the crowd keep off.\" The crowd was, reportedly, unarmed.", "Source": "N.Y Journal, August 11, 1785", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Youth; American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 40, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "August: Yankees drive off last vestige of Pennsylvania authority when they expelled Justice David Mead from his house and property. Mead had one time held a Conn. Title, but had switched sides after the Treston decision.", "Source": "Bradley. \"Wyoming,\" p.213-215", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Justice", "Actions": "Expelled", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David Mead", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 41, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: A \"fracas\" occurred between the N.E. ship Friendshipand the Marie Victorie, a French vessel, at the old Ferry Wharf. It occurred at 2:00pm and was triggered over and argument concerning an open slot at the wharf. The French ship had arrived first and N.E. crew, sans the captain, attacked the French twice. The N.E. crew numbered 12 or 14 men. Four of them were afterwards arrested but only three were arraigned to be tried at the September session of the court of O+T.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, August 18, 1785.N.Y. Packet, August 18, 1785.", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 42, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Twelve persons charged with riot et.c in September O+T; two are convicted. Higden and La Fon were convicted of the riot, for abusing, ill-treating Richard Jarrick, the mayor in his duty.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.22", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "La Fon; Higden", "Persons Named as Targets": "Richard Jarrick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 43, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/10", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Somerset Co.", "Location": "Somerset Co., N.J.", "Lat": 40.50755, "Long": -74.613559, "Description": "October: Returning Tory from Nova Scotia was mistreated and has his ear cut off.", "Source": "N.Y. PacketOctober 20, 1785", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Tory", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.613559, 40.50755 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 44, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Three groups charged with riot. The first group has six persons, four are convicted; the second group has twelve, process quashed; the third group has but four, no result.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.22", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 45, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/03", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: When two \"moorish\" men appeared mysteriously in town and cold answer questions put to them by a young lawyer (in the street) a mob immediately assembled and the men were taken up. But when carried to a woman who could speak their language it turned out that they were two Jewish men from Algiers who had traveled from Virginia overland.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, April 6, 1786", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Jewish; Algerian", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 46, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Joseph Forbes convicted of riot at April Term (O+T)", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Forbes", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 47, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cross Creek Village, Washington Co.", "Location": "Cross Creek Village, Washington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.305872, "Long": -80.447876, "Description": "April: William Graham, state excise Commissioner seized by about 12 \"bowdittie\" of blackened men disarmed him and forced him to ritually deface his papers. They also cut off half his hair and the cook of his hat and otherwise insulted. He was then marched to the border with Westmoreland Co. amidst a crowd.", "Source": "Fennell, p.21-22", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Graham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.447876, 40.305872 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 48, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "New Jersey", "Lat": 40.301629, "Long": -74.376473, "Description": "May: Effigies of the governor, of Colonel Nathaniel Ogden, a council member, and of Livingston burnt because of their opposition to the emission of paper money.", "Source": "Daily Advertiser, May 22, 1786", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nathaniel Ogden; Livingston", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.376473, 40.301629 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 49, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Charles Co.", "Location": "Charles Country Court", "Lat": 38.597997, "Long": -76.959712, "Description": "June: Riot, and Federalist reaction (fear of anarchy - Frederick Country recruit troop of horse to defend Annapolis)", "Source": "Renzalli, p.35, 37-38, 39, 48", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.959712, 38.597997 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 50, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/06", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Newport", "Location": "Newport", "Lat": 41.493017, "Long": -71.291051, "Description": "June: Food riot. Merchants had closed stores because of paper money. This enraged \"the lower class of people\" that they distributed \"all the corn and flour they could violently lay their hands on.\" The crowd used clubs and fists for 15 minutes before the merchants fled.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.57-59", "Type": "Food; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.291051, 41.493017 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 51, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Elizabethtown", "Location": "Elizabethtown, NJ", "Lat": 40.668004, "Long": -74.210946, "Description": "July: Farmers assaulted the debtor court, \"planted a stake in the ground and impaled an effigy of Governor William Livingston on the pole.\"", "Source": "Szatmary, p.125", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Livingston", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.210946, 40.668004 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 52, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northampton", "Location": "Northampton, Mass", "Lat": 42.320837, "Long": -72.631565, "Description": "August: Almost 1500 farmers closed the Court of Common Pleas", "Source": "Szatmary, p.58", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.631565, 42.320837 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 53, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Worcester", "Location": "Worcester, Ma", "Lat": 42.268094, "Long": -71.797309, "Description": "September: Over 300 close debtors court.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.58", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.797309, 42.268094 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 54, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Great Barrington", "Location": "Great Barrington", "Lat": 42.194179, "Long": -73.36243, "Description": "September: 88 Berkshire Regulators close court.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.36243, 42.194179 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 55, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Concord", "Location": "Concord, Ma", "Lat": 42.460831, "Long": -71.348688, "Description": "September: 300 stop debtors prison.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Jail", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.348688, 42.460831 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 56, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "New Hampshire", "Lat": 43.389133, "Long": -71.509954, "Description": "September: \"Two years after the adoption of the constitution, the scarcity of money and clamour for paper currency, united with other minor complaints, led to open insurrection; and the rioters, finding their petition rejected by the assembly, placed sentinels at the doors, and held the members prisoner till the evening, when they were dispersed by the militia of Exeter. The leaders received pardon from the court, on giving security for their future allegiance.\"", "Source": "D.B. Warden.Account of the U.S. of North America(1819), p.387", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Political; Government", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.509954, 43.389133 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 57, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Concord", "Location": "Concord, Ma", "Lat": 42.460831, "Long": -71.348688, "Description": "September: Mob in Concord - of about 200 took possession of courthouse in Concord.", "Source": "New Haven Gazette and Connecticut Magazine, September 21, 1786, p.250", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.348688, 42.460831 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 58, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "September: 1,500 Shaysites occupied court house.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 59, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Tanston", "Location": "Tanston, Ma", "Lat": 41.897212, "Long": -71.087241, "Description": "October: 150 Regulators close court.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.087241, 41.897212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 60, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Berkshire Co.", "Location": "Berkshire Co., Ma", "Lat": 42.401624, "Long": -73.229329, "Description": "October: 200 Regulators close court", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.229329, 42.401624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 61, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: The marshal of the admiralty attempted to seize a vessel for failure to pay wages. The crew resisted and paraded on the deck, armed. They set sail, but were pursued and overtaken by the British packet acting for the Marshal.", "Source": "N.Y. JournalOctober 26, 1786;N.Y. Daily AdOctober 20, 1786", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Marshal; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 62, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston (??)", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "October: Mr. Ennis, a glazier, suffered having his new frame house destroyed by \"the lawless sons of riot\" a few nights before the 25th.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, November 2, 1786.", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ennis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 63, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/10", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Windsor Co.", "Location": "Windsor Co., Vermont", "Lat": 43.66271, "Long": -72.425021, "Description": "October: 35 farmers close court on the 31st and continue to harass judges thereafter.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Justice; Debt Collector; Court; Judge", "Actions": "Forced Closure; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.425021, 43.66271 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 64, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: David Marsh and John Boston charged with riot in November sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Marsh; John Boston", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 65, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/11", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Worcester", "Location": "Worcester, Ma", "Lat": 42.268094, "Long": -71.797309, "Description": "November: 150 Shaysites close down Court of Common Pleas", "Source": "No source provided", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.797309, 42.268094 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 66, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/11", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Rutland Co.", "Location": "Rutland Co., Vermont", "Lat": 43.62014, "Long": -72.918801, "Description": "November: 150 disrupt court proceedings.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.59", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.918801, 43.62014 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 67, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "York", "Location": "York, Penn", "Lat": 39.965128, "Long": -76.72638, "Description": "November: About 200 farmers, some 20 armed with guns and the rest with clubs, marched into town and attempted to rescue property and (??) seized for taxes.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.126", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.72638, 39.965128 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 68, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/12", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Grafton Co.", "Location": "Grafton Co, N.H.", "Lat": 43.920068, "Long": -71.938372, "Description": "December: Farmers burned court house to the ground.", "Source": "No source provided", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.938372, 43.920068 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 69, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Worcester", "Location": "Worcester, Ma", "Lat": 42.268094, "Long": -71.797309, "Description": "December: Shaysites close court.", "Source": "Szatmary, 95", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.797309, 42.268094 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 70, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "December: Shaysites close Hampshire County Court.", "Source": "Szatmary, 95", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 71, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Joseph Forbes convicted of riot in January term.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Forbes", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 72, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northampton", "Location": "Springfield and Northampton", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "January: Large Shaysite force harass shopkeepers, capturing several. They also commandeered about 4,000 bushels of grain, etc. from a West Springfield merchant.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.101", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 73, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "January: About 1500 Shaysites approach arsenal and battle begins. Artillery made the difference; Shaysites lost four dead and 20 wounded.", "Source": "No source provided", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": 20, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 74, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "York", "Location": "York, Penn", "Lat": 39.965128, "Long": -76.72638, "Description": "January: Farmers attacked the house of Justice Sherman, where a sale of cattle taken for taxes was due. They succeeded.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.126", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Tax Collector; Justice", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sherman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.72638, 39.965128 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 75, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "South Hadley", "Location": "South Hadley, Ma", "Lat": 42.258859, "Long": -72.57571, "Description": "January: Shaysites captured four retailers. Two Shaysites lost their lives in the process.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.103", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.57571, 42.258859 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 76, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Berkshire Co.", "Location": "Berkshire Co., Ma", "Lat": 42.401624, "Long": -73.229329, "Description": "January: Theodore Sedgewick confronted about 100 local Shaysites on their way to Springfield, fought with them. The result was two Shaysites killed.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.103", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Sedgewick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.229329, 42.401624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 77, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Westerfield", "Location": "Westerfield", "Lat": 42.122381, "Long": -72.75397, "Description": "January: Shaysites captured another storekeeper and held him for 12 days.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.103", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.75397, 42.122381 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 78, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "January: Shaysites set out to capture Jonathon Dwight, but carried off a young man Dwight left to protect his family instead. They also attacked some stores and confiscated property in Springfield.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.103-104", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jonathon Dwight", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 79, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Leicester", "Location": "Leicester\/New Braintree, Ma", "Lat": 42.243465, "Long": -71.907236, "Description": "February: Shaysites capture two Worcester store owners in Leicester and take them to New Braintree. There, they confront 120 government troops. Shots exchanged, two government men wounded.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.104", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Military", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.907236, 42.243465 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 80, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Petersham", "Location": "Petersham, Ma", "Lat": 42.489318, "Long": -72.201364, "Description": "February: General Lincoln surprise march in snow from Pelham compelled Shaysites to disperse into countryside. Lincoln had 3,000 men plus artillery; Shaysites had only 2,000 men.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.104-106", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lincoln", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.201364, 42.489318 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 81, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Stockbridge", "Location": "Stockbridge etc.", "Lat": 42.289636, "Long": -73.32143, "Description": "February: About 120 farmers from Mass left New Lebanon, NY on the 20th for Western Mass. On the 27th they reached Stockbridge, and harassed local storekeepers. They ransacked 17 houses and took 20 prisoners. They then went to Barrington and captured 19 men there. Outside of Sheffield, however, a party of government troops caught up with them. In the ensuing battle the Shaysites lost 30 men killed or wounded, government three dead, 12 wounded.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.109-111", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Military", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "33", "Recorded # Injured": 12, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.32143, 42.289636 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 82, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "South Hadley", "Location": "South Hadley, Ma", "Lat": 42.263257, "Long": -72.572739, "Description": "March: Shaysites barred Josiah Woodbridge's glassmaking factory down.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.112", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Josiah Woodbridge", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.572739, 42.263257 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 83, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Nobletown", "Location": "Nobletown, NY", "Lat": 42.178886, "Long": -73.525761, "Description": "March: Shaysites burn down a store owned by two Mass. Merchants in Sheffield.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.112", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.525761, 42.178886 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 84, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Westfield", "Location": "Westfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.126788, "Long": -72.748028, "Description": "April: Shaysites try to burn down store of Enoch Loomis.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.112", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Enoch Loomis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.748028, 42.126788 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 85, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Greenfield", "Location": "Greenfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.590015, "Long": -72.599478, "Description": "April: Shaysites burned store of William Moore.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.112", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Moore", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.599478, 42.590015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 86, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Westfield", "Location": "Westfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.126788, "Long": -72.748028, "Description": "April: Shaysites attack property of Major General William Shepard. They burned his fences and woodlands, mutilated and killed two horses.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.113", "Type": "Debt; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Shepard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.748028, 42.126788 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 87, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "April: Public meeting among Yankees to discuss Pennsylvania' efforts to settle dispute with the Confirming Law (which only confirmed earliest titles). Timothy Pickering spoke in support of the law; John Franklin against it. Towards the end of the meeting a brawl broke out between the two sides with sticks, etc.", "Source": "Brady. \"Wyoming,\" p.249-250", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee", "Target Classification": "Yankee", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 88, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Becket", "Location": "Becket, Ma", "Lat": 42.335773, "Long": -73.086721, "Description": "May: 20 Shaysites cross over from NY, raid representative Nathaniel Kingsley's home.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.113-114", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Elected Official", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nathaniel Kingsley", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.086721, 42.335773 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 89, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowesboro", "Location": "Lowesboro, Ma", "Lat": 42.517267, "Long": -73.228854, "Description": "June: Party of farmers from NY - Shaysites - raid Rep. John Starkweather's home, manhandling him.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.114", "Type": "Debt; Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Shaysite; Farmer; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Elected Official", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Starkweather", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.228854, 42.517267 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 90, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: A woman accused of bring a witch was carried through the streets and hooted and pelted with stones as she passed. Apparently she died a few days later.", "Source": "Cited by Herrill (??) Jonson \"The Sovereign States\"", "Type": "Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 91, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/08", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Greenbrier Co.", "Location": "Greenbrier Co., Virginia", "Lat": 37.92457, "Long": -80.464682, "Description": "August: 300 farmers stormed the court and stopped its proceedings.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.120", "Type": "Debt; Law; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Farmer; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.464682, 37.92457 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 92, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/08", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Amelia Co.", "Location": "Amelia Co., Virginia", "Lat": 37.343525, "Long": -77.980929, "Description": "August: \"Disorderly people\" obstructed the debtor's court.", "Source": "Szatmary, p.126", "Type": "Debt; Law; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Anti-Tax; Shaysite", "Target Classification": "Legal; Debt Collector; Court", "Actions": "Forced Closure", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.980929, 37.343525 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 93, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Dr. Carrol, American Catholic religious leader came to NYC and founed Andrew Nugent, pastor of the Catholic congregation there. He decided that Nugent was misguided and annulled his faculties. Nugent opposed this and refused to yield possession of St. Peters. The matter was placed before the Grand Jury who found Nugent guilty of riot. A new pastor was appointed by Carrol.", "Source": "Shea, ed.Catholic Churches of NYC, p.591; Bennett. Catholic Footsteps…, p.381-383;N.Y. Journal, N.19, 1787 - oblique reference", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Andrew Nugent", "Persons Named as Targets": "Carrol", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 94, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/10", "State": "Delaware", "Sublocation": "Lewes", "Location": "Lewes, Delaware", "Lat": 38.771933, "Long": -75.134477, "Description": "October: A group that called themselves whigs drove off their opponents - called the New Party, but containing many ex-tories from the polls. Some blows exchanged.", "Source": "Kern. \"Election Riots\"", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Target Classification": "Political; Tory", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.134477, 38.771933 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 95, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/11", "State": "Delaware", "Sublocation": "Vaughan's Furnace", "Location": "Vaughan's Furnace, Del", "Lat": 38.695281, "Long": -75.47665, "Description": "November: New Party supporters arm themselves, camp near the poll and intimidate would-be whig voters.", "Source": "Kern. \"Election Riots\"", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Tory", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution)", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.47665, 38.695281 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 96, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "December: Federalist procession meets anti-Federalist. Threats lead to blows. Anti-Feds threw pieces of wood at Feds and then drove them from street with staves and bludgeons.", "Source": "Cornell. \"Atristocracy Assailed,\" JAH (1990) p.1152", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 97, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "December: Anti-Fed procession with effigies of James Wilson and Thomas McKeon. Effigies whipped, hanged and burnt.", "Source": "Cornell. \"Atristocracy Assailed,\" JAH (1990) p.1152-1153", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Wilson; Thomas McKeon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 98, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Huntington Co.", "Location": "Huntington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.484237, "Long": -78.008727, "Description": "January: Anti-Fed effigy parade (used in my book)", "Source": "Cornell. \"Aristocracy Assailed,\" JAH (1990) p.1169-1170", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.008727, 40.484237 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 99, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/03", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Huntingden Co.", "Location": "Huntingden Co., NJ", "Lat": 40.603443, "Long": -74.899877, "Description": "March: A number of people of the town of \"Standing Stone,\" disappointed in the Federalist faction ignoring their petitions (tearing them up), paraded through town with the effigies of the Federalist leaders upon the backs of scabby old ponies. One of the Federalist so ridiculed was John Cannon, a judge who was then holding court. Believing that the dignity of the bench was blemished when this procession passed outside the courthouse, Cannon ordered his partisans to arrest and jail the effigymen. Those persons, though in jail, did not have long to wait before \"the county took alarm, assembled, and liberated the sons of liberty.\"", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, March 21, 1788", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist; Legal; Justice; Judge; Jail", "Actions": "Effigy; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Cannon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.899877, 40.603443 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 100, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Three persons charged with riot in April term (O+T) (Doctor's riot?)", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 101, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/04", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Western NC", "Location": "Western NC", "Lat": 35.886468, "Long": -80.529321, "Description": "April: Disturbances over state of Franklin.", "Source": "\"N.Y. Independent Journal,\" April 23, 1788", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.529321, 35.886468 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 102, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Doctor's Riot objecting to dissection of bodies. Militia used, killing three people.", "Source": "Ponerantz, p.401-402", "Type": "Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Professional", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 103, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/06", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "SC", "Lat": 33.561326, "Long": -80.619577, "Description": "June: Anti-Federalist riot.", "Source": "Cornell. \"Aristocracy Assailed,\" n. Aedowus Burke to John Lamb, June 23, 1788, John Lamb Paper", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.619577, 33.561326 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 104, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "June\/July: In retaliation for the arrest of John Franklin, his supporters seized Timothy Pickering and briefly held him captive. The kidnappers had blackened faces. They held him captive for 15 days and chained him to a tree for some of that time.", "Source": "Brady. \"Wyoming,\" p.258-264; Taylor. \"Agrian Indepedence,\" p.222-266", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Franklin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Timothy Pickering", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 105, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson", "Location": "Hudson", "Lat": 42.251656, "Long": -73.792289, "Description": "July: Violence against anti-Feds.", "Source": "Young.Dem-Rep. of N.Y., p.120 fn.34", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.792289, 42.251656 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 106, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "RI", "Lat": 41.694156, "Long": -71.59494, "Description": "July: Anti-Fed riot.", "Source": "Cornell. \"Aristocracy Assailed,\" JAH (1990) p.1149", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.59494, 41.694156 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 107, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "July: A clash between Federalist and anti-Federalist paraders led to a \"general battle - with swords, bayonets, clubs, stones, etc., which lasted for some time, both parties fighting with the greatest rage and determined obstinacy.\"", "Source": "Young.Dem-Rep. of N.Y., p.119", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 108, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "July: In a ceremony at the Battery an Anti-Fed crowd gave vent to \"its feeling by burning the Constitution, which resulted in several altercations with defenders of that document.\"", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.102 [is wrong]; fn. Isaac Q Leake.Memoir of the Life and Times of Governor John Lamb, p.331-332", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 109, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mob destroys Greenleaf's press. Led by William S. Livingston.", "Source": "Gilje.Road to Mobocracy", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William S. Livingston", "Persons Named as Targets": "Greenleaf", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 110, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mob attacked Greenleaf; printing office led by Colonel William S. Livingston, a deputy Good (??) Marshal of the parade William had an ax in his hands. After gutting the place the mob marched to the home of Governor Clinton, who was not there. They then went to General Lamb's house - Young Sam Lamb was fully prepared and the apparent readiness for defense dissuaded the mob from further action.", "Source": "Young.Dem-Rep. of N.Y., p.120-121", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Press; Elected Official", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William S. Livingston", "Persons Named as Targets": "Sam Lamb; Governor Clinton; Greenleaf", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 111, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: When, in the evening of the 26th, it was learned that NY had joined the Union, a Federalist mob, intoxicated with joy, stormed the office of Greenleaf'sN.Y. Journaland wrecked the press that had dared to question the wisdom of ratification. The mob went on to wreck vengeance on that old Son of Liberty, General John Lamb, collector of the port; but before any damage was done to the patriot's home, cooler heads dissuaded the crowd.", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.102-103", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Lamb; Greenleaf", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 112, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Two groups of three men each charged with riot in August sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 113, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "August: Federalist celebration of passage of Constitution was opposed by a small group of Anti-Feds. Federalist horsemen charged the anti-Feds who met the onslaught of swinging cutlasses and bayonets with a round of paving stones and bricks. Before the day was over, a Federalist mob attacked Peter Yates, who was lucky to escape alive, and Abraham Lowsing, even though he had counciled his supporters to moderation.", "Source": "Young.Dem-Rep. in N.Y., p.119-120", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Yates; Abraham Lowsing", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 114, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "Fall: Maryland election campaign 1788 marked by some riot and violence. Gay St. riot, Sept. 5 and later at courthouse.", "Source": "Renzulli.Maryland: The Federalist Years, p.107-111", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 115, "year": 1788, "date": "1788\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Balto", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Fight broke out when Fed supporters descended on an Anti-Fed meeting in Gay St. Several weeks later the Fed toughs broke up a Chase-McMahon rally at the court house, beat up a number of the antis, and attempted to storm Chase's house.", "Source": "Charles G. Steffon, \"Between Revolutions…,\" p.162", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Federalist; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Chase", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 116, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Waldeborough", "Location": "Waldeborough, Me", "Lat": 44.099996, "Long": -69.375605, "Description": "January: Crowd led by John Fitzgerald drives George Ulmer from town. Ulmer supports Henry Tanoz' (??) claims.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Fitzgerald", "Persons Named as Targets": "George Ulmer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.375605, 44.099996 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 117, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Bluet. Evangelist John Marrant describes how he was harassed by a mob of about 40 who interrupted his preaching in the West end of Boston. Marrant escaped immediate harm, returned to his home, followed by the crowd who then pelted rocks on his house.", "Source": "Brooks. \"Emergence of a Black Print Counterpublic,\"WMQ, 3rd ser., 62 (2005), 76", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White Supremacist", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Marrant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 118, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/06", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Mount Vernon", "Location": "Washington Plantation\/Mount Vernon, Me", "Lat": 44.499743, "Long": -69.990602, "Description": "June: Armed settlers drive out Mr. Sawyer, a surveyor for Kennebeck Proprieters.", "Source": "Taylor, 264.", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.990602, 44.499743 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 119, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: Dispute over who was the priest in the one Catholic congregation led one group of malcontents to disrupt services, overturn pews and generally misbehave.", "Source": "Coghimo.No King, No Pope, (??) p.135-136", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 120, "year": 1790, "date": "1790\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Grewville", "Location": "Grewville, Washington Co., NY", "Lat": 43.409003, "Long": -73.267611, "Description": "March: Some sort of riot for which William Town was arrested.", "Source": "The Papers of Aaron Burr, Series III, Legal Papers on Microfilm; Reel 15, M231 recognizance, People v Wm Town Mr. 8, 1790", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Town", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.267611, 43.409003 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 121, "year": 1790, "date": "1790\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "North Bedford", "Location": "North Bedford, NY", "Lat": 41.20335, "Long": -73.638986, "Description": "April: James Golden, William Pellham, and Simeon Piper rioted, breaking into the house of Gilbert Palmer, assaulting him and Martha McKeow who was there.", "Source": "The Papers of Aaron Burr, Series III, Legal Papers on Microfilm; Reel 16, M230", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Golden; William Pellham; Simeon Piper", "Persons Named as Targets": "Gilbert Palmer; Martha McKeow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.638986, 41.20335 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 122, "year": 1790, "date": "1790\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "North Castle", "Location": "North Castle, Westchester Co., NY", "Lat": 41.133655, "Long": -73.691424, "Description": "May: Riot at Mount Pleasant in which Smith Pine and Benjamin Smith and others broke into the house of Isaac Read. They beat his wife Mary, dragged her by her hair, and pulled her out of the house.", "Source": "The Papers of Aaron Burr, Series III, Legal Papers on Microfilm; Reel 16, M293", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Smith Pine; Benjamin Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Read; Isaac Read", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.691424, 41.133655 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 123, "year": 1790, "date": "1790\/8", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Litchfield", "Location": "Litchfield, Ct", "Lat": 41.745512, "Long": -73.190222, "Description": "August: Nathaniel Walker, Thomas Johnson, and Eliphalet Worthington sentenced for burglary. The men, with blacked faces, had attacked Obadiah Wheeler with large clubs, but stole no property. Sentenced to life with hard labor.", "Source": "Gazette of the United-States. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]), 22 Sept. 1790. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Nathaniel Walker; Thomas Johnson; Eliphalet Worthington", "Persons Named as Targets": "Obadiah Wheeler", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.190222, 41.745512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 124, "year": 1790, "date": "1790\/11", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "November: \"On Friday a fellow attempted to raise a balloon of thirty feet diameter from the Common. After several trial [he] could not effect it, which excited the mobility to such a degree that they entirely destroyed it, and the fellow to get of[f] with a skin. You will observe it was on the 5th of November.\"", "Source": "H. Jackson to H. Knox, Nov. 7, 1790, Boston, H. Knox Ms (MHS) from Alan S. Taylor", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 125, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Nobletown", "Location": "N.Y.", "Lat": 42.178886, "Long": -73.525761, "Description": "October: Sheriff Cornelius Hogenboon killed by Mr. Arnold at Nobletown. Other mob actions at the time as well. 12 men were tried afterward and acquitted. Feb 1792: Claverack: armed mob throughout decade prevented auctioning of goods of evicted tennants. Gov. Jay remonstrated about such actions to the state legislature and received their authorization to enforcement.", "Source": "Ellis.Landlords and Farmers, p.32-36", "Type": "Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Arnold", "Persons Named as Targets": "Cornelius Hogenboon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.525761, 42.178886 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 126, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pigeon Creek", "Location": "Pigeon Creek, Washington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.210979, "Long": -75.688119, "Description": "September: Gang of 16 men dressed in women's clothing capture Robert Johnson, collector of excise for Washington and Allegheny counties, cut off his hair, tarred and feathered him, took his horse, and let him go.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.82; Fennell, p.5", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Johnson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.688119, 40.210979 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 127, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Two men and then six men tried in January Term for riot, assault and battery. Three in the latter group were convicted.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.23", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 128, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: \"Upwards of thirty foreign sailors, armd with Bludgeons\" unsuccessfully attacked the city watch. It was Irish and English sailors.", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.300", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; Irish", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 129, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/03", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Passomaquoddy Bay", "Location": "Passomaquoddy Bay, Me", "Lat": 44.857823, "Long": -66.988281, "Description": "March: Disturbance over the collection of taxes; residents claim they are in Canada but the sheriff broke it up.", "Source": "N.Y.Daily Ado., March 30, 1791", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -66.988281, 44.857823 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 130, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Cambridge", "Location": "Cambridge and Easton NY", "Lat": 43.028949, "Long": -73.382816, "Description": "March: Distrubed by the dismemberment of their towns, residents here burnt an effigy of John Williams, the senator from the Eastern district, and sent a remonstrance to the legislature.", "Source": "N.Y.Daily Ado., March 4, 1791", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Williams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.382816, 43.028949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 131, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Samuel Clark and Effy Clarck charged with riot in April Term (O+T).", "Source": "\"General List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Samuel Clark; Effy Clarck", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 132, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Possible rioting around Easter. It might be connected to the holiday or it might be related to the election. The source is very unclear.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, January 2, 1791", "Type": "Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Religious", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 133, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/01", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Baskingridge", "Location": "Baskingridge, Somerset Co., NJ", "Lat": 40.70519, "Long": -74.549942, "Description": "Jan: Vigilante association formed to act against horse thieves and others active in area.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, January 2, 1791", "Type": "Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.549942, 40.70519 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 134, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Mifflin Co.", "Location": "Mifflin Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.583097, "Long": -77.620646, "Description": "September: Riot prevents Judge Bryson from setting at country court. Well organized and led by big shots armed and in militia uniform. Good example of Revolutionary tradition in action. No real harm done but a lot of threats. Relatives, etc. seem to have been involved and had to do with a dispute between counties.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, September 28, 1791", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Justice", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bryson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.620646, 40.583097 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 135, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "October: Deranged man pretended to be an excise officer. One night a disguised mob took him from his bed, carried him five miles to a blacksmith shop. They stripped him, burned his clothes, seared him with hot iron and tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.83", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 136, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "October: Deputy Marshall Joseph Fox used a messenger to serve warrants in September 1791 riot case. A crowd whipped the messenger, tarred and feathered him, robbed him of his horse and money and left him tied in the woods for five hours.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.82-83", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Whiskey Boys; Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Fox", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 137, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hillsdale", "Location": "Hillsdale and Noblestown Col. Co., NY", "Lat": 42.179333, "Long": -73.526597, "Description": "October: Young says a jacquire (??) occurred. Philip Schuyler attempted to have evicted some yankee squatters. Jonathon Arnold was threatened with an execution by the county sheriff. On the day of the sale \"the Noblestown people assembled and with threats detered the deputy from proceeding with the vendue (??).\" A few days later the county sheriff, Cornelius Hogeboom, and the county judge, Stephen Hogeboom, appeared with a deputy. After waiting all afternoon for another deputy to arrive with the necessary papers and after \"a number of people assembled in a riotous manner\" they began to leave. At that point Arnold fired a pistol; 17 men in Indian dress appeared firing and marching after them. Sheriff Hogeboom thought it was only meant to frighten them. One of the Indians, along with Arnold, rode up to him and shot him dead. The Indians fled and the deputies retreated to Federalist Hudson and organized a posse. Thirteen men including Arnold were eventually arrested and placed in a heavily guarded jail. But with anti-Fed judges no one was convicted. Young says the conflict was Fed vs Anti-Fed.", "Source": "fn.Albany Gazette, October 31, 1791; Franklin Ellis.The History of Columbia Co., NY, (1878) p.62,236;Albany Register, October 24, 1791", "Type": "Land; Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Political; Anti-Federalist", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Legal; Political; Federalist; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jonathon Arnold", "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip Schuyler; Cornelius Hogeboom; Stephen Hogeboom", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.526597, 42.179333 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 138, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Western Penn", "Location": "Western Penn", "Lat": 40.900937, "Long": -79.714604, "Description": "December: When a man named Roseberry said that if cresteiners (??) did not obey the law they could hardly expect protection from the government; he was tarred and feathered.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.82", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Roseberry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.714604, 40.900937 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 139, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/03", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Goshen", "Location": "Goshen, CT", "Lat": 41.8318, "Long": -73.22531, "Description": "March: Two men - Hurd and Stanly - along with others rioted at the home of Brewin Baldwin in Goshen, Connecticut. The crowd, armed with stones and clubs, broke into Baldwin's house, destroyed his furniture and garden fence, and prevented people from passing by, attacking those who attempted. The violence was accompanied by singing, bell-ringing, and horn-blowing.", "Source": "Root Jesse. Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Superior Court and Supreme Court of Errors. Hartford, Printed by Hudson and Goodwin.", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hurd; Stanley", "Persons Named as Targets": "Brewin Baldwin", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.22531, 41.8318 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 140, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Four persons charged with riot and assault and battery in April Term (O+T). Three of those were acquitted. A fifth, Tom, a negro slave of Job Travels was tried and convicted.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 141, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: William Duer threatened by mob in 1792 after his financial collapse.", "Source": "Miller.Federalist Era, p.67-68", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Duer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 142, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Germantown", "Location": "Germantown, PA", "Lat": 40.0011, "Long": -75.175277, "Description": "May: An excise officer put a sign over his door announcing that this was a place of inspection. The next day some citizen pulled it down. Three or four days later the four quarters of a carrion were hung up in the place of the board that contained the notification.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, 1792", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Effigy; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.175277, 40.0011 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 143, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia - Delaware River", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: During the Philadelphia Pilot's Strike some violence was threatened. Ships were boarded by pilots both 1st rate and less experienced. One sloops was boarded, its captain was seized, and he was forced to accompany the pilots to their shallop (??). A red faced man presented the captain with a Bible and insisted that he swear upon it that he would not bring ships up and down the river. When the Captain refused he was told that he would be tried and kept with several other prisoners he had onboard. Another pilot swore that he had a cutlass and \"would cut the damned rascal's shoulder off.\"", "Source": "K. Keller. \"Philadelphia Pilot's Strike\"", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Seized Person(s); Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 144, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/07", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, Ky", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "July: An effigy of John Jay was guillotined and summarily exploded", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 01 Dec. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; Federalist", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 145, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/08", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Mount Vernon", "Location": "Mount Vernon, Me", "Lat": 44.499743, "Long": -69.990602, "Description": "August: Settlers destroy marks made my surveyors for Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.990602, 44.499743 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 146, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington, Penn", "Lat": 40.177923, "Long": -80.252209, "Description": "August: A band of about 30 men with blackened faces, probably from Mingo Creek, rode into town and surrounded William Faulkner's house, which Faulkner had allowed to be used as an excise office. They threatened him, tore down the excise notice, and riddled the sign (of a tavern) with bullets - it was a picture of J.W. They wanted Faulkner to resign.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.85", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Faulkner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.252209, 40.177923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 147, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: About 9 o'clock in the evening about 20 black people assembled \"in a riotous manner\" in Catherine St. They threw some fire into a stable but two or three citizens interceded and chased the black people away - all escaped and not much damage was done. The fire was taken from a bonfire some children had set at the corner of Almond St.", "Source": "N.Y. Diary, October 3, 1792", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 148, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Bristol", "Location": "Bristol, Me", "Lat": 43.958408, "Long": -69.510062, "Description": "October: Armed settlers (with muskets) interrupt Elijah Crocker, a surveyor for an Indian Deed Proprietor.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Crocker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.510062, 43.958408 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 149, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: John B. Hicks and Hicks Sr. and others charged with riot and assault and battery. Hicks acquitted. Hicks Sr. not prosecuted in November Sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John B. Hicks; Hicks Sr.", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 150, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: In the evening \"boys, negroes, apprentices and sailors\" completely demolished two houses of ill fame. Three persons were injured by defenders using small arms and mayor injured in trying to disperse the people. They damaged several other houses. Extra watchmen were used to quell the riot.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography V, p.1301;Daily Advertiser, October 16 and 17", "Type": "Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Black; Apprentice; Youth", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 151, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/03", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Mongomery Co.", "Location": "Montogmery Co. Courthouse, VA", "Lat": 37.17663, "Long": -80.38173, "Description": "March: Soldiers under the command of Captain William Preston interfere in an election for the benefit of Francis Preston, brother to the captain. This was a congressional election, and Preston was facing Abraham Trigg. The soldiers prevented people from voting, and knocked down a Justice of the Peace.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & Evening Advertiser, 05\/03\/1794 and “To George Washington from the Magistrates of Montgomery County, Virginia, 29 April 1794,” Founders Online, National Archives, https:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Washington\/05-15-02-0537.", "Type": "Political; Legal", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Military; Officer; Soldier", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Threat, Non-Lethal Violence; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Preston; Francis Preston", "Persons Named as Targets": "Abraham Trigg", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38173, 37.17663 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 152, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Fayette Co.", "Location": "Fayette Co., Penn", "Lat": 39.895253, "Long": -79.671829, "Description": "April: Attack on the home of Benjamin Wells, excise officer for Fayette and Westmoreland counties.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.90; Fennell, p.64", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.671829, 39.895253 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 153, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/04", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Ducktrap River", "Location": "Waldo Tract, Maine", "Lat": 44.334512, "Long": -69.068274, "Description": "April: Some riotous activity by squatters including the Ulmer's Mill dam on the Ducktrap River.", "Source": "Taylor. \"Disciples of Samuel Ely,\"Maine Historical Society Quarterly, Faill 1986, p.78-79", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.068274, 44.334512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 154, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/04", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lincolnville", "Location": "Ducktrap Plantation\/Lincolnville, Me", "Lat": 44.264555, "Long": -69.008557, "Description": "April: Samuel Ely leads a crowd that destroys the mill dam belonging to George and Philip Ulmer, supporters of Knox's crowd claim.", "Source": "Taylor. \"Disciples of Samuel Ely,\"Maine Historical Society Quarterly, Faill 1986, p.78-79, 265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Samuel Ely", "Persons Named as Targets": "George Ulmer; Philip Ulmer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.008557, 44.264555 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 155, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Apparently there were a number of riotous scuffles between English and French sailors in this port. It even drew a comment from the British consul there requesting English sailors to keep the peace and a special charge to the Philadelphia Grand Jury.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, June 13, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 156, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: The Towtine Coffee House was the scene of several frays between whigs and tories.", "Source": "Alex Anderson.Diarium...(??) June 11,12,13,14 1793", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Whig (Revolution); Tory; Political", "Target Classification": "Whig (Revolution); Tory; Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 157, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/07", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "July: After the French schooner Antigone ran aground, the crew made it to safety to Savannah. However they were arrested and brought before a Justice. He released them but in the meantime a mob had formed to inflict its own sentence. The body of the French crew were protected by the civil authority but one American, a deputy collector of the customs who was apparently involved in the Antigone venture, was turned over to the mob, taken to a wharf and duly tarred and feathered.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, August 19, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Protestant", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Tax Collector", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 158, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A fight occurred between French and English sailors near Dover St.; also at the lower end of King St. Some bloodwas spilled as the combatants were armed with clubs. The watch took off several of them from the house in which the quarrel arose.", "Source": "Alexander Anderson.Diarium…, August 18, 1793;N.Y. Journal, August 21, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 159, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Pierre Savarain charged with riot and acquited in September O+T.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Pierre Savarain", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 160, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": null, "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Pierre Lousen charged with riot in September O+T.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Pierre Lousen", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 161, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/9", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Petersburg", "Location": "Petersburg, Beaufort Co., NC", "Lat": 35.49897, "Long": -76.89475, "Description": "September: Rioters, unhappy with the outcome of an election, sieze an destory the ballot box", "Source": "Gazette of the United-States. [volume], September 14, 1793, Page 538", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.89475, 35.49897 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 162, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A mob destroyed two houses of ill fame.", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.300", "Type": "Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 163, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/9", "State": "Delaware", "Sublocation": "Milford", "Location": "Milford, DE", "Lat": 38.91133, "Long": -75.42867, "Description": "September: A crowd, terrfied of Yellow Fever, seized dry goods coming from Philadelphia, and, afraid of the possibility of contagion, burned the load. A woman in the wagon was stripped and tarred and feathered. A black man, who drove the wagon, escaped \"with the utmost difficulty.\"", "Source": "National gazette. [volume], October 02, 1793, Page 387, Image 3", "Type": "Envrionmental; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Merchant; Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humilation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.42867, 38.91133 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 164, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Anthony Clawson charged separately for riot and assault and battery. Convicted for both in November Sessions.", "Source": "\"General List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Anthony Clawson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 165, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Mayor Matthew Clarkson was indignant over the riotous attack of a number of French refugees from St. Domingo against a fellow refugee for alleged crimes while on St. Domingo. This occurred on a docked boat.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, November 13, 1793", "Type": "Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; French", "Target Classification": "French", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 166, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Fayette Co.", "Location": "Fayette Co., Penn", "Lat": 39.895253, "Long": -79.671829, "Description": "November: At least six men with blackened faces attack collector Wells house. They forced him to resign and insisted that he publish that resignation.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.91; Fennell, p.64,82-83; Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 27 Feb. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Wells", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.671829, 39.895253 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 167, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Newburyport", "Location": "Newburyport", "Lat": 42.727944, "Long": -70.881719, "Description": "April: A peaceful show of strength in which \"A large number of jovial tars with outcum cockades in their caps and the American standard displayed attended by military music paraded the streets in a peaceable and orderly manner.\" Evoking the spirit of '76 it was said that here was a militant group ready when called upon \"those lawless depredations which our insidious enemies - the British - have been wontonly committing upon our trade and commerce.\"", "Source": "Labaree.Patriots and Partisans, p.108; fn.Morning Star, 8 15 April 1794", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.881719, 42.727944 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 168, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: Riot in which two British sailors were attacked. After na investigation Judge Samuel Chase ordered the arrest as \"ring leaders\" two men of prominent standing in the community - David Stodder, shipbuilder and captain in militia, and William Reeves, both popular with a powerful political faction. Their refusal at first to pay a bond and the threat of more mob violence caused a precarious situation. Ultimately they offered the surcity, but were never arraigned by the Grand Jury, instead that body offered a presentment against Judge Chase for censuring sheriff and jury.", "Source": "M.P. Andrews.History of Maryland, p.412-419", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "British; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 169, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: Two white men, Thackman and Mayson, broke into the plantation of a Colonel Gervais sometime around midnight, in the January of 1794. Thackman was a deputy sheriff, and had orders to recover the human “property” of one Purvis from Gervais. Accompanying Thackman and Mayson was an enslaved African American man, who was armed. The three were charged with riot. The defense argued that the African American, being a slave, did not qualify under the law as a person capable of committing riot, and therefore the charge could be, at worst, trespass. The court disagreed, and held that a black person \"was, in contemplation of law, such a person as was capable of committing a riot, in conjunction with white men.” The defendants were found guilty, but, as they were there for a lawful purpose, only fined five shillings each.", "Source": "Reports of the Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of South Carolina (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1922), 144", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Slave; Legal; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thackman; Mayson", "Persons Named as Targets": "Colonel Gervais", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 170, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/01", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Burlington", "Location": "Burlington, NJ", "Lat": 40.071543, "Long": -74.864875, "Description": "January: A riot took place in opposition to the law imposing fines for non-performance of military duties. It was quelled without much difficulty.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, January 29, 1794", "Type": "Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.864875, 40.071543 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 171, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Islesborough", "Location": "Islesborough, Me", "Lat": 44.308384, "Long": -68.905056, "Description": "January: A crowd armed with clubs and loyal to Samuel Ely assaults Prince Holbrook, a General Knox supporter.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Samuel Ely", "Persons Named as Targets": "Prince Holbrook", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.905056, 44.308384 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 172, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/02", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "February: The British ship Dedalus detained two men from a N.E. captain. The captain, joined by a number of inhabitants, attempted to burn the frigate in retaliation for their refusal to release. The men were later released. The British captain, out of revenge, fired (??) at the N.E. vessel, killing a horse and doing other damage. The citizens met and resolved not to allow the Dedalus to sail before she unloaded her cargo of provisions for the British fleet and that the French had taken possession of her as the British had taken possession of a ship in neutral Genoa. The whole affair, it is said, was amicably settled.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, March 1, 1794", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 173, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "March: Party of 60 pursue Neville and Robert Johnson. Don't get them, but attack a distiller, James Kiddloe, who complied with the excise law. They riddled his still with bullets and tried to set fire to his still house.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.102", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Neville Johnson; Robert Johnson; James Kiddloe", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 174, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: Tar and feathering of Captain Ramsdell and a young man named Sentonn by a mob at Fell's Point for flying his ship's flag at half mast at the expiration of the 30 day embargo. Several leading men arrested David Stodder, captain of the artillery company and popular with Fell Pointers, William Reeves, Robert Towsend (captain of the Night watch at Fell's Point), Thomas Trimble, Morris Job, John Weaver, and a Mr. Raburg. The big hassle with Justice Samuel Chase ensued.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore, p.780-78(??)", "Type": "Economic; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Reeves; Robert Towsend; Thomas Trimble; Morris Job; John Weaver; Raburg; Sentonn", "Persons Named as Targets": "Ramsdell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 175, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/03", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: Effigies of W.S.F.A.B. Arnold and the Devil holding United States stock, bank checks, etc., were burnt in consequences of the debates in Congress over Madison's propositions.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, April 16, 1794", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benedict Arnold", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 176, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: Some French sailors treated women poorly at the theater, which led to their explusion. Angry, they returned to the harbor and reported that one of their own had been murdered. A contingent of sailors and officers and one citizen return and attack the patrons and horses. Military and armed citizens called out, who put the riot down. Several injured, including a rioting lieutinant.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & Evening Advertiser, 04\/02\/1794", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "French; Sailor; Catholic; Officer", "Target Classification": "American; Woman; Theater; Animal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Therie", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 177, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "April: Disorders in which the English and destitute Santo Domingans were bothered by \"the menacing gestures of Frenchmen in red caps\" and by \"nocturnal parades of armed Frenchmen\" annoyed both state and local authorities although there may have been no real violence committed.", "Source": "Childs.French Refugee Life in the U.S., p.82", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "British; French", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 178, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Baltimore and elsewhere", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Threats of violence in Baltimore to British vice-consul Thornton persuaded Consul Phineas Bond to order him out of the city. Baltimore citizens were incensed over the trial of Captain Barney in Jamaica over customs violations. Bond in Philadelphia and the vice-consul in Norfolk were also threatened.", "Source": "Phineas Bond to Lord Grenville, April 17, 1794; \"Letters of P. Bond,\"AHA Report, 1897 p.546", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thornton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 179, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Ulster Co.", "Location": "Ulster Co., NY", "Lat": 41.872991, "Long": -74.075778, "Description": "April: Republicans burned on effigy of their congressman (Federalist), Peter Van Gaasbeck, alongside of the French traitor General Dumourier and another of Benedict Arnold.", "Source": "Young.Dem-Rep in N.Y.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Van Gaasbeck; Dumourier; Benedict Arnold", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.075778, 41.872991 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 180, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Sailors on a Portuguese Brig, in honor of Good Friday, hanged Judas in effigy from the ship. The effigy was dunked in the water, before being dragged through the streets while beaten with clubs. Provided amusement to boys and spectators.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 22 April 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Portuguese; Youth; American", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Judas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 181, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "April: An American was tarred and feathered in punishment for causing the death of M. Gauspin killed by the discharge of a gunman that was saluting the frigate commerce.", "Source": "Moreau St. May's Journal, (1793-1798) p.44", "Type": "Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 182, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "April: An American who had spoken disrespectfully of the French was tarred and feathered and rode around in a cart through the streets all that day. This despite the mayor's publically requesting the mob to desist.", "Source": "Moreau St. May's Journal, (1793-1798} p.59", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 183, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "May: Crowd tarred and feathered a man for disrespecting the American flag by reversing it. Hanged British flag above", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume], August 23, 1794, and", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 184, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "May: Crowd tarred and feathered an American sailor who had served on a British privateer. He was paraded through the streets with a large sign that read \"American Pirate\"", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume], August 23, 1794 and Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume], May 06, 1794, Image 3 and https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/data\/batches\/dlc_iranese_ver01\/data\/sn83025878\/print\/1794050601\/0003.pdf", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "American; Sailor; Privateer", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 185, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "May: Crowd siezed vessels belonging to two British privateers, who were tarred and feathered and paraded through the streets", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume], May 06, 1794, Image 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Privateer; Officer", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s); Siezed Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 186, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Dumfries", "Location": "Dumfries", "Lat": 38.56756, "Long": -77.32841, "Description": "May: After a \"swinish multitude\" threated to tar and feather a man, a judge refuses to bring down the hand of the law, because the threatened party had never actually been wrapped in the \"American coat of mail\" and only threatened.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume], May 30, 1794, Image 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.32841, 38.56756 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 187, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "June: Whiskey Boys take coupling distiller James Kiddoe's (??) parts.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.102", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Kiddloe", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 188, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Washington Co.", "Location": "Washington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.159948, "Long": -80.256937, "Description": "June: Party of men break into Deputy Collector John Lynn's house, seized him, took him into the woods, cut off his hair, and gave him a coat of tar and feathers. They made him swear never to reveal the names of his assailants, nor serve as an excise officer. Lyon treated like a joke.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.103-104; Fennell, p.64-65,83", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Lyon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.256937, 40.159948 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 189, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Washington Co.", "Location": "Washington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.159948, "Long": -80.256937, "Description": "June: A few days after he had been tarred and feathered a mob attacked John Lyon's house again and partly pulled it down.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.104; Fennell, p.64-65", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Lyon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.256937, 40.159948 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 190, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "June: Whiskey Boys riddle William Cochran's still full of bullets.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.102; Fennell, p.109", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Cochran", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 191, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Mobs were active for several nights and destroyed several buildings. Several hundreds were involved. (reason obscure)", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, July 5, 1794", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 192, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "June: Whiskey Boys pay second visit to Cochran's house and tore his bolting cloth, took away his sawmill and loose iron and left him a threatening note.", "Source": "Fennell, p.109-110", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Cochran", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 193, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Bower Hill", "Location": "Bower Hill, Penn", "Lat": 40.373907, "Long": -80.094126, "Description": "July: Whiskey Boys militia surround home of John Neville. Neville shot one man who later died, and a 25 minute battle ensued. Supposedly Neville's slaves joined the battle and drove the attackers off.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.115-117; Fennell, p.66-68", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Neville", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.094126, 40.373907 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 194, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Bower Hill", "Location": "Bower Hill, Penn", "Lat": 40.373907, "Long": -80.094126, "Description": "July: About 500 men came to Neville's house. Some soldiers there. Another gun battle ensued. One Whiskey Rebel leader killed. Defenders burn some outbuildings. Fear of fire forces them to surrender. The Whiskey rebels gut house, steal possessions, shoot horses, drink liquor, and burn house. Grain and fences destroyed, all told 3,000 hours of work lost.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.117-121; Fennell, p.66-68,104-105", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Neville", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.094126, 40.373907 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 195, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Morgantown", "Location": "Morgantown, Virginia", "Lat": 39.631456, "Long": -79.94628, "Description": "August: Anonymous note on door warned collector to resign or his property would be destroyed. The collector nailed his resignation on the door and left. When 30 rioters appeared, with blackened faces, they left peacably.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.206-207; Fennell, p.112-113", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.94628, 39.631456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 196, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Bedford Co.", "Location": "Bedford Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.02344, "Long": -78.515814, "Description": "August: Whiskey Boys capture collector John Webster. He submissively tore up his own papers. They burnt his haystacks and stables, but then put the fire out. He was made to stand on a stamp, shout hurrah for Tom the Tinker, and let go.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.165-166; Fennell, p.112-113", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Webster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.515814, 40.02344 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 197, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Westmoreland Co.", "Location": "Westmoreland Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.303523, "Long": -79.512643, "Description": "August: 300 Whiskey Boys attack Philip Reagan's house - deputy collector Reagan agreed to surrender his commission if no more property were destroyed. His hand had been burned a few days earlier. He treated them to whiskey. They held him captive, went to collector John Wells' house, which they burnt to the ground. Reagan escaped. Wells, captured the next day, agreed to all the rioters demands and was let go.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.165; Fennell, p.83,105,172", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip Reagan; John Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.512643, 40.303523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 198, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Redstone Meeting", "Location": "Redstone Meeting, Penn", "Lat": 40.022567, "Long": -79.88328, "Description": "August: About 20 men from Cumberland township marched to the Redstone meeting and tried Samuel Jackson, a prominent miller and merchant from their area.", "Source": "Fennell, p.161", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.88328, 40.022567 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 199, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburg", "Location": "Pittsburg, Penn", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "August: After Braddock's field meeting some 5,000 Whiskey Boys march through town as militia. Some rowdyness and intimidation of locals accompanied this action, but most were restrained. Whole affair very organized. Whiskey Boys burn barn belonging to Alexander Kirkpatrick and grain stack.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.140-164", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander Kirkpatrick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 200, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Greensburg", "Location": "Greensburg, Penn", "Lat": 40.299481, "Long": -79.540368, "Description": "August: Crowd attacks two storekeepers and raise liberty pole.", "Source": "Fennell, p.120", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.540368, 40.299481 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 201, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Western Penn", "Location": "Western Penn", "Lat": 40.900937, "Long": -79.714604, "Description": "August: James Brison was driven into exile by Whiskey Boys (others had, too). Two days after he left, a mob search the house of a state deputy attorney that Brison had stayed in the first night out. They also chased a \"Mulatto\" woman they believed was Brison in disguise.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.168", "Type": "Tax; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Elected Official; Woman; Black; Legal; Attorney; Multiracial", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Brison", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.714604, 40.900937 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 202, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, Penn", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "August: A party of men with blackened faces visited the collector of Cumberland County and forced him to resign.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.209", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 203, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, Penn", "Lat": 40.022567, "Long": -79.88328, "Description": "August: 70 armed men from Washington Co. arrive to burn house and farm building of Quaker who called Parkinson's Ferry meeting a scrub congress. Local committee struggled to avoid violence, had the Quaker taken into custody.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.193-194", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Religious; Quaker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.88328, 40.022567 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 204, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Northumberland", "Location": "Northumberland, Penn", "Lat": 40.893198, "Long": -76.798094, "Description": "September: Opponents of both the draft and the excise erected a liberty pole. They also broke into the arsenal and seized weapons. They controlled the town for a couple of days until a company of militia from Lancaster arrived and dispersed them with a bayonet charge.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.208", "Type": "Tax; Draft; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys; Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.798094, 40.893198 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 205, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Winchester", "Location": "Winchester, Virginia", "Lat": 39.190737, "Long": -78.170813, "Description": "September: One man \"damned the Congress and cried 'God save King George'\" was tarred and feathered.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.224 and Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume], September 13, 1794, Image 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.170813, 39.190737 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 206, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Hagenstown", "Location": "Hagenstown, Maryland", "Lat": 39.636947, "Long": -77.714468, "Description": "September: When militamen called into service, they beat off their officers and put up a liberty pole in celebration; the next day magistrates cut down the pole, whereupon the militia put it up aain, swearing to kill anyone who disturbed it. Militia marched on Frederick to seize arms there, but were turned back by locals.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.207-208; Fennell, p.262-264", "Type": "Draft; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Officer; Military", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.714468, 39.636947 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 207, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Cumberland Co., Pa", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "September: In the evening a number of men with their faces blackened entered the house of Mr. Hewlings, collector of the revenue and forced him to give up all the papers relative to his office. This occurred 10 miles outside Carlisle.", "Source": "N.Y. Herald, September 4, 1794 and Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 02 Sept. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hewlings", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 208, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Morgantown", "Location": "Morgantown, Virginia", "Lat": 39.631456, "Long": -79.94628, "Description": "September: Residents band together to oppose encroachment by Whiskey Boys. Reported to have engaged with the Whiskey Boys several times, and to have driven them back.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 02 Sept. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Tax; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.94628, 39.631456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 209, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Greensburg", "Location": "Greensburg, Penn", "Lat": 40.299481, "Long": -79.540368, "Description": "September: Commissioners from government on return cast harassed by crowd who shouted insults and threw stones, breaking one window. General Irvine threatened to shoot them and they dispersed.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.200; Fennell, p.119", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.540368, 40.299481 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 210, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Martinsburg", "Location": "Martinsburg, Virginia", "Lat": 39.449722, "Long": -77.961358, "Description": "September: Crowd erected a liberty pole, attacked and scattered by the militia.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.207", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.961358, 39.449722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 211, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "September: Whiskey Boys erect liberty pole. After it was cut down the next morning they reassembled and erected another pole. For several nights they celebrated their triumph with noise and shooting. They collected money from passersby for whiskey. Also burned Chief Justice in effigy.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.208 and Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 16 Sept. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Tax; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Legal; Justice; Judge", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 212, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Washington Co.", "Location": "Washington Co.", "Lat": 40.159948, "Long": -80.256937, "Description": "September: Armed men threaten to kill or tar and feather their officers. They insulted civil authority and cursed the country's government.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 15 Sept. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Soldier; Militia", "Target Classification": "Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.256937, 40.159948 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 213, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Western Penn", "Location": "Western Penn", "Lat": 40.900937, "Long": -79.714604, "Description": "September: Popular vote to be held on submission. Rebel militia disrupted several polling places and demanded ballots at others.", "Source": "Fennell, p.72", "Type": "Tax; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.714604, 40.900937 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 214, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Unity Township", "Location": "Unity Township, Westmoreland Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.270183, "Long": -79.471349, "Description": "September: Meeting to sign submission at William Findley's house terrorized by Whiskey Boys and the paper with signatures of those submitting snatched from presiding officials hand.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.210", "Type": "Tax; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.471349, 40.270183 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 215, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "September: An armed party took the submission forms from an official who had agreed to distribute them.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.210", "Type": "Tax; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 216, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Nottingham", "Location": "Nottingham, Washington Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.213814, "Long": -80.05629, "Description": "September: When Judge Edgar attempted to speak on submission, the crowd hissed, pelted mud and stones, took away the table provided for official use during meeting.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.210", "Type": "Tax; Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edgar", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.05629, 40.213814 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 217, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Seven persons charged with riot and assault and battery in November Sessions. All convicted.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.24", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 218, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Whitestown", "Location": "Whitestown, NY", "Lat": 43.10195, "Long": -75.27957, "Description": "November: British agents William Johnson and a Mr. Street were allegedly persuading Native Americans to take up arms against the United States. Americans told Col. Pickering if he did not arrest the agents, they would tar and feather the British agents themselves.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 18 Nov. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.27957, 43.10195 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 219, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/11", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Vermont", "Location": "Vermont", "Lat": 43.740456, "Long": -72.758761, "Description": "November: The legislature passes a motion attacking the Federal government for its action against the Whiskey Boys. The next day, the body passed another motion erasing the vote of the previous day from their records. An angry crowd retaliated by burning in effigy Mr. Samuel Paine, who had been chosen as a federal senator a few days prior.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 24 Nov. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Anti-Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Paine", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.758761, 43.740456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 220, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburg", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "December: Officer abuse a man, probably Stephen Bayard, demanding food and drink, refusing to pay for it, and then disrupting his house.", "Source": "Baldwin (no page given)", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Officer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Bayard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 221, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "September: Anti-Jay treaty mobs, peaked Sept. 14 when Jay burned in effigy, an attempt to put down riot failed and six nights of mob rule followed. Gov. S. Adams refused to call out militia.", "Source": "Wheeler.Urban Politics, p.372", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 222, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Six men charged and convicted of riot and assault and battery in January term (O+T).", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.25", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 223, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A drunken Englishman stole a French flag and liberty cap. A mob formed to find and punish the man, but he escaped.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 22 May 1795. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "British; Political; American; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Political; American; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Siezed Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 224, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Belief that Nova Scotian ship was a Bermudan privateer led to the distribution of handbills calling on the citizens to gather at the Long Wharf and dismantle the ship. About 9 o'clock Saturday night a considerable number appeared and attacked the sloop Speedwell of Halifax. She was dismantled and the crowd angered because of the weapons found in the hold twoed her off into the stream about midnight and set fire to her. The blaze threatened other shipping at anchor, as well as Charlestown but some citizens found edge. Governor Samual Adams issued a proclamation against the riot the next day and the legislature soon followed suit offering a $500 reward for the arrest and conviction of any of the rioters or encouragers of the riot.", "Source": "N.Y. Argus, June 29, 1795", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Privateer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 225, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Anti-Jay Treaty protest. A mob marched on Senator Drayton's house, burned a copy of the treaty and knocked at the door with sticks, threatening to burn the house.", "Source": "Klein.Unification, p.219", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Drayton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 226, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Edgefield", "Location": "Edgefield, SC", "Lat": 33.790169, "Long": -81.931948, "Description": "July: Anti-Jay treaty mob burned Jay and Senator Jacob Reed in effigy.", "Source": "Klein.Unification, p.220", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay; Jacob Reed", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.931948, 33.790169 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 227, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mass meetings opposing treaty saw Hamilton attempt to address and then be harassed by the mob.", "Source": "Wheeler.Urban Politics, p.269-272; Bayard.Travels of a Frenchman, p.134", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander Hamilton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 228, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Philadelphia reaction to Jay treaty also riotous. Jay was burned in effigy; mass meetings were unruly, and British ministers, his charge and senator William Bingham had the windows of their homes broken and copies of the treaty were publicly burned.", "Source": "Wheeler,Urban Politics. P.97-99", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; British", "Actions": "Effigy; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay; William Bingham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 229, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Anti-Jay treaty mob beat pro-Jay treaty person and chased several others.", "Source": "Klein.Unification, p.219-220", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 230, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Anti-Jay treaty riots - on the 18th a mass meeting abused Mayor Larick and stoned Hamilton as they attempted to defend the treaty. While the Chamber of Commerce endorsed the treaty at \"the most respectable\" meeting \"ever held\" on July 21, irate demonstrators burnt it at the Battery and hung Jay in effigy.", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.119", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Effigy; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander Hamilton; John Jay; Larick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 231, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/09", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Portsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, NH", "Lat": 43.077091, "Long": -70.751494, "Description": "September: Anti-Jay treaty riots - Ringleaders were arrested and Governor Gilmon threatened to use the militia if need be.", "Source": "S. Higginson to T. Pickering (??) in Letters to Stephen HigginsonReport of the AHA for 1876, p.795", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.751494, 43.077091 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 232, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/09", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Newbern", "Location": "North Carolina", "Lat": 35.11014, "Long": -77.044064, "Description": "September: The Jay treaty elicited several protest meetings throughout the state. A few meetings were held in favor of the treaty - one such meeting was held at Newbern. Sometime after it, however, Republicans held \"a certain riotous and tumultary meeting\" denouncing the treaty which was deplored by the Grand Jury of the Newburn district as not \"countenanced by any person of reflection or respectability.\"", "Source": "Gilpatrick.Jeffersonian Democracy in N.C., p.67-68", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.044064, 35.11014 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 233, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Edgefield", "Location": "Edgefield, SC", "Lat": 33.790169, "Long": -81.931948, "Description": "September: Effigies of John Jay and Jacob Reed (S.C. senator who voted for the Jay treaty) were hung and the Jay treaty publically burnt. Many other communities held meetings to express their opposition to the treaties.", "Source": "Wolfe.Jeffersonian Democracy in S.C., p.80-85", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay; Jacob Reed", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.931948, 33.790169 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 234, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "October: Settlers armed with muskets interrupt Ephraim Ballard's attempt to survey the Plymouth Patent SE corner for Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ephraim Ballard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 235, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "October: Armed settlers again interrupt Ephraim Ballard's renewed attempt at a survey.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ephraim Ballard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 236, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "November: Armed settlers obstruct B. Poor's third attempt to run survey lines.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Poor", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 237, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "November: Armed settlers obstructed Benjamin Poor's renewed survey attempt.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Poor", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 238, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "November: A dozen armed and blackened settlers surprise Ephraim Ballard's camp, and destroy his survey plans and papers.", "Source": "Taylor, p.265-266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ephraim Ballard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 239, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Balltown", "Location": "Balltown\/Jefferson, Me", "Lat": 44.207877, "Long": -69.452099, "Description": "November: Armed settlers obstruct and chase away Benjamin Poor suspected of being a surveyor for Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Poor", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.452099, 44.207877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 240, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/12", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Clentoume", "Location": "Clentoume (??)", "Lat": 44.638357, "Long": -69.504388, "Description": "December: Settlers destroy survey marks made on behalf of Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.504388, 44.638357 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 241, "year": 1796, "date": "1795\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Minot", "Location": "Minot, Me", "Lat": 44.085765, "Long": -70.319154, "Description": "January: Settlers harass and plunder loggers working for Pejepscot Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.319154, 44.085765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 242, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Three men charged with riot and assault and battery; one, Gilbert Kersher, was convicted in February Sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.25", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Gilbert Kersher", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 243, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: When William Ketelas was called before the Assembly to answer for his attacks on Federalists, triggered by the Ferrymen incident, he was accompanied by a great crowd (2,000). They made a great clamour at the Assembly house and escorted Ketelas to jail in good Wilkite style, when the Assembly ordered him there. They dispersed more or less peacefully.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, March 8, 11, 1796", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Ketelas", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 244, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co.", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "March: Christian Bugher, David Gilliland, Barnabas Gilliland, and William Ryan attacked John Watt in a land claim dispute. Bugher had settled and built a cabin on land previously claimed by Watt. Bugher and his companions threatened to shoot Watt, or tie him to a log-chain and drag him out with a horse unless he abandoned the land. Then, with Watt still in his cabin, they lit the building ablaze. The court found Bugher, David Gilliland, and Ryan guilty, as “To burn a house, the habitation of a man, and with a man in it, is an outrage not to be justified.”", "Source": "Addison Alexander, Reports of Cases in the County Courts of the Fifth Circuit, and in the High Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of Pennsylvania, and Charges to Grand Juries of Those County Courts (Philadelphia: Kay & Bro. 1883), 295-296.", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Christian Bugher; David Gilliland; Barnabas Gilliland; William Ryan", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Watt", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 245, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: When Ketelas was released from prison a crowd escorted him home and again it was very Wilkite in behavior and attitude. Ketelas complimented the crowd on its dedication to law, the Constitution, and liberty. Symbols were used.", "Source": "Young.Dem-Reps in N.Y., p.489-490", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Ketelas", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 246, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Pittson", "Location": "Pittson, Me", "Lat": 44.221477, "Long": -69.757398, "Description": "July: Settlers attack deputy sheriff bearing writs for the Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Legal; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.757398, 44.221477 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 247, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "New Milford", "Location": "New Milford\/Alna, Me", "Lat": 44.104035, "Long": -69.607375, "Description": "July: Isacee Prince led settlers mobbing John Trueman, agent (??) for the Draper heirs and destroy his papers. July: Mr. Trueman, going from Mr. Stacy's to Mr. Clark's, was attacked by five men with blacked faces. A gun was pointed at Trueman, who was led into the bushes, where he was robbed, stripped naked, and tortured, with his ears being cut. They then discusses murdering Truemen, but decided against it. Truemen allegedly knew three of the attackers.", "Source": "Taylor, p.266-267 and Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 27 July 1796. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Threat; Torture; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Isacee Prince", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Trueman", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.607375, 44.104035 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 248, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/07", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Wilmington", "Location": "Wilmington, NC", "Lat": 34.218719, "Long": -77.931798, "Description": "July: French privateer La Bellona came into port. The captain and crew had several run-ins with the citizens and American seamen of the town. These culminated in a \"sailor's brawl\" (Gilpatrick's phrase) in which an American seaman was killed, the privateer guns thrown overboard, and the French tricolor trampled undefoot. The Americans believed that the privateer was enlisting American seamen and planning to molest American shipping leaving Wilmington. There was a trial of the French privateer afterward.", "Source": "Gilpatrick.Jeffersonian Democracy in N.C., p.83", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.931798, 34.218719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 249, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Prison riot in which 30 criminals rose in an attempt to escape. Armed with a broad axe they cut their way through the windows. The alarm was sounded and most of them were quickly recaptured.", "Source": "[Greenloaf's]N.Y. Journal, November 1, 1796", "Type": "Law; Prison Riot", "Rioter Classification": "Prisoner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 250, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Five men charged with riot at the theatre, four of them convicted in November Sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.25", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 251, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny Co.", "Location": "Allegheny Co.", "Lat": 40.557821, "Long": -79.932081, "Description": "Winter: John Huston possessed a 1794 improvement on some land, but had no survey or warrant. The next winter, Felix Welsh settled on the claim and built a house under a survey. Huston warned Welsh not to settle past a certain boundary. Welsh built a new home past this boundary. While Welsh and his wife were absent, Huston threw out belongings, including beds still containing Welsh’s children, and “threw down the house.” While the court held that Huston should not have used force, and should have gone through legal channels, a verdict of not guilty was handed down. Daniel Carter and William Wilson are listed as co-defendants.", "Source": "Addison Alexander, Reports of Cases in the County Courts of the Fifth Circuit, and in the High Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of Pennsylvania, and Charges to Grand Juries of Those County Courts (Philadelphia: Kay & Bro. 1883), 297-299", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Landowner; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Squatter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Felix Welsh; Daniel Carter; William Wilson", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Huston", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.932081, 40.557821 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 252, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "New Milford", "Location": "New Milford\/Alna, Me", "Lat": 44.104035, "Long": -69.607375, "Description": "March: A crowd of armed settlers extorts provisions from Thomas Fairservice, a proprietary supporter in their community.", "Source": "Taylor, p.267", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Landowner", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Fairservice", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.607375, 44.104035 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 253, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: The proprietors of the Tontine Coffee House removed the tri-colored emblem of French from the Assembly room, claiming it had created disturbances when some persons attempted to rip it down. News of this brought an unruly mob to the doors of the Tontine intending toresotre it. Anticipating this the proprietors had called the watch which dispersed the mob and hustled several persons off to jail.", "Source": "Bernstein. \"Rise of Dem. Rep…,\" p.205-206", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "Political; Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 254, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A Francophile patron entered into the Tuntine Tavern and tore down a card with the British and American flags on it. A disturbance resulted.", "Source": "Deconde. (??), p.20", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "Political; Merchant; British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 255, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Wiscasset", "Location": "Wiscasset, Me", "Lat": 44.00209, "Long": -69.666129, "Description": "March: Over 200 settlers from New Milford and Balltown march into Wiscasset, surround the jail and rescue prisoners held for mobbing John Trueman in July 1796.", "Source": "Taylor, p.267", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Landowner; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Trueman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.666129, 44.00209 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 256, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/05", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "New Milford", "Location": "New Milford\/Alna, Me", "Lat": 44.104035, "Long": -69.607375, "Description": "May: At night six to eight men break windows in the house belonging to Stuart Hunt, a leading man who supported claims of Draper heirs.", "Source": "Taylor, p.267", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.607375, 44.104035 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 257, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: \"A considerable riot…at Topsail Tavern\" in the evening. 20 persons arrested and taken to Bridewell. Local residents probably aided the police.", "Source": "N.Y. Gazette, July 3, 1797; N.Y.Minerva, July 3, 1797", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 258, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: As the war scare subsided the Army became a liability and brawls and disturbances became frequent. Even the officers former \"clubs\" one called \"Knights of the Dagger\" was particularly infamous.", "Source": "Bernstein. \"Rise of the Dem. Rep. Parliament,\" p.380", "Type": "Military; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Officer; Gang", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 259, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Five men charged and convicted of riot and assault and battery in October sessions. Sentenced January session, 1798", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.26", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 260, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Upper Marlborough", "Location": "Upper Marlborough", "Lat": 38.815782, "Long": -76.749472, "Description": "October: Election riot with brick bats and stones. One man was killed. Over sheriff election.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, October 21, 1797", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.749472, 38.815782 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 261, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Pittson", "Location": "Pittson, Me", "Lat": 44.221477, "Long": -69.757398, "Description": "November, Settlers from Balltown harass house of Ebenezer Pratt, a proprietary supporter.", "Source": "Taylor, p.267", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ebenezer Pratt", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.757398, 44.221477 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 262, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Dr. Nicholas Romaine became immersed in a political controversy when some of his thoughts were quoted in a letter printed in the papers. This led to a scuffle between him and Benjamin Winshop and later to a mob attack on Romaine. A few days later Romaine was attacked by Capt. Armstrong, retired from British service.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, D. 27, 30, 1797", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; British; Military ; Officer", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Benjamin Winshop; Armstrong", "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicholas Romaine", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 263, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Pittsylvania Co.", "Location": "Pittsylvania Co. Va", "Lat": 36.64774, "Long": -79.38395, "Description": "December: William Munford reports that an election, at which he was a clerk, became rowdy and violent. The crowd pushed the sheriff and clerks around. The court house was cleared and occupied once or twice before the clerks and sheriff were forced to retreat. The candidates seemed to encourage the crowd, or at least did not do enough to suppress it.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 01 Jan. 1798. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Sheriff; Court", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.38395, 36.64774 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 264, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Dedham", "Location": "Dedham", "Lat": 42.241749, "Long": -71.166207, "Description": "December: \"The liberty pole in this town (Dedham) was cut down by some Federal young men of Dedham, who were attacked by the seditious, and one of their number seized. To get his liberty, he very indiscreetly paid the mob guard, of five, twenty dollars. One of the persons concerned in raising the pole, an opulent farmer, has been arrested and bound over. The defended are awed by this measure, but the effect is not as great as their intemperance and folly merit. The powers of the law must be used moderately, but with spirit and decision, otherwise great risk of disorders will be incurred.", "Source": "Fisher Ames to Timothy Pickering - November 22, 1798; Ames ed.,Works of Fisher Ames, 1854 ed., Vol 1; p.242", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.166207, 42.241749 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 265, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Williamsburgh", "Location": "Williamsburgh", "Lat": 37.275957, "Long": -76.710047, "Description": "July: William and Mary - a commencement day young enthusiasts marched through town exhibiting a representative of John Adams as though receiving an address from congress. John Marshall on a visit to Fredericksburg was insulted in the theatre and all but pat (??) out to the tune of the rouges march.", "Source": "Anderson.William Branch Giles", "Type": "Political; Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Adams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.710047, 37.275957 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 266, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/01", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Walingford", "Location": "Walingford, Vt", "Lat": 43.472026, "Long": -72.977802, "Description": "January: A liberty pole was erected by Republicans who used abusive language against Congress, the president. Soon after some Federalists collected, cut down the polt, burnt it and scattered the ashed in the wind.", "Source": "N.Y. Spectator, Januray 31, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.977802, 43.472026 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 267, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Four men charged and convicted of riot and assault and battery in January Sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.26", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 268, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Ten men with blacked faces, black wigs, and waggoner's frocks robbed Mrs. Temple's home on Greenwhich road, while her husband was absent in Europe. The leader of the gang claimed to have known Mrs. Temple in Boston, and treated her in a genteel manner, going so far as to prepare for her a cordial. Some 2000 dollars were stolen.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 02 Feb. 1798. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Siezed Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mrs. Temple", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 269, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, NY", "Lat": 42.142636, "Long": -73.780328, "Description": "February: Land riots - rioters excluded proprietors from land. Legal processes resisted. Jay against it.", "Source": "Lincoln, ed.Messages of The Govs I, p.411", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Legal", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.780328, 42.142636 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 270, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, Pa", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Feb: Supporters of Israel Israel violently interput and occupy a rival political meeting", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 20 Feb. 1798. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 271, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, Pa", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Feb: Supporters of Israel Israel again violently interput and occupy a rival political meeting", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 20 Feb. 1798. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 272, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Mass", "Lat": 42.392306, "Long": -71.963979, "Description": "April: Federalists publically burned Republican paper in Mass; same controversy, threat of tar and feathers (p.252, Smith)", "Source": "Ind. Chronicle, April 1798; Smith.Freedom's Fetters, p.249,252", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Effigy; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.963979, 42.392306 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 273, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: An attempt was made to tear down the Cap of Liberty from the Toumary Meeting Hall. One Republican wrote: \"Such a thing as a cap of liverty must truly be disgusting to such gentlemen, their order requires no symbol of liberty but a sceptre and a crown.\"", "Source": "Paulson, \"Tommy Society,\"NYH(1953) p.75-76", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 274, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Threat of mob action at Debating Society.", "Source": "N.Y. Gazette, May 2, 1798", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 275, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "May: A liberty cup which had recently been \"despoiled\" by \"the aristocrats\" was recaptured by a party of the militia assembled, under the discharge of three rounds.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, May 5, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 276, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: On May 7 1200 young men, in the midst of the XYZ affair, marched through Philadelphia to the president's house to offer their lives for the country. That night they mobbed the residence of Benjamin Franklin Bache, Rep New York - editor. On May 9, which Adams had set as a day for national fast, Federalist youths wearing the Black Cockade fought in the streets with Republicnas wearing the red. The light (??) were called out, a guard was posted at the Resident's House and the streets were patrolled at night.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.39-40", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Franklin Bache", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 277, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Street fights broke out between Republicans and Federalists on John Adams day of fast. The trouble began with a scuffle in the state house yard.", "Source": "Deconde. (??), p.20", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 278, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: French cockade mobs roam the streets at night. The mayor, Secretary of State, Atty-Gen, and an alderman intercepted one such mob, dispersed it, and arrested one man. Cavalry patrolled the streets at night, \"young men\" volunteers guarded the military stores and the mint.", "Source": "NY.Daily Advertiser, May 12, 1798; N.Y.Gazette, May 12, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Military; Youth", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 279, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Thirteen men charged with assault and bettery with intent to murder and with Breaking Prison Convicted on both accounts, June Sessions.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.27", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Extraction; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 280, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Several incidents of Federalists and Republicans brawling and rioting in the streets. A particularly large such disturbance ocurred at the Battery on July 27.", "Source": "N.Y.Spectator, July 4, 1798; N.Y.Time Piece, July 27, 30, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 281, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Williamsburg", "Location": "Williamsburgh", "Lat": 37.275957, "Long": -76.710047, "Description": "July: William and Mary student paraded the streets and burned an effigy of the President in which he was shown receiving a \"Royal Address\" and searching frantically through a batch of ready made responses for an appropriate reply.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.44", "Type": "Political; Student", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.710047, 37.275957 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 282, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Hackensack", "Location": "Hackensack, NJ", "Lat": 40.883748, "Long": -74.043677, "Description": "July: Federalist celebration of the 4th included stripping the Liberty Pole of its cap and placing the American Eagle in its stead. They interred the cap. Some Republicans attempted to prevent this but were beaten back by the militia.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, July 11, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Militia", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.043677, 40.883748 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 283, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Williamsburg", "Location": "Williamsburgh", "Lat": 37.275957, "Long": -76.710047, "Description": "July: \"Our noble president was burnt in effigy in Williamsburgh on the fourth of July by the student of William and Mary College and a troop of cavalry. He was exhibited in threat of receiving a loyal address, and looking among a budget of ready made answers for one in return.\"", "Source": "Argus(Putny, Vermont), August 9, 1798", "Type": "Political; Student", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Student; Youth; Military", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.710047, 37.275957 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 284, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/08", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "August: The crew of a Spanish privateer was harassed and the vessel taken up river and burnt by a number of men about midnight. The Spanish vessel had taken two American ships which the Spanish government had later released.", "Source": "NY.Time Piece, August 30, 1798", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Political; Privateer; Alleged Criminal; Hispanic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 285, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/08", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Mendham", "Location": "Mendham, NJ", "Lat": 40.774493, "Long": -74.599847, "Description": "August: About 11 o'clock in the morning, when most of the men were working in the fields, 23 Federalists, wearing black cockades, armed with swords, clubs, and pistols, came riding into town from New Brunswick. They attacked the liberty pole in front of Dr. Lipton's house, erected on July 4th and ornamented with a liberty cap and American flag. They harassed several citizens, mostly women, had a quick drink at the Black Horse tavern (which they amply paid for), fired several pistols, and after threatening some more people they rode off with the liberty cap.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, August 24, 27, 1798", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Woman", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.599847, 40.774493 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 286, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A fracas between Mr. Burke's foreman and Mayor MacDougal occurred on August 21. Two different accounts appeared in other papers, but theArgus, which did not have the facts refuses to say anything about it.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, August 27, 1798", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Burke; MacDougal", "Persons Named as Targets": "Burke; MacDougal", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 287, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Baltimore Congressional election of 1798 represented a real challenge for Samuel Smith. Smith relied heavily on the support of his militia. On August 3rd, several militia companies ostentatiously marched through the streets of Baltimore to Smith's home, where they were provided with ample quantities of alcoholic beverages. September 27 saw Smith personally lead a mob attack on a pro-Winchester rally. Although unsuccessful in dispersing that rally, the threat of mob action became so serious that the election judges ordered all weapons confiscated from persons in the vicinity of the polls. smith won the election and the Federalists blamed Republican mob violence.", "Source": "Cassell.Merchant Congressmen…, p.87-89", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Militia", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Samuel Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": "Winchester", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 288, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Smith led a crowd to a Winchester rally and attempted to expell the Federalists.", "Source": "Steffen. \"Between Revolutions…,\" p.169;190", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Samuel Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 289, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Merion", "Location": "Merion, PA", "Lat": 39.99643, "Long": -75.25287, "Description": "January: A group of men, including a servant of Nathan Suplee, go to Merion to destroy a \"sedition pole.\" Chief Justice mistakenly attempts to prosecute Suplee in the aftermath.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & Philadelphia Daily Advertiser 10\/05\/1799.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Servant; Worker", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.25287, 39.99643 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 290, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: United Irish riot - minor confrontation - long court case involving William Duane.", "Source": "Smith.Freedom's Fetters, p. 279-282", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Duane", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 291, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: Riot when Irish oppose proposed Alien Act.", "Source": "Shear, July '95", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 292, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: Intruders William Duane, Samuel Cummings, Dr. James Reynolds and Robert Moore arrested for inciting riot. May be the same riot as above.", "Source": "Wheeler. Urban Politics, p.121 and William Cobbett. Porcupine's Works; Containing Various Writings and Selections, Exhibiting a Faithful Picture of the United States of America; of Their Governments, Laws, Politics, and Resources; of the Characters of Their Presidents, Governors, Legislators, Magistrates, and Military Men; and of the Customs, Manners, Morals, Religion, Virtues and Vices of the People: Comprising Also a Complete Series of Historical Documents and Remarks, from the End of the War, in 1783, to the Election of the President, in March, 1801 (1801).", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Duane; Samuel Cummings; James Reynolds; Robert Moore", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 293, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Vergennes", "Location": "Vergennes, Vermont", "Lat": 44.16719, "Long": -73.253311, "Description": "February: A group of Federalists celebrate Washington's birthday, with toasts to tar and feathing French tories. Other toasts against slavery and Republicans.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 20 March 1799. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; French; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.253311, 44.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 294, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Effigy paddies cause disturbance on day of celebration for St. Patrick in Harmon Street. One man was killed.", "Source": "N.Y. Argus, March 20, 1799", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 295, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Huntington", "Location": "Huntington, LI", "Lat": 40.851395, "Long": -73.412637, "Description": "March: The \"Jacobins\" had raised a \"sedition pole\" on the 26th. \"The friends of government\" led by some local big shots \"prostrated the idol of sedition to the ground.\" The liberty pole had been adorned with a tri-colored flag.", "Source": "N.Y. Spectator, April 3, 1799", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.412637, 40.851395 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 296, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Seven men charged and convicted of riot in April sessions. Probably St. Patrick's day riot.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.28", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 297, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Reading", "Location": "Reading, Penn", "Lat": 40.340395, "Long": -75.929428, "Description": "May: Several men with German names complain about deprecations from 15 members of the Lancaster Horse who terrorized locals and cut down liberty poles.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, May 29, 1799", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; German", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.929428, 40.340395 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 298, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: There was some sort of riot at the new prison involving about 100 \"mechanics,\" 300 troops were called out to meet the emergency. The attampted break-out was unsuccessful. A less riotous and more successful break occurred a few days later.", "Source": "N.Y.Spectator, June 15, 1799; N.Y.Daily Advertisor, June 14, 1799", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Mechanic; Prisoner; Worker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Military; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 299, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: About 11:00, a number of officers from the US frigate, with others in and out of uniform, including an officer of the US District Court for Penn, went down South street upsetting a cart, a chair before James Carr's door, atatcking first three women sitting before their doors, pulling up their clothes and laying hold of them, then another woman across the street was like abused. They tried to force Mr. Cornelius into the street - when he refused, one man drew a dagger and lurched at him. Luke Cossin was also obliged to try. When Mr. Darnell, a constable living nearby, came out to order them to keep the peace, he was attacked and stabbed with a dirk. By this time a number of citizens had gathered and carried the nine rioters before Alderman Jennings. One man offered bail for the whole group, at $500 a head.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, June 28, 1799", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Woman; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Carr; Luke Cossin; Darnell; Cornelius", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 300, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Ten men variously charged with riot and inciting a riot. Five of these are in a group. One, Isaac Carpenter, charged with Riot and assault and battery, was acquitted. The rest were convicted (except one recog ) in July O+T", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" p.28", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Isaac Carpenter", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 301, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Appearance of a dead baby suspected of being murdered in a house of ill-fame. A mob of 800 to 1000 formed to demolish the house. They were prevented by the timely interference from the mayor and some magistrates. Some militia were called out to assist. July 20, the common council held a special meeting to distribute 2000 copies of a handbill to admonish people away from rioting which apparently they persisted in for the past few nights.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1370", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute; Militia; Elected Official; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 302, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: On Warren street a riot of sorts took place between William Duer Jr., Mr. Fischer, both petty officers on the Frigate Adams, with other Navy men and the Republican residents of Warren Street. Both claim the other started it. The details of the ensuing court case and political charges are covered in full detail in newspapers.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, August 5,7,8,9,10,12,13,15,27, 1799;N.Y. Journal, July 13, 1799", "Type": "Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Duer Jr.; Fischer", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Duer Jr.; Fischer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 303, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Three men charged and convicted of riot and assault and battery in August sessions. The same sessions saw six men convicted jointly of assault and battery.", "Source": "\"Gen List NYC…\" 29", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 304, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Sailors from the US ship Maryland riot between 11 and 12 o'clock at nigt in Argyre street, Fell's Point. \"A large bowditti of those sailors\" gutted a grocer's shop there, destroying all the goods and dispersing them in the street. They beat the grocer and nearly murdered a neighbor. Then the sailors went to the Market house where, if it had not been for the spirited interference of the watch, a black man, who was already badly beaten, would have been killed. With the aid of some citizens several of the rioters were secured and the disturbance was quelled.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, August 27, 1799", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Racial; Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 305, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Donville", "Location": "Donville\/Auburn, Me", "Lat": 44.097548, "Long": -70.234621, "Description": "October: Crowd breaks into Peter Merrill's barn and seizes and destroys a chaise belonging to Josiah Little, a Pejepscot Proprietor.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Merrill; Josiah Little", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.234621, 44.097548 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 306, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/10", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Petersburgh", "Location": "Petersburgh, Va", "Lat": 38.992052, "Long": -79.12622, "Description": "October: Two butchers named Rowles insulted the magistrates while in the exercise of their duty. They refused to be taken. One surrendered when a writ was issued to use force, the other monted his horse armed with two pistols and bid defiance to the town. The citizens rose en masse and pursued him through the streets for hours before he too surrendered. But when they were about to jail him and his accomplice, they both resisted and fought against the whole crowd until they were subdued.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, November 1, 1799", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Magistrate", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Rowles", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.12622, 38.992052 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 307, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/02", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Elizabethtown", "Location": "Elizabethtown, NJ", "Lat": 40.668004, "Long": -74.210946, "Description": "February: A near riot broke out as a dispute between two domestics at Richard Lyon's Tavern and three officers from Col. Smith's regiment threatened to become more serious. Two of the officers drew their swords and threatened several people, especially the tavern keeper - both indoors and out. They then retired to the house of Joseph Lyon where a concourse of people collected at 6 o'clock and demanded immediate satisfaction. If the civil authorities had not intervened the officers would have been \"immolated on the spot.\" A warrant was issued and Captain(??) and William Livingston posted bond and the people dispersed without further commotion.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, February 20, 21, 1800", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Officer; Military", "Target Classification": "Domestic; Civilian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Lyon; William Livingston", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.210946, 40.668004 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 308, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/05", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Greene", "Location": "Greene, Me", "Lat": 44.192205, "Long": -70.141926, "Description": "May: More than a dozen men dressed as Native Americans and armed with muskets obstruct Lothrap Lewis' survey for the Pejepscot Proprietors and erase his memorandum book.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lothrap Lewis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.141926, 44.192205 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 309, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Federal Gazette April 11, described sailors strike as follows (Saposs says strike in NY, March 26 - but it doesn't fit quote). \"A large mob of sailors who had turned out for higher wages, and were parading the streets of Fell's Pt on Monday, in riotous confusion, made an attempt after dark to board and (??) a vessel belonging to Messis David Steward and sons, on board it was said, men had entered at 18 a month. Their design being learnt, several citizens put themselves on board, to defend her in case of necessity, from the savages ofthe mob, who seemed bent on mischief and approached with drums and fife, and colours flying. As they attempted to get on board they were opposed, when a severe conflict ensued, and notwithstanding the vessel lay alongside the wharf, they were three times repulsed with broken heads and bloody noses. Mr. David Stewart [sic], Mr. Beeman, and several others who were on board, we learn, were very considerably wounded - but fortunately, no lives were lost.\"", "Source": "Cited in Saposs in Commons, et al.Hist. of Labour in US, I, p.110-111", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David Stewart; Beeman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 310, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/06", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Danistown", "Location": "Danistown\/Montville, Me", "Lat": 44.44105, "Long": -69.24074, "Description": "June: Armed settlers seize, threaten and release George Ulmer, an agent for Henry Knox.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Ulmer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.24074, 44.44105 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 311, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Donville", "Location": "Donville\/Auborn, Me", "Lat": 44.097548, "Long": -70.234621, "Description": "July: David Hidreth leads settlers in an assault on Peter Merrill, a supporter of Pejepscot Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Hidreth", "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Merrill", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.234621, 44.097548 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 312, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Alna", "Location": "Alna, Me", "Lat": 44.104035, "Long": -69.607375, "Description": "July: Armed settlers obstruct Deputy Sheriff Pitt Dillingham while he is serving writs.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Legal; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pitt Dillingham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.607375, 44.104035 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 313, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Thorndike", "Location": "Lincoln Plantation\/Thorndike, Me", "Lat": 44.578537, "Long": -69.27654, "Description": "July: Men disguised as Indians fire upon surveyors led by Robert Houston and working for Henry Knox, three men are wounded.", "Source": "Taylor, p.268", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Houston", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.27654, 44.578537 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 314, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "West Point", "Location": "West Point, NY", "Lat": 41.35432, "Long": -73.9935, "Description": "July: Captain J. Stillee of West Point, desirous to keep his men out of a public house owned by a Mr. North, sent some patrols to check for any soldiers there on July 4, 1800. A large number of people “from the mountains” where in town that day and behaving riotously. When Stillee’s patrol reached the establishment, the crowd attacked and beat them, taking their weapons. Before Stillee could form up his men in an organized manner to relieve the patrol, the soldier rushed out on their own, with bayonets fixed, towards the action. At this point, Captain Stillee could not control or organize his men. The soldiers, outraged at the sight of their bloodied fellows, attacked the public house, defended now with the weapons stolen from the fallen soldiers, but were beaten back “with much loss of blood.” After “much havoc had been committed on North’s house,” Stillee took control of his men and induced the defenders to surrender and escorted them to the guard house. Similar incidents had apparently happened previously, with Stillee complaining that “There is scarcely a public day of any sort, that they do not assemble here, and endeavor to raise a disturbance with the soldiers. Some of the fellows that are now in confinement, have been confined before in the same place, for the same offence.”", "Source": "N: J. Stillee, “Particulars of a Riot,” The Ostego Herald: or, Western Advertiser (Cooperstown, NY) July 31, 1800", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Civilian", "Target Classification": "Military; Soldier", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.9935, 41.35432 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 315, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/07", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Fell's Point, Baltimore, MD", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "July: A sailor from the frigate Insurgente was kicked out of a music house on the street called \"Oakum Bay.\" Returning with the fellow sailors, a mob formed outside the house. Before any hostilities could commence, a musket rang out and 15 buckshot entered the sailor John Johnson through the face and neck, mortally wounding him. Enoch Brown, a midshipman, and Draper attempted to help Johnson, but were also shot and wounded. Two more men were shot and wounded who attempted to enter the house. Finally, the sailors forced their way in and siezed 10 men.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & daily advertiser. [volume], July 16, 1800,", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Musician", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Musician", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Johnson; Enoch Brown; Draper", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Johnson; Enoch Brown; Draper", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 316, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/08", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Fairfax", "Location": "Fairfax\/Albion, Me", "Lat": 44.532275, "Long": -69.440628, "Description": "August: Armed settlers chase away Nathan Winslow, a surveyor for the Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nathan Winslow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.440628, 44.532275 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 317, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/08", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lewiston", "Location": "Lewiston, Me", "Lat": 44.102668, "Long": -70.209665, "Description": "August: At night a crowd surrounds and fires shots into house belonging to Robert Anderson, a Pejepscot Proprietor supporter.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.209665, 44.102668 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 318, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: After an argument between two men in the China Factory, a brothel in Southwark, in which one of the men was killed several houses of prostitution were torn down. By the 14th, six houses were essentially destroyed. There was little opposition to the riots and some limited condoning of the action in the press. Boatswain won. He was from armed vessel. He was arrested and charged with manslaughter. Each man enouraged by his mistress.", "Source": "Alexander.Render them Submissive, p.83", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 319, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/09", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Litchfield", "Location": "Litchfield, Me", "Lat": 44.21571, "Long": -69.930635, "Description": "September: Armed men fire shots to frighten away surveyors led by John Torsey and working for Kennebeck Proprietor.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Torsey", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.930635, 44.21571 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 320, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/09", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Monmouth", "Location": "Monmouth, Me", "Lat": 44.2382, "Long": -70.03497, "Description": "September: Settlers rescue a comrade accused of firing on John Torsey's survey for Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Torsey", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.03497, 44.2382 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 321, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/09", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lewiston", "Location": "Lewiston, Me", "Lat": 44.102668, "Long": -70.209665, "Description": "September: A crowd of more than 20 disguised and armed men level stones into the house of Ezra Parrington, where Josiah Little, the principal Pejepscot Proprietor, is lodging; Little received slight wounds.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ezra Parrington; Josiah Little", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.209665, 44.102668 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 322, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lisbon", "Location": "Lisbon, Me", "Lat": 44.036067, "Long": -70.10984, "Description": "October: Armed settlers obstruct surveyors working for Kennebeck Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Surveyor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.10984, 44.036067 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 323, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lewiston", "Location": "Lewiston, Me", "Lat": 44.102668, "Long": -70.209665, "Description": "October: At eight a crowd of armed and disguised men fired shots around house of the Pejepscot Proprietors claim.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.209665, 44.102668 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 324, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lewiston", "Location": "Lewiston, Me", "Lat": 44.102668, "Long": -70.209665, "Description": "October: Several men throw down fence and gate belonging to Ezra Parrington, a supporter of Pejobscot Proprietors.", "Source": "Taylor, p.269", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ezra Parrington", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.209665, 44.102668 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 325, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/10", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Great Bridge", "Location": "Great Bridge, VA", "Lat": 36.71319, "Long": -76.23981, "Description": "October: A Baptist preacher and Republican, Davis Biggs, was invited to preach at Great Bridge in Norfolk County. A Mr. W Butt or Burt, a local magistrate and Federalist, attempted to gather men to tar and feather the preacher. If he failed to find enough men, he threatened to cut off Bigg's ears, let out his bowels, or send him to Hell, \"where all such apostates should be sent, when found.\"", "Source": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. [volume], December 12, 1800, Image 4", "Type": "Political; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Legal; Judge; Magistrate", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "W. Butt", "Persons Named as Targets": "Davis Biggs", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.23981, 36.71319 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 326, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: \"I suppose you have heard the melancholy news of Mr. Jefferson's election, there was quite a rejoicing about and (??) at the Battery were going as brisk as need be - and when we came home in the evening [from a ball?] there was a large mob in the broad way made up of the very dregs of the town, and they to besure were fighting at a most terrible rate, however we got safe home at last - though we were not a little frightened...\"", "Source": "Marra Trumbell to Mrs. Trumbell, Feb. 21, 1801 in Helen M. Morgan, ed.A Season in New York, p.124", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 327, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Republican victory celebration did overstep the proper boundaries of behavior. The Rep. Watch Tower commented \"that there are some debauched characters who style themselves republicans, cannot be denied; but that intoxication is the peculiar habit of democracy law well be dented. Have we never seen aristocrats deviate from the paths of sobriety? Have we never seen riots and drunken mobs, on Federal jubilees? So extensive were the celebration that the Trumbull sisters, who were out to a dance, stayed over at a friend's rather than risk travel at night in the disorderly streets.\"", "Source": "Morgan, ed.A Season in NY, p.29;129,132", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Trumbull", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 328, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Meadville", "Location": "Meadville, Penn", "Lat": 41.638511, "Long": -80.155617, "Description": "July: severe Fed\/Rep. hostilities. Rep. threatened to drive Feds out of area - by mobs if necessary. Reports that Fed attorney, Foster's barn was burnt by Reps. No real details.", "Source": "Daily Advertiser, August 15, 1801", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Foster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.155617, 41.638511 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 329, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wilkes-Barre", "Location": "Wilkes-Barre, PA", "Lat": 41.242833, "Long": -75.881764, "Description": "July: A man named Smiley, employed by Col. Horne, was to get declarations signed by settlers of the area. at 2 AM on the 8th, 15 men with blackened faces came to the place where Smiley was staying and destroyed the papers. The men then tarred and feathered Smiley.", "Source": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. [volume] (Washington City [D.C.]), 24 July 1801. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Yankee", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Smiley", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.881764, 41.242833 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 330, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A large number of black people, about 250, surrounded Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen's house, threatened to burn it to the ground, murder all the white people inside and free a number of enslaved people. They were armed with clubs, with a small crowd gathering in the morning and increasing its numbers until the night. The black people were supposedly French. In the evening the watch was called, some resistance was made and 23 were arrested. Riot occurred on Eagle street.", "Source": "NYC General Session 0.9,1801", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; French; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 331, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: City bakers stop work because Common Council reinstated the Assize of Bread.", "Source": "Rock.Artisans, p.186", "Type": "Labor; Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Baker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Political; Government", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 332, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Three men charged with riot and A+B, no real details.", "Source": "MMPO II November 15, 1801", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 333, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/11", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "November: S. Morse is threatened by Elias Shipman and three or four companions. Shipman said that Morse should be kicked, rode on a rail, tarred and feathered, pushed off the wharf, and drummed out of town.", "Source": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. [volume] (Washington City [D.C.]), 06 Nov. 1801. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Press; Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Elias Shipman", "Persons Named as Targets": "S. Morse", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 334, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A number of Irishmen collected about sunset on the 17th on East George street and harassed nearly everyone who walked by. They attacked a number of people with clubs and stones and shouted \"Huzzah for Dublin, we'll show the Americans freedom.\" Seven were arrested while there was at least 20 others.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions April 16, 1802; MMPO II March 17 and 18, 1802", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 335, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/10", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "October: Charles Richardson was killed in a riot in Chalmer's Alley. Patrick Leonard, Thomas Nicholson, and Joseph Frowks (a Portuguese) were charged with the crime and committed to prison.", "Source": "N.Y.Evening Post, October 23, 1802", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Leonard; Thomas Nicholson; Joseph Frowks", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Richardson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 336, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Seamen for several days paraded up and down the wharfs with drums beating and colors flying in the hopes of pressuring the merchants to raise wages from $10 to $14 a month. They boarded several ships ready to sail and between threats and violence compelled many other seamen not to sail. On the 20th they even demanded the ship's papers from the captain and the brig Sally. The mayor, some magistrates, and peace officers intercepted these \"Maritime Insurgents\" at their rendezvous in the morning (20th), taking a number in custody without resistance.", "Source": "N.Y.Evening Post, October 21, 1802", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 337, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Warrant against ten people for riot sworn out.", "Source": "MMPO II 8, November 29, 1802", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 338, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Warrant against 14 men sworn out for riot.", "Source": "MMPO II 8, December 1, 1802", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 339, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wyoming Valley", "Location": "Wyoming Valley, Penn", "Lat": 41.283568, "Long": -75.837556, "Description": "December: Bartlett Hinds, witness against town settlers, was attacked by a group calling themselves the Combined Yankee Company. He was dragged from his house, abused, and beaten. Had his effigy burnt in front of him and was threatened with the like fate if he did not surrender his court fees and admit that he had done wrong. Hinds was even brought to the edge of the fire and had his hands pushed into it. When sitting his chair was pulled out from under him. The Yankee Company formed themselves into a body elected a chairman and voted on resolutions with a show of hands. They gave Hinds a month to get out of the county.", "Source": "N.Y.Evening Post, January 15, 1803", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Yankee", "Target Classification": "Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bartlett Hinds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.837556, 41.283568 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 340, "year": 1803, "date": "1803\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Kingston", "Location": "Kingston, NY", "Lat": 41.922093, "Long": -74.004465, "Description": "April: Prison riot. Anywhere from 15 to 40 prisoners attempted a mass escape. The captured several keepers and coerced a number of other prisoners to join them. Many others did not, almost to the point of armed opposition. The rioters tried to build a scaffold by which to get over the walls. But before anyone could escape the military came. The prisoners refused to give up and the military, suffering a hail of fire from stones and thrown (??), were ordered to shoot. One now-rioting prisoner was immediately killed. Several were severely wounded. One dying the next day. The prisoners returned to their halls defeated and to await charges of rioting and arson.", "Source": "N.Y.Evening Post, April 5,6, 1803", "Type": "Law; Prison Riot", "Rioter Classification": "Prisoner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Military; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction; Lethal Violence; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.004465, 41.922093 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 341, "year": 1803, "date": "1803\/10", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "NJ", "Lat": 40.209097, "Long": -74.389507, "Description": "October: Uriah Tracy wrote to James McHenry of \"bad vote and foul play in recent NJ elections.\"", "Source": "Steinered.Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p.522", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.389507, 40.209097 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 342, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Public meeting held by Republicans concerning city charter revision somewhat tumultuous. The uproar was caused by the failure of a committee appointed at an earlier meeting to petition the legislature to include a call for popular election of the mayor. Clinton opposed that measure and apparently had influenced the committee. One paper described the meeting as a \"democratic mob\" that \"exhibited the discord, the tumult, the zeal and the fury of a Parisian mob.\"", "Source": "N.Y. Comm. Adv., February 1, 1804; Stokes.IconographyV, p.1417-19", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 343, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Black people marched through street, knocking down at least one white man, proclaiming that they would \"show them San Domingo.\"", "Source": "Smelse.Dem Rep., p.44; Chanring.History of the USII, p.134", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 344, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Four workmen plus one or two others rioted on Catherine Street. They threw stones at people and houses and threatened several others. Their weapons included a shovel and hammers.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 10, 1804", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 345, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: \"September witnessed a riot begun by several Spanish sailors, who stabbed and dangerously wounded William Barry, a young American sailor. His friends went to a Spanish house and tore it to pieces. Several people were severely hurt during the riot.\"", "Source": "Scharf and Wiscott.History of Philadelphia,P.519", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Barry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 346, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Elkton", "Location": "Elkton, Md", "Lat": 39.609286, "Long": -75.825092, "Description": "September: A number of united Irishmen, canal workers, left off work, went to the race track armed with bludgeons and (??). There they paraded about and became involved in a fight with some blacks. They demolished one free black person's stall and chased the rest of the blacks toward town. The blacks bought protection from the whites. Several gentlemen of the races attempted to intercede. The Irish attacked these gentlemen too and a battle ensued between this mounted gentry armed with whips and Irish ruffians. Some of the gentry were injured, but it is inplied that the rioters got the worst of it, a few of whom, it was said, died afterwards. On their approach to the races the Irish are reported as declaring they could whip double their number of Americans.", "Source": "N.Y.E.P., October 13, 1804", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Protestant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.825092, 39.609286 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 347, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: George Raymond Marshall with six French officers forcibly recruited a number of French Americans. In the process they broke into a house, destroyed a fence. This action led Raymond to be charged with riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Dcember 10, 1804", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "French; Officer; Military", "Target Classification": "French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Raymond Marshall", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 348, "year": 1805, "date": "1805\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Journeymen cabinetmakers walked out when the masters refused to honor an oral wage settlement.", "Source": "Artisans…, p.280-281", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Journeyman", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 349, "year": 1805, "date": "1805\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A fracas occurred at Bowling Green. Some Irishmen commented loudly that no American soldier was worth looking at except the Irish Greens. A yankee objected and a fist fight ensued which quickly expanded into a free-for-all. The mayor attempted to intercede but was at first unsuccessful. Some say he himself was knocked down and his stick taken. He rallied, however, and with the assistance of some other gentlemen and the constables the fight was stopped and three or four of the ringleaders were sent off to Bridewell.", "Source": "NYEP, July 6, 1805", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 350, "year": 1805, "date": "1805\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Philadelphia cordwainers strike, 1805; scabs were beaten and employers intimidated by demonstrations in front of the shop or by breaking shop windows. Other than this, Suposs claims strikes before 1827 were conducted peacefully.", "Source": "Suposs in Commons, et. Al.History of Labour in the USI, p.126", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Scab", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 351, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Thomas O. Selfridge (lawyer Federalist), in the course of a feud with Benjamin Austin (Republican), became involved in insults and an altercation with Austin on August 4, 1806, which ended by Selfridge's killing Austin. Selfridge defended his action successfully and was acquitted on the ground of self-defense. Yet the people of Boston were greatly aroused and was hard pressed \"to elude the fury of democracy,\" for \"thre fiends of anarchy, night after night, have prompted the perpetration of the most wanton outrages against the liberty, security, and the legitimate rights of man!\"", "Source": "D.B.Danis.Homicide…, p.267", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Legal; Lawyer", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas O. Selfridge", "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Austin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 352, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Thomas Rogers, a 9th ward innkeeper, had his inn broken into and busted up by six or seven rowdies, one of whom was charged with riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 7, 1806", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Innkeeper; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Rogers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 353, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/05", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "May: Rivermen involved in a disturbance beat off the city's peace officers the garde de ville. This type of confrontation occurred frequently.", "Source": "Auburn.The French Quarter, p.95-96", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Rivermen", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 354, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: General Stevens collected a number of sailors before his door, intending to march them to the poll of the 7th wd with his drums and colors. The mayor heard of his plans and hastened to the scene to avoid or quell a possible riot. The mayor prevented some more sailors joining Stevens' party. The mayor then met with Judge Pendleton, Col. Mansfield, and two or three gentlemen who all agreed that the peace of the city must be maintained. The sailors did not make their intended march and were dispersed.", "Source": "NYAmerican Gazette, May 1, 1807", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Stevens", "Persons Named as Targets": "Pendleton; Mansfield", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 355, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: at least ten men, believed to be highbinders, were charged with riot and asasult on James Doran. They further threatened to tear down Duran's house and take his life. One man was convicted.", "Source": "NY General Sessions, May 30, 1806 (O+T)", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Nativist; Gang", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Doran", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 356, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: After the Leander incident mobs roamed the streets, a British flag was burned, and consul Baclay feared for a time that his house would be burned and he himself seized as a hostage. British officers on shore actually were arrested but subsequently secretly released by city authorities.", "Source": "Perkins.Prologue to War, p.107", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baclay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 357, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: After Leander incident \"volunteers\" took a boat, intercepted supplies destined for the British ships at sea and distributed them to the city's poor. Public meetings were also held.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1445-1446", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 358, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Nine young gentlemen were arrested and fined for firing their weapons in the street after being dismissed from the militia muster.", "Source": "NYEP, June 27, 1806 fromBoston Gazette", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Militia", "Target Classification": "Militia", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 359, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: When a marshall of the city attempted to part two fighting men, the crowd attacked him and those who were helping him. Four men were charged with riot and assault as a result.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 10, 1806", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Marshal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 360, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Nine men, with others, rioted and assaulted John Cramdell. As Doran was attacked earlier that year by some men then identified as Highbinders it is likely, since some of these are the same names, that this too is a Highbinder disturbance.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 11, 1806", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Nativist; Gang", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Cramdell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 361, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: At least three men rioted and assaulted Andrew Debow. Little info. Result: acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 10, 1806", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew Debow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 362, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: A fracas occurred between the crew of a French frigate and a party of American sailors in Southwark at night.", "Source": "NYEP, October 21, 1806", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 363, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Highbinders riot and Irish riot on Augustus street. Highbinders had a record of attacking whore houses and committing other disorderly acts. They had congregated on the night of the 24th to disrupt possible Catholic services at the B.C. Church at Barclay St. No real trouble occurred except abusing of watchmen. Following night the Irish gathered to protect their religion. The watch attempted to break up the Irish crowd and riot and battle ensued. De Witt Clinton gov. offered reward for ringleader and murderer of watchmen.", "Source": "Matteson MSS - Box 3 and notecards; NYEvening Post, December 26, 1806", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang", "Target Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang; Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 364, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A riot occurred Christmas night in Augustus street. Two watchmen were killed and two companies of militia were ordered out to restore order.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1452;Connecticut Courant, December 31, 1806", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 365, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "June: Mob at norfolk reacted furiously to the casualties on the Chesapeake and destroyed the water casks of the British squadron.", "Source": "H. Adams.History of the USIV, p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 366, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: Anti-British riot: The day after the captain of the British ship Craydon fired upon a mutining crew, having wounded two, seamen in harbor got riotous and threatened outrages on the British vessels in port. The Craydon had already put out to sea, and the governor had to call out a very strong militia force to preserve the peace.", "Source": "Matteson MS Notecards", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 367, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Trustors of African American church complain their church being disturbed by boys and want watchmen to protect them.", "Source": "MCC, 4, p.389", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 368, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Cambridge", "Location": "Cambridge", "Lat": 42.372862, "Long": -71.122044, "Description": "March: Harvard rebellion, rotten cabbage rebellion led to mass meetings, marching in and out of the Commons without eating but Novak believes generational tension real cause.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.23,26-30; Morrison.Three Centuries of Harvard, p.211,212;Thomas Amory.Life of James Sullivan, p.214,215", "Type": "Student; Food", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.122044, 42.372862 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 369, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/03", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Princeton", "Location": "Princeton", "Lat": 40.348054, "Long": -74.657728, "Description": "March: Student riot - students petitioned for reinstatement of suspended peers and an apology - At chapel invidual recounting demanded by faculty - students caused an uproar, stormed out of chapel, occupied Nassau Hall., set up barricades and beat off the militia's attempt to dislodge them. Having suspended the majority of the student body, the President closed the school despite setting up of a revolutionary committee, the administration ultimately won.", "Source": "Novak,Rights of Youth, p.23, 31-37, 119-123", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "University; Militia", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.657728, 40.348054 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 370, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church complain \"of the interruption of their service on Sundays by disorderly persons\" and request a watchmen to protect them.", "Source": "MCC4: p.396, 407", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 371, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/05", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "May: Gov. Kirker, on the entreaties of a woman, pardoned a man sentenced to be whipped for robbing general Findley, receiver of public monies. The crowd which had gathered to witness the punishment became outraged, made an effigy of the governor, placed it on the pillory, gave it ten lashes, and then burnt it amid acclamations", "Source": "American RegisterI, (1807) p.31", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Elected Official; Legal", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 372, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Hampton", "Location": "Haufton, Va", "Lat": 37.032954, "Long": -76.341788, "Description": "June: After the Chesapeake affair a mob destroyed the water casks belonging to British frigate Melanfries.", "Source": "Mattesson MSS notecards;Collection of Virginia St. PapersIX, p.5-20", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.341788, 37.032954 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 373, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: In the aftermath of the Chesapeake affair, Augustus Foster, British Secretary of Legation decided to travel incognito and trusted his horses to the separate care of his groom. This proved to be a wise decision when only the presence \"of a somewhat timid soul\" counseling moderation prevented the curricle and horses from being thrown into the Norte River. Foster commented that the ringleader on this occasion, as might be expected, an Irish emigrant.", "Source": "Horseman.Causes…, p.103", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Augustus Foster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 374, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Acts of violence and disorder triggered by party feeling became so frequent that the intedent (mayor) John Dawson, Jr., issued an address advising and admonishing disturbers of the peace to remain within the bounds of law.", "Source": "American RegisterII, (1808) \"Chronicle\" p.291", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 375, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Hampton", "Location": "Hampton, Va", "Lat": 37.032954, "Long": -76.341788, "Description": "July: Two hundred casks of water were destroyed aboard a schooner ready to take them to the British squadron anchored in Lynnhaven Bay. This infuriated Commander Douglas and rumors ran wild of possible British invasion. Vice-admiral Berkely complained to Erskine urging restoration of the casks or punishment of the aggressors.", "Source": "Malone.Jefferson…V, p.422", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Douglas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.341788, 37.032954 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 376, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: On hearing the rumor that a British vessel was landed at the wharf with military supplies a number of citizens assembled on the evening of the 2nd, boarded the vessel lying off South street wharf. They then unshipped the Audder, carried it to Chestnut street and laid it down in the street opposite the house of the British council.", "Source": "NYEP, July 6, 1807", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 377, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: An imprudent young man, intending to ridicule the public mourning for the seaman killed aboard the Chesapeake, tied a piece of crepe to the leg of his dog and sent him int othe street. The following morning some \"spirited Americans\" seized the offender and dragged him through the streets as an example to the world that those not with America are against her.", "Source": "NYEP, July 24, 1807", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "American", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 378, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Some Frenchmen, in an armed boat fitted out in Baltimore, boarded and captured the ship Othello from Liverpool. Contrary winds forced them to abandon their prize to the captain. Some militia set out to capture these \"pirates\" but questions over jurisdiction in the case prevented prosecution. Subsequently an act of the assembly provided a law to cover this situation.", "Source": "T.W. Griffith.Annals of Baltimore, p.180-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Militia", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 379, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Beaver Co.", "Location": "Beaver Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.744, "Long": -80.313614, "Description": "September: A deputy sheriff and company were fired upon when on their way to serve writ for a land company. One of the D.S. companions was killed. A few days later Nathaniel Aitkens, a local youngman, was arrested for murder. But on Oct. 3 eight or nine men freed him. Aitken had been identified by a servant girl of James Fowler. At the rescue a note was left advising Fowler to send the girl away or risk life and property. The note was signed \"Tom the Tinker\".", "Source": "Matteson MS - Box 3;American Register II, p.312, 324", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Legal; Landowner; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Nathaniel Aitkens", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Fowler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.313614, 40.744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 380, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: In the Baltimore riots a large body of law officers suffered a severe defeat.", "Source": "Ketchum. \"Municipal Police Reform…,\" p.46-47", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 381, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Beaver Co.", "Location": "Beaver Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.744, "Long": -80.313614, "Description": "September: Deputy Marshal and small posse attacked by several men - the D.M. was on his way to evict settler William Faulk. In the ambush, one of the posse was instantly killed.", "Source": "Henderson. \"Northwestern Lands,\" Penn Mag (1936) p.156", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Faulk", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.313614, 40.744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 382, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Crowds threaten to attack some of Burr's consul, Luther Martin. Baptiste Irving, editor and Samuel D. Growd, grocer worth $2,157 in 1815 later charged with instigating riot.", "Source": "Steffen, \"Between Revolutions,\" p.191", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Baptiste Irving; Samuel D. Growd", "Persons Named as Targets": "Luther Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 383, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Four men and six or more others busted into Mary Nothburn's house and assaulted her and her gentlemen visiter. They upset furniture, broke windows, and threw butter all over the place. They styled themselves Highbinder. This occurred on Little Water street.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 5, 1807", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Nativist; Gang", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Northburn", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 384, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Samuel Stillwell, on behalf of the cities' Methodists, petitioned Mayor Willett in regard to violence and insults committed by rowdies and crowds on Sunday against Methodist churches.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1474", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Stillwell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 385, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: After the acquittal of Aaron Burr of treason the people of Baltimore paraded through the streets with the effigy of Chief Justice Martin, then a resident of the city, and one of the counsel of Burr and Blennerhasset. Afterwards they burned the effigy.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore, p.781", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Justice; Judge", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luther Martin; Aaron Burr; Blennerhasset", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 386, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: Soon after the acquittal of Aaron Burr \"the populace paraded the streets with the effigies of the Chief Justice, Luther Martin, one of the counsel, Burr and Blennerhasset, which they afterwards commit to the flames, as an evidence of their dissatisfaction with the issue of the trials.\"", "Source": "T.W. Griffith.Annals of Baltimore, p.187", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luther Martin; Aaron Burr; Blennerhasset", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 387, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Kennebec Co.", "Location": "Kennebec Co., Me", "Lat": 44.374481, "Long": -69.77549, "Description": "January: Opposition to the execution of writs of ejectment against squatters became so intense along the Eastern line of the Plymouth grant that troops had to be alerted. Indian disguises were used and officers spied upon. A deputy sheriff had a horse shot out from under him and was himself wounded. In May another sheriff was whipped.", "Source": "NYEP, February 4, 1808", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Landowner; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.77549, 44.374481 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 388, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Meeting of sailors demanded special provisions should be taken to provide for them during the winter being that they were unemployed because of the embargo. Mayor Willet apparently talked to them and persuaded them to disband quietly on the promise that measures would be discussed in the community council.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1483", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Government", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 389, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Discontented, hungry, and penniless sailors assembled and marched to the City Hall, under the folds of stars and stripes. They appealled to Robert Whorton, the mayor, as to what they should do with the Embargo blocking their employment. Wharton told them that they \"constituted an unlawful assembly\" and orered them to lower the flag under which they had marched through the streets. They did this and Wharton express his pity for their condition, but that it was not in his power to give them immediate aid and that the government thought the embargo was necessary. He did promise that the Chamber of Commerce had the matter under consideration. The sailors appear to have dispersed peacefully.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott,History of PhiladelphiaI, p.530", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Government", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Whorton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 390, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/02", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "February: Seamen met and petitioned for relief because of the embargo. The mayor addressed them - said he himself knows how useful sailors are to society because he used to own ships. Some sort of assistance was vaguely promised.", "Source": "NYEP, February 8, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Government", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 391, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A cartman was harassed in his work by other cartmen and a mob of people.", "Source": "S.E.PC - BX7432 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Cartman", "Target Classification": "Cartman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 392, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/03", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Augusta", "Location": "Augusta Me", "Lat": 44.309887, "Long": -69.780243, "Description": "March: Embargo problems. A letter dated March 19 referred o the burning of the gaol and a large tavern and the attempt to fire the courthouse the evening of the 16th. It said \"The turbulence of the people in this quarter is a great measure ungendered by the distressing effects of the Embargo; idleness and poverty inducing to disorder.\"", "Source": "Jennings. \"American Embargo,\" p.101-102", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.780243, 44.309887 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 393, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Reportedly a man named James Clark was killed by the Jefferson and Embargo mob.", "Source": "Columbian Centinel, May 4, 1808", "Type": "Economic; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 394, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/06", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Vermont", "Lat": 43.740456, "Long": -72.758761, "Description": "May: Embargo smuggling and troubles covered.", "Source": "NYEP, May 16 - 17, 23, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.758761, 43.740456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 395, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Jefferson hung in effigy.", "Source": "NYEP, July 25, 1808", "Type": "Economic; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jefferson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 396, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/08", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Vermont", "Lat": 43.740456, "Long": -72.758761, "Description": "August: Lake Champlain smugglers in Vermont were considered in virtual rebellion. 30 men attacked militia guarding potash and successfully drove them off at Alburg, Vermont.", "Source": "Mattesson MS, Box 3; AlbanyRegister, August 5, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Militia", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.758761, 43.740456 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 397, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: For three or four nights American and Spanish sailors were engaged in street brawls. When the city patrol was ordered out to suppress this, things got worse, as the patrol contributed to the disorder.", "Source": "Ketcham. \"Municipal Police Reform…,\" p.48", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Law Officer; Legal; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 398, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/08", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Burlington", "Location": "Lake Champlain", "Lat": 44.478022, "Long": -73.209367, "Description": "August: Black Snake affair - battle on Lake Champlain against smugglers saw one private killed from shore at Burlington, Vt.", "Source": "Matteson MS; AlbanyRegister, August 12, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.209367, 44.478022 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 399, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Newburyport", "Location": "Newburyport", "Lat": 42.727944, "Long": -70.881719, "Description": "August: When attempted escape of sloop was forstalled by a US schooner, resentment was so great that between 600 and 700 people assembled, rescued the sloop and schooner was saved from destruction only with some effort. On 1st conflict officers were beaten with sticks and fired upon.", "Source": "ColumbianCentinel, August 27, 1808", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.881719, 42.727944 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 400, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Sackett Harbor", "Location": "Sackett Harbor", "Lat": 43.94585, "Long": -76.119344, "Description": "September: Prolonged fracas between smugglers and military - including a pitched battle. Lieutenant Asa Wells seized a small field piece he alleged had been used against him. A warrant was issued for his arrest and crowd threatened to assist the authorities in executing it - no confrontation occurred as case dragged along.", "Source": "Matteson MS Box 3; AlbanyRegister, September 23, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Asa Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.119344, 43.94585 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 401, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Methodists were frequently harassed on their way to and from church as well as at their services. On the night of the 11th Moses Flannagan with at least ten others again did so. This in the 10th ward. Flannagan was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 8, 1808", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Moses Flannagan", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 402, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Republican meeting at Martling taven. Clintonians hoped to disrupt a Martling meeting, threatened to destroy the tavern, managed to get into the room which was full of Madisonians. Shouting match resulted and much hubbub.", "Source": "Mushkat. (??)", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Clintonian", "Target Classification": "Political; Martling", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 403, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Trustees of the African Methodist church complain of riots at their place of worship and against Duncan McDonald, a watchman, for neglect of duty.", "Source": "MCC5: 272, 278", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Methodist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 404, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Wilkinson Co.", "Location": "Nauches", "Lat": 31.216894, "Long": -91.296589, "Description": "September: A number of men bound and abused a \"savage,\" almost within sight of the court house in Wilkson Co., with several suits pending in court, and farry (??) the testimony of a witness these men seized the witness, pulled him from his horse, tied him to stakes, whipped him unmercifully, and cut off both his ears.", "Source": "N.Y. Spectator, November 5, 1808", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Native; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.296589, 31.216894 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 405, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: At least six men, some Irish and African American, gathered together, rioted and assaulted William Kinkaid in 1st ward. Little info. Three were convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 10, 1808", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Kinkaid", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 406, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Gin which had paid duty in England under the orders of Council was voluntarily, on fear of the public reaction, turned over to the citizens of Baltimore to be publicly burned. A great procession and demonstration ensued including a parade and public burning, all very organized.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore, p.781-782", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 407, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Massive public parade and meeting with \"monster processions\" ends in organized destruction of 720 gallons of Geneva Gin which had paid duty in England according to Orders in Council. It might also have served as a victory celebration for Mayor Johnson.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Balto., p.781-782", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 408, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Utica", "Location": "Utica", "Lat": 43.103722, "Long": -75.241196, "Description": "October: An ensign who seized some goods was charged with riot, along with his men, because he failed to follow the proper procedures.", "Source": "Matteson MS - Box 3;N.Y. Commercial Advertisor, October 17, 1808", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Ensign", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.241196, 43.103722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 409, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Lewiston", "Location": "Niagara River", "Lat": 44.100804, "Long": -70.214349, "Description": "October: Armed force of fifteen or 20 men came from Canada to Lewiston, broke open warehouse full of goods deposited by customs collector, bow and the sentinel and carried off the goods. Next day the goods were on the wharf at Lewiston.", "Source": "(Troy)Farmer's Register, November 8, 1808", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.214349, 44.100804 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 410, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: English shoemaker named Beattie was tarred and feathered, rode in a cart from the corner of South and Baltimore streets to Fell's Point and back again, followed by the mayor and a number of citizens who attempted to rescue him. Beattie had used some offensive expressions concerning the US. Several of the rioters were arrested, tried, and convicted - fined and imprisoned. But they were pardoned by the governor and the fines were remitted.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore…, p.781", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Merchant", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beattie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 411, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Tar and feathers for journeyman shoemaker because of anti-American or anti-government remarks. Much political capital made of it. Disowned by Republicans.", "Source": "Baltimore Evening Post, October 19, 1808;Baltimore Whig, October 27, 1808", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Merchant; Journeyman; Worker", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 412, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Maine", "Lat": 45.191448, "Long": -69.103434, "Description": "November: Embargo problems. Schooner Peggy, from Nova Scotia, forced the release of 150 barrels of flour from five guards. Shots had been exchanged with one guard killed and two made prisoner. The other two alerted the government which soon captured the Peggy and the fourteen man crew of Americans were to be tried for murder. Some of the prisoners were freed by 20 or 30 men in disguise.", "Source": "ColumbianCentinel, December 3, 1808", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Guard", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Prison Break; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.103434, 45.191448 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 413, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Pendleton", "Location": "Pendleton, SC", "Lat": 34.653996, "Long": -82.785278, "Description": "November: Constable Richard Blackstock broke up a small scale riot. Williams cites November as a typical month and lists (??) activity which included this list", "Source": "Williams.Vogues in Villainy, p.68", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.785278, 34.653996 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 414, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: While seizing Louis de Nicoth for dest, Dusenbury, the deputy sheriff busted into Nicoth's house at night at the head of a posse, violently seized Nicoth and his property and behaved in a very riotous fashion. Nicoth pressed for a charge of riot, but did not get it.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 13, 1809", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Posse; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Dusenbury", "Persons Named as Targets": "Louis de Nicoth", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 415, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/12", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Castine", "Location": "Castine, Me", "Lat": 44.389458, "Long": -68.800591, "Description": "December: A number of women effected the release of several prisoners.", "Source": "Paulson's American Daily Advertiser, December 30, 1808", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.800591, 44.389458 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 416, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Democrats held several meetings in support of tea embargo. The one held Jan 23, which triggered the Federalist meeting of Jan 31, was largely peaceful. Once the Federalists had retired from that latter meeting the Democrats called another meeting of their own condemning the Federalist resolutions. Mayor Col. John Barker denounced the Federalist leadership especially Timothy Pickering. A large parade of several thousand was then formed and marched through the principle streets. A week later Pickering was hung in effigy in front of the town hall, in 2nd street, northern liberties. Barker is reported as having led the proceedings. The United States Gazette published a vicious attack on Barker and his connection with the mob quoted in a footnote.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott.History of Philadelphia, p.538-539", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Effigy; Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Barker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Timothy Pickering", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 417, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/01", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "January: Despite call for militia at 9:00pm some 200 to 300 men took possession of a recently seized sloop (Embargo enforcement), cut a passage through the ice for a mile, hung her rudder and sent her to sea. But the sloop ran aground, was captured and sent to Newport.", "Source": "ColumbianCentinel, Jan. 25, 28, 1809", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 418, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Gloucester", "Location": "Gloucester", "Lat": 42.616785, "Long": -70.664325, "Description": "January: Schooner Dover seized by James Aker of gunboat 57 for not having unloaded according to requirement of last embargo act. Citizens interfered and retook the vessel. Discharged the cargo.", "Source": "Matteson MS - Box 3, ColumbianCentinel, February 4, 1809", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Smuggler", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Aker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.664325, 42.616785 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 419, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Federalist meeting at the statehouse yard in opposition to the embargo was aided by the strong armed tactics of many sailors. A series of resolutions was passed and a committee formed to draft a memorial to congress (member: Thomas Tranton, Thomas Fitzsimmons, George Clymer, Timothy Paxton, Joshua Humphrey, Robert Watts, Benjamin R. Morgan, James Milnor, Charles Hare). Among those present at the meeting: Commander Richard Dale, Col. James Read, Gen. Frances Gurney, Capt. John Dunlap, Samuel Wheeler, and Moses Lenny. An attempt by several hundred democrats with beating drums and colors flying to disrupt the meeting and get possession of the stage was driven off by the sailors. After the meeting the sailors paraded with Tranton through town. Democratic papers claimed the sailors were hired as conducted themselves in the style of British elections, where the minority try to put down popular rights.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott.History of Philadelphia, p.538-539", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Sailor; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist; Sailor; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 420, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/02", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "York", "Location": "York, Me", "Lat": 43.143287, "Long": -70.645548, "Description": "February: When eleven revenue officers seized a brig, belonging to William Boyd, as a suspicious vessel, they soon found themselves arrested and charged with riot. Those arrested included David Barker, Inspector of the Port, Captain Bean, and nine of his men. They were bound $50 to appear in trial.", "Source": "NYEP, March 15, 1809", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Tax Collector", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Barker; Bean", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Boyd", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.645548, 43.143287 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 421, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A sailor, between 10 and 11 o'clock at night, climbed the liberty pole in front of Martlings. He hung a pair of Red britches stuffed with straw from the top and one his way down greased the pole. He did this to celebrate Jefferson's leaving the presidency. Unfrotunately, when he got back down he was met by a number (??) and men who gave him some rough treatment.", "Source": "NYEP, March 4, 1809", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Effigy; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 422, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/03", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savanah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "March: Riot between sailors and US troops. Civil authorities interfered aided by volunteers. Several rioters wounded. Some 40 jailed. No cause assigned.", "Source": "Matteson MS - Notecards", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 423, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/02", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "February: Three sleighs full of Fell's Pointers pulled up in front of the (??) office, made some hubbub, and apparently threatened to destroy the office. But no action was taken.", "Source": "NYEP, February 4, 1809", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Fell's Pointers", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 424, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Eighteen black people, both male and female tried for riot. It really appears that they were just very rowdy and disrespectful. All, except for one who was never tried, was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 9, 1809", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 425, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: \"Fort Rittenhouse\" affair - end of Olmstead case. The governor had placed a militia guard around Mrs. Sergeant and Mrs. Waters to prevent the serving of a Federal writ. This guard was subject to much mob taunting and on the 20th a near riot erupted when one of the mob insulting the guards was insulted by a bayonet.", "Source": "Higginbotham.Keystone in the Dem Arch, p.196-198", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Militia", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sergeant; Waters", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 426, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: \"The Church of Christ\" in the 8th ward was harassed by a large crowd who thre stones and balls made of bow and turpentine.", "Source": "SC -cases 7432", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 427, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "June: Federalist burnt, or blew up an effigy on Boyd's island.", "Source": "Columbian, July 20, 1810", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 428, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: John Edward's religious group was bothered by a crowd in the 8th ward.", "Source": "SCPC - Cases 7432", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Edward", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 429, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Augusta", "Location": "Hallowell and Augusta, Me", "Lat": 44.309887, "Long": -69.780243, "Description": "October: Attempts to rescue several squatters charged with murder were met with armed resistance by military. 400 regular troops were ordered to the area.", "Source": "NYEP. October 12, 1809", "Type": "Legal; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Military; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.780243, 44.309887 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 430, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Printers walk out on a few unyielding employers after a general agreement had been made.", "Source": "Rock.Artisans, p.273", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Printer; Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 431, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Lozici, a marshal, was charged with rioting and disturbing Amos Broad's makeshift Baptist Society church on corner of Anthony and Handson streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Feb 10, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Marshal; Anti-Slavery; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Lozici", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 432, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Four men named, with others in 5th ward rioted and attacked Elizabeth Brown. Not much info.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elizabeth Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 433, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad again being harassed. Accuses Peter Von Zandt, scion of a wealthy family with others for disturbing his services. Result: NG.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Von Zandt", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 434, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Religious meeting - corner of Hudson and Anthony street, harassed by a disorderly crowd.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 435, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's service was disrupted by a number of persons who created a riot in and about the church.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7432 5", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 436, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Miln Parker, harassed Amos Broad's Baptist church - stamping his feet, laughing and disturbing the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 12", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Miln Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 437, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Amos Broad is on Rose street. He was harassed by Bloodgood and five others. This time he got a conviction.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Bloodgood", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 438, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Henry Diedrick with five or more others rioted and disturbed a church in the 4th ward.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 15, 1810", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Diedrick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 439, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: About 1:00am a number of person riotously broke into (??) house, creating a disturbance.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 440, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Broad's church harassed during the evening service. A number of young people's entered the church, put out the candles, carried away the candlesticks, broke the pews, the door, and disturbed Broad and et.al.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7432 9", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 441, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: About 4000 democrats, chiefly drunk, marched around, and broke windows in houses and offices of prominent Fed - Rep. Had lighted torches and kettle drum. Feds had won election.", "Source": "Mattesson - MS notecards and Box 3; ColumbianCentinel, May 2, 1810", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 442, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany Co.", "Location": "Albany Co., NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "May: Federalist crowd of 60 or 70 harass Tinojubs at his home at night because of election results.", "Source": "ColumbianCentinel, May 3, 1810", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tinojubs", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 443, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Riot against Federalist mass meeting.", "Source": "N.E.Palladium, May 4, 1810", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 444, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A large disturbance at Broad's church. The Marshals were there at the order of the mayor in anticipation of the riot and several arrests were made. As many people were throwing squibs - quantities of gun powder enclosed in paper - at the church etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 7", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 445, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Federalists celebrating king's birthday disrupt a theater. After being thrown out they scuffled with the watch.", "Source": "ColumbianCentinel, June 7 and 8, 1810", "Type": "Political; Theater; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Theater; Law Officer; Legal", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 446, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Carpenters and masons walked out seeking a salary of 12 shillings a day. Angry carpenters broke the windows of an unsympathetic (??)", "Source": "Rock.Artisans, p.278", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 447, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Journeymen carpenters standing out for higher wages. This was opposed by the business community. The strike began May 16.", "Source": "N.Y. Rep. Watchtower, June 3, 1810", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 448, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Revivalists' meetings in the park were seen as \"disorderly assemblies\" and the Common Council passed a law otlawing them on July 2, 1810.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1522", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Revivalist", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 449, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/07", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "July: Washington Society celebration interrupted by Republicans during Harper speech - riot ensued.", "Source": "Renzulli - fn. P.253", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 450, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: The watchmen discovered the night of the 17th a collection of rowdy African Americans quarreling, fighting, cursing and swearing at each other.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 8", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 451, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "August: Mr. Jackson, the English Ambassador, was harassed by a mob on his way to visit Canada. On his return trip (in Aug) the town magistrates apologized to him. His effigy was burnt.", "Source": "NYEP, Aug 7, 1810; ColumbianCentinel, July 20, 1810", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Diplomat", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 452, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Death of Lt. Gov. presented occasion for a new election in an already highly charged political atmosphere. The Federalists had made some recent gains in the city and the Republicans were splitting between the so called \"Martling Men\" and the supporters of Clinton. Each of these groups nominated their own candidate. The Clintonian meeting held at the Union Hotel was busted up by Martling Men wh orushed in upon them. In the city the Federalist candidated garnered the most voted. Clinton was third.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…III, p.491-492", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 453, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Warren Co.", "Location": "Warren Co., Ohio", "Lat": 39.433938, "Long": -84.21105, "Description": "September: The Shaker community at Turtle Creek was harassed by upwards of a thousand persons from Warren and Butler counties. Their number included several milita companies and many private citizens. They had collected there to compel the Shakers to deliver up the grandchildren of Col. James Smith of Kentucky. The children, it was said, were being held there by force. A conference was held in which the Shakers declared that the children were with their father at Lebanon Jail. Not finding anyone desirous of leaving the multitude dispersed. However, they had warned the Shakers that if their secret were not broken up by the 1st of Nov, next they would receive another visit. No property and persons were damaged.", "Source": "NYEPSeptember 12, 1810", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Milita; Private Citizen", "Target Classification": "Religious; Shaker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.21105, 39.433938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 454, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/08", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Hallowell", "Location": "Hallowell, Me", "Lat": 44.286661, "Long": -69.792586, "Description": "August: A number of men in disguise seized David S[…]wall, a proprietor, at his farm. They dragged him out of his house, his clothes torn off and himself badly bruised, carrying him two miles away.", "Source": "NYEP, September 22, 1810", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David S. Wall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.792586, 44.286661 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 455, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Fauron, a Bloomingdale Innkeeper, had his tavern forcefully entered and his customers harassed by a number of rioters.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 10", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Fauron", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 456, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad is again disturbed in his ministry. This time by Betty, an ex-slave of his. Her actions incited farther mob action such as throwing of stones at window, etc. Result: guilty", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 15, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 457, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/12", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "December: A constable came aboard a NY ship and demanded with a warranted written in French the custody of one crew member - a black man. The captain refused and insisted that the constable get an English warrant. This the constable refused to do. The constable even went and got a written note from the mayor saying that the warrant was valid. Still, the captain remaind steadfast and while he went himself to discuss the issue with the mayor the constable at the head of nine or ten of the city guard and with sabres drawn, attempted to board the vessel. This was opposed by the sailors who armed with handspikes drove them off. The captain arrived to help quell the disturbance. One sailor was dangerously wounded, while several of the guard were hurt.", "Source": "NY Gazette, January 24, 1811", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Black", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 458, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Savannah mob of sailors, spurred by merchants, set the torch to La Franchise and La Vengeance after repeated gun and knife battle which took one American and seven or eight French lives.", "Source": "Browt.MadisonV, p.376", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Merchant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "9", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 459, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: \"a riot took place between French privateers or English sailors; several men on both sides were killed. The privateers were burned and Seurier complained in language such as Napolean might be supposed to expect from his minister in regard to a violent onfragcot the French flag.\" It was something of a diplomatic incident and Madison knew about it.", "Source": "H Adams.History…VI, p.186-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "British; Sailor; Protestant", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 460, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Butcher's riot attacking Thomas Rogers House, (??)", "Source": "People v Henry (??), April 9, 1811, NYC GS", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Rogers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 461, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Thomas Rogers, 6 mile stone innkeeper attacked by a sleighing party of at least 4 men from 9 ward.", "Source": "People vs. John Barker, April 10, 1811 NYCGS", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Rogers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 462, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/02", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "St. Helena", "Location": "St. Helena, La", "Lat": 30.830179, "Long": -90.668298, "Description": "February: Resistance to US government persisted in this distrcit. When Sm. Baldwin, formerly a (??) in the Marines, ordered a man run through the body, while Baldwin was trying to execute gov't orders, the population seized Baldwin, tied his neck and legs and threatened to carry him to Baton Rouge or Mobile - Baldwin was leader of the conventionalists.", "Source": "NYEP, March 26, 1811", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Government", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sm. Baldwin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.668298, 30.830179 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 463, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/03", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Nixonton", "Location": "Nixonton, NC", "Lat": 36.199794, "Long": -76.273175, "Description": "March: A vessel had been seized for debt and sold at auction. The original owner, with a party of men carried the vessel off. They were pursued by one of the purchasers with his adherence. One refusing to surrender the schooner a conflict ensued in which one man on the schooner was killed, several wounded. The boat was recaptured and the runawaywas lodged in Elizabeth City jail. Powell, a desperado, led the runaways,(??)", "Source": "NYEP, March 18, 1811", "Type": "Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector", "Actions": "Seized Property; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Powell", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.273175, 36.199794 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 464, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/04", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "April: Brown - two students were denounced as informers and threatened with tar and feathers.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.30", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Student; Youth", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 465, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Martha Needham, at the head of a mob of at least 80 persons, freed James Johnson who had just been recruited and paid a bounty, in the US Navy. This occurred on the wharf at the foot of E. George street.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 13, 1811", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Martha Needham; James Johnson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 466, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: French captain of a privateer stoned during heat of French activity against American shipping.", "Source": "Browt.Madison…V, p.315", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Officer; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 467, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Another mob attacked, threatened, abused a dog catcher. Saying he ought to be hung. The dogs were let loose.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1811", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Dog Catcher", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 468, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A mob collected and attacked two dog catchers as they prepared to liquidate their day's haul at Old Potter field. The dogs were released, the dog catchers were stoned and threatened to throw them in the hole dug for the dead dogs. The mob damned the new dog ordinance and the magistrates reponsible for it as well as the dog catchers.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Jun 11, 1811", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Dog Catcher", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 469, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: The Watch was called out to suppress a riot. 15 to 18 watchmen showed and a crowd of 50 to 100 was there. They were mostly spectators. No violence was committed, but when ordered to disperse William Smith refused and hit Captain White of the Watch. Convicted of A+B.", "Source": "Minutes of cases…Court of Session, NYC, 1811", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Police", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": "White", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 470, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Large crowds, up to 2,000, gathered at No. 142 chapel Street. It was generally believed a murder had taken place there. The occupants refused to open their doors and with their suspicions increased a number of persons, armed with spades and shovels, completely dug up the yard in a vain search for a body. By this time the police Justices were alarmed at the size of the crowd and themselves searched the house. Reporting that nothing was found despite their search, from cellar to garret the crowd dispersed. The suspicions originally arosebecause of a prank delivery of a coffin to that address. When Kathy Butler refused delivery of a coffin to that address, the carriers left it in the yard temporarily and covered it up because of the rain. The practical joker was placed in prison because of debt - he had to pay for the coffin.", "Source": "NYEP, August 9, 1811", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Kathy Butler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 471, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "Columbia Unviersity", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Riot caused by John B. Stevenson's refusal to alter his graduation address as his professors suggested. After delivering his oration he was denied his diploma (he had been warned). He mounted the platform and demanded it in the name of the \"Trustees\" and explained to the audience his story. An uproar ensued - hissing, shouting and clapping for nearly an hour and the ceremony was never completed as the professors left Trinity church. Stevenson and eight others were brought before the court of General Session for riot. Maxwell and (??) two of Stevenson's associates, became intolerant enemies of Mayor De Witt Clinton as a result. Ver (??) under the(??)", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…III, p.490", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John B. Stevenson; Maxwell", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 472, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "September: After a quarrel with William Chambers, grocer, several French and Spanish sailors were forced to retreat Sunday night. The next day, however, they returned armed with knives and clubs, and reinforced its members with more members of the crew of the French privateer La Vegeance. In the ensuing affray, Williams was murdered and several others wounded. Four of the privateers were arrested while a fifth Jon Chocolate, believed to be the murderer, was picked up the next day. One American sea captain was also severely wounded.", "Source": "NYEP, September 16, 1811", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Spanish; Catholic; Privateer", "Target Classification": "Merchant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Chambers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 473, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah, Ga", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Riot between American and French seamen. Burning of French privateers, militia called out, but abandoned vessel rather than fire on their own countrymen.", "Source": "Matteson - MS - notecards + Box 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 474, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A \"gang of abominable wicked boys\" were noted as parading \"the streets, cursing, misbehaving, and harassing passers-bye.\" If anyone said anything to them they would attack him. One night before Dec. 6 such a scuffle erupted into more of a battle as the watch attempted to interfere. All of the boys escaped.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, Dec. 6, 1811", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Police", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 475, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Bar room rowdies wreck Abagail Moore's place on George street. They were headed by an off-duty watchman. It was settled out of court.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 12, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Police", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Abagail Moore", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 476, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: In the evening there was some sort of confrontation as a gang of young gentlemen harassed a black man in front of St. Paul's on Broadway. When another black man came to his rescue the young gentlemen relented. This gave birth to a brief newspaper debate as to who was in the wrong.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, December 10,11,13, 1811", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 477, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "December: An attempt was made to burn the privateer brig Dilligent, but on the representation of the French consul the mayor caused the ringleader to be apprehended and jailed.", "Source": "NYEP, December 16, 1811", "Type": "Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Privateer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 478, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "June: Baltimore Riot (June and July)", "Source": "Mattesson MS - notecards; Niles II, p.373-405, III, 353-387-479", "Type": "Anti-War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War; Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 479, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Several ships were detained by the ice at (??) Point. Two females from the city were going to visit a Portuguese or Spanish ship lying outside the schooner Liberty. While crossing the Liberty's deck they were ordered not to pass that way - these orders were followed by an order to paint their faces. One sailor did this using a tar brush. Seeing this the foreigners streamed aboard, a fight followed in which several men were injured.", "Source": "NYEP, January 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; American; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman; Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 480, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/02", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Baton Rouge", "Location": "Baton Rouge", "Lat": 30.442973, "Long": -91.181329, "Description": "February: A number of Frenchmen were dissatisfied with a ruling of the court. They collected together and went to the courthouse in search of the judge. Not finding him there they dispersed at the urging of Mr. Baldwin who had his office in the courthouse. The next day the rioters returned. Again the Judge was not to be found. This time they vented their anger upon Baldwin, seized the Ct. house, and armed themselves with the cache of weapons stored there. The Sheriff couldn't dislodge them until he got some military assistance. However, no blood was spilt.", "Source": "NYEP, March 5, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baldwin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.181329, 30.442973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 481, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Annapolis", "Location": "Annapolis", "Lat": 38.98362, "Long": -76.49649, "Description": "April: Three English seamen jumped ship. Officer and armed men pursued but were informed by a J.P. that there was no authority by which they could recapture the deserters. A party of 12 or 15 intercepted the English search party, captured it, and took it into town as \"Prisoners of War.\" Ultimately they released them and returned their arms. One sailor of the party, despite his officer's threats and entreaties, refused to return with the landing party.", "Source": "Niles' Weekly Register, Apri; 4, 1812.", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.49649, 38.98362 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 482, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Tavern and oyster house ruffled up by rowdy men. No real reason. Just in good fun. Owner, Phoebe Roberts was given a black eye.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Roberts", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 483, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem", "Lat": 42.521367, "Long": -70.895567, "Description": "April: Federalist attempts to refuse certain voters as illegible precipitated a riot which temporarily suspended the election.", "Source": "Mattesson MS - Box 3", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.895567, 42.521367 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 484, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: the area of Broad and Beaver street was often the battleground between two contending gangs of boys, the Whitehall boys and the Old Slip boys. The gangs are made up of blacks and white (not sure if one gang of each). Stones are thrown, etc. On the evening of the 13th, the conflict became so heated it led to the arrest of Leonard Emmons, a black boy and leader of one of the gangs. He was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 12, 1812", "Type": "Youth; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Youth; Black; White", "Target Classification": "Gang; Youth; Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Leonard Emmons", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 485, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Two black men, carriers of \"necessary tubs in the night time,\" were persistently harassed one evening. Eventually this led to a scuffle and a charge of riot against a shoemaker black man. No conviction was resulted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 11, 1812", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 486, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June-August: A lot of rowdiness both before and after Clinton's charge to the Grand Jury and the ordinance against playing fife and drum at night. Many an ardent Federalist found himself unpleasantly serenaded in the evening.", "Source": "Guernsey.NYC During the War of 1812I, p.24-28", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 487, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "June: Debate over the government's seizure of East Florida provoked heated debate on the 3rd among a committee intent on drawwing up public resolutions. That evening a mob gathered, seized Mr. Mitchel, the editor of the newly established Federalist paper, American Patriot, dragged him out and beat him. (??) fired at the mob hitting no one, and brandished a pair of pistols to (??) effect. The following day, rumor had it that the mob would tar and feather Judge Berrion, a Fed, but no action was taken except another threat against the American Patriot.", "Source": "NYEP, June 17, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mitchel; Berrion", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 488, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Barroom rowdies again disrupt a tavern and fighting inside and after leaving throwing stones from outside. Some of the 50 or 50 (??) were tried and acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 489, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Wilmington", "Location": "Wilmington NC", "Lat": 34.218719, "Long": -77.931798, "Description": "June: A sailor from gunboat 166 pelted 4 young men swimming nearby. An argument followed which led to a fracas. The sailor was joined by four or five of his shipmates coming out of a house of ill fame. Several more joined in from the gun boat. The young men were rescued by a group of citizens who jailed five of the sailors. The commander of the gunboat was irate over the treatment of his men and threatened action. The citizens of Wilmington gathered together in preparation for their own \"defenses.\" Negotiations managed by the local army commander soothed the hot tempers and further conflict was avoided.", "Source": "NYEP, June 20, 1812", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Military", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.931798, 34.218719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 490, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A Broadway innkeeper had his inn disrupted about 10:00pm by a number of young men who chased his customers away.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7433 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 491, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: About 30 persons rioted and attacked Thomas Case in the 10th ward. The one man indicted was acquitted. Not much other info.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 13, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Case", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 492, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Riot - at least 50 men attacked Stephen Melo's house.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 13, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Melo", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 493, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Aboard the US frigate Essex. When Capt. Porter asked each sailor to take loyalty oath one man, who said he was English, refused. The petty officers had the man tarred and feathered and shipped him to NYC where he was saved from a gathering crowd by a good samaritan who provided him with shelter.", "Source": "Guernsey.NYC During the War of 1812I, p.8-9", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 494, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: \"A riotous collection of people\" assembles in James St. and tried to pull down one of the houses there. The disorder is quelled by the police. NY Morning Post, July 1, 1812. The Common Council, meeting on this day, agrees to several regulations for preventing and supressing riots. MCC. On July 6, it thanked the several persons who helped to preserve \"the peace of the city\" on this occasion. Ibid, VII: 192. Five of the rioters were convicted and sentenced to a year's imprisonment.", "Source": "Columbian, August 1, 1812; Stokes.The Iconography of Manhattan IslandIII, p.491", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 495, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: John Silva attacked by at least 10 men. Silva was Portuguese.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions July 8, 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Silva", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 496, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Petersburgh", "Location": "Petersburgh, Va", "Lat": 38.992052, "Long": -79.12622, "Description": "July: \"A mob, headed by a Yankee, by the name of Kent, has been round to the houses in town to forbid the citizens taking Federal papers; two men have been tarred and feathered for speaking against the war.\"", "Source": "NYEP, July 18, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Anti-War; Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Kent", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.12622, 38.992052 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 497, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "DC", "Sublocation": "Georgetown", "Location": "Georgetown", "Lat": 38.890566, "Long": -77.032061, "Description": "July: Hanson's establishing his Federalist organ there did not go unnoticed and there were rumros that a mob would be raised here. Madison was adamant in opposing any such action and ordered troops not to participate.", "Source": "Bryan.Hist. of Nat. Capitol, p.584", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hanson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.032061, 38.890566 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 498, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Litchfield", "Location": "Litchfield, Conn", "Lat": 41.745512, "Long": -73.190222, "Description": "July: Between 30 or 40 men, many in the garb of gentlemen, harassed and maybe even attacked 3 or 4 US army officers stationed there.", "Source": "N.Y. Columbian, August 21, 1812", "Type": "Political; Anti-War", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War", "Target Classification": "Military; Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.190222, 41.745512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 499, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: A riot occurred when the jealousy of a \"lust-maker\" spread the word that his \"brother chip\" was a tory. However, the intended victim was rescued and several of the rioters arrested and bound for trial.", "Source": "Columbian, July 14, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 500, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "July: \"A gang of ruffians\" took a small schooner from Eddy's Point, where she was fitted out as a privateer, carried her a short distance, and scuttled and sank her.", "Source": "NYEP, July 31, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 501, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Morristown", "Location": "Morristown", "Lat": 40.794928, "Long": -74.475198, "Description": "July: Several citizens from Philly went by carriages to Morristown, where, about sunrise of the 28th they attacked and beat the printer of a paper of that town. On the alarm being given the citizens began to assemble, but the rioters took their carriages and made good their escape.", "Source": "NYEP, July 31,1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.475198, 40.794928 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 502, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Plymouth", "Location": "Plymouth\/Boston", "Lat": 41.941434, "Long": -70.641701, "Description": "August: Returning members of Congress who voted for war publicly harassed in NE: \"Two of the Mass. Members, Seaver and Widgery, were publicly insulted and hissed on change in Boston while another Charles Turner member for the Plymouth district, and Chief-Justice of the court of Sessions for that county, was seized by a crowd on the evening of Aug. 3, on the main street of Plymouth, and kicked through the town.\"", "Source": "H. Adams.History…VI, p.400,409", "Type": "Political; Anti-War; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Elected Official", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.641701, 41.941434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 503, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Benjamin Austin's house, a Republican, was attacked by unknown persons by throwing stones which broke a number of squares of glass.", "Source": "N.Y.Columbian, August 9, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Austin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 504, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Norristown", "Location": "Norristown, Pa", "Lat": 40.10732, "Long": -75.349027, "Description": "August: Some sort of riot for which several were convicted and sentenced to fines and imprisonment on their own confession.", "Source": "N.Y. Gazette, August 24, 1812", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.349027, 40.10732 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 505, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northfield", "Location": "Northfield, Ma", "Lat": 42.70261, "Long": -72.450919, "Description": "October: Stephen Chase, representative for Northfield in the legislature, switched his support from the administration to the \"peace party.\" As a result he found himself accosted in his house by a mob, dragged out and beaten.", "Source": "NYEP, October 28, 1812", "Type": "Political; Anti-War", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-War", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Chase", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.450919, 42.70261 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 506, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Some sort of electoral disturbance in which local Federalist office holders - the mayor, high constable Hart and Aldermew Whartmen, were threatened. The mayor being knocked down twice. They arrested one man, put him in a tavern, but had to release him for fear of damage to the tavern. Young Federalist protected the office holders who had to be logged in the court house\" to preserve them from the fury of the mob.\"", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, October 16, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist; Elected Official", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hart, Whartmen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 507, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "October: The brig Alpha, captained and owned by a man named Walter, was burnt for having traded with East Florida. Walter insists his trip was legal. Walter attempted to defend the vessel against the 12 to 15 active rioters, followed by about 40 supporters. He shot at them, and was himself shot. He was drive off and had to escape to Charleston.", "Source": "NYEP, October 31, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Walter", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 508, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad and his church are again being mobbed by 20 or 50. The one indicted is acquitted. Thompson, the accused, was inside disturbing the ceremony while a mob raged and threatened to come in from the outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 5, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 509, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: A collection of people destroyed a vessel loaded with supplies for St. Augustine. A meeting of citizens resolved that all who supplied provisions to those inimical to the US were detestable. One or two persons killed.", "Source": "Weekly Register, November 7, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 510, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Amos Broad's church still being harassed. With the support of another witness Broad gets one conviction as he put up with 40 or 50 persons running through his church.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Dcember 18, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 511, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was the object of an unruly crowd of men and boys in the evening. Jacob Hays was there and arrested several persons. Hays says there were a great number of boys and men.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 3", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 512, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Havre de Grace", "Location": "Havre de Grace", "Lat": 39.545665, "Long": -76.099501, "Description": "November: At an election, Federalist Abraham Jarrett was busy aruging with every Jeffersonian gentleman he could find. When one democrat suggested that the old man ought to be tarred and feathered, Jarrett kicked the man. A little while later a democratic mob snuck up on Jarrett, but he staunchly held his ground in front of the courthouse and with the aid of a few gentlemen friends, stared the mob down.", "Source": "NYEP, November 28, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Abraham Jarrett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.099501, 39.545665 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 513, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Catherine Lowe schoolhouse run by George Mills was disrupted early in the morning by about 12 to 14 Irishmen who broke doors, threatened etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "School", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Mills", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 514, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: On two successive evening Sarah Bliss had her house ransacked by groups of rowdies.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 10", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sarah Bliss", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 515, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "November: Troops from Baltimore, some of whom it was believed were among the Baltimore mob, argued with Pomeroy of Pomeroy's watch. Swearingto purge the town of Tories they began rioting, breaking his windows and furniture. Several other persons were attacked. It took a charge by Colonel Peter B. Porter and his men to disperse the mob. Confusion remained, however, as 300 men were ordered to stand guard duty.", "Source": "NYEP, December 10, 1812;N.Y. Gazette, December 10, 1812", "Type": "Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Military", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 516, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/12", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "New Jersey", "Lat": 39.936919, "Long": -74.600154, "Description": "December: An address of the majority of the legislature was tarred and feathered. In another part of the county an effigy of the Governor was exhibited and treated with \"ignomy.\"", "Source": "N.Y. Gazette, December 17, 1812", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Humiliation; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.600154, 39.936919 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 517, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/03", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "New Jersey", "Lat": 39.936919, "Long": -74.600154, "Description": "March: NJ's Essex Patriot burned to the ground in 1813. Received and published threats: \"Your damned tory paper will serve a Baltimore trick if it don't quit printing Federal lies about the Republicans. If your shop is burnt low and your ears cut off 'tis not any more than what you deserve and will get.\"", "Source": "Essex Patriot, March 9, Oct 20, 1813; Fischer, p.168-169", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist; Press", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.600154, 39.936919 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 518, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Dickinson College, Pa", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "July: In the spring there was a case of \"wanton mischief and disgraceful filthiness\" involving damage to the college building. In July there was a more serious outburst when students opposed Professor Shaw's teaching of the classes. The administration took strong measures expelling some while forcing the rest to recout.", "Source": "Ch. Coleman Sellers.Dickinson College, p.155-157", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Shaw", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 519, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A great number of boys pursued two men from the country. On overtaking them they beat upon them. As many as 300 persons were in the throng. Two of the leaders were tried and convicted of assault.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January, 1813", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 520, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/02", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "February: On the night of the 5th there was a fracas between Spanish and American sailors in which the Americans got the upper hand. The following evening, Saturday, 20 or 30 Spaniards returned for revenge armed with knives. Provoking the Americans into a fight in Water street they surprised the unarmed Americans. Within a few minutes six Americans were stabbed, one dying on the spot. Soon however the guard arrived and secured the greater part of the murders rescuing them from the enraged populace. The Spaniards were taken to the prison.", "Source": "NYEP, February 16, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 5, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 521, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Five or six armed soldiers marched along the sidewalk of the brewery knocking every man, woman, and child they met into the snow. When a woodcutter refused to move his wood they hit him on the head with a butt of a musket. A 70 year old butcher came rushing to the rescue but found himself in trouble as well. At that moment a sleigh full of the butcher's fellow workers came up and joined in the fray, disarming the soldiers and sending them in retreat.", "Source": "NYEP, February 10, 1813", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Butcher; Woman; Youth; Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 522, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A school and schoolteacher were attacked on Gauld or Gold street, 2nd ward, by a small mob. Father and son, involved in the riot, were convicted. Abraham Burnham was the schoolteacher.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 3, 1813", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "School", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Abraham Burnham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 523, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Kinderhook", "Location": "Kinderhook", "Lat": 42.393634, "Long": -73.700964, "Description": "March: 60 sailors marching from Hudson to Sackett's Harbour cut down the sign post, menaced the house and person of Mr. Deyos. Deyos had refused their officers accomodations which the sailors took as an insult.", "Source": "NYEP, March 19, 1813", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Deyos", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.700964, 42.393634 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 524, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: In the evening about 10 or 11 o'clock, a great riot occurred at the corner of East George and Henry street. Between 30 or 40 men, who appeared to be sailors, were there. A Spaniard by the name of Manuel Prede was beaten.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7433 5", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Prede", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 525, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A mob of 30 or 40 men, said to be foreigners, rioted on Walnut street. Some had clubs, all were throwing stones. When a watchman attempted to interfere he was attacked. Some were arrested, tried and I believe convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 15, 1813", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Police", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 526, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: About 1:00 or 2:00am Abigail Brown was startled to find her Chupple street house being entered by a group of rowdies. Despite her call for the watch it took a while before they were forced to leave.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7433 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Abigail Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 527, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "July: Philip Van Vechten had been appointed by the city corporation to give the 4th of July oration. However he was hissed from the stage by a number of rioters. The next day, the corporation passed a resolution depreciating the conduct of the rioters.", "Source": "NYEP, July 13, 1813", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip Van Vechten", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 528, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: About eight or ten people collected in the forenoon in front of the Chatham street theater and beat and insulted black people and some whites.", "Source": "SC Police C. - cases 7433 11", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 529, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Margaret Fisher's house on upper end Chard street was ransacked by a group of men on a Saturday evening.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7433 7", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Margaret Fisher", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 530, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/08", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "August: Riot between American and foreign seamen (Swedish and Portuguese) on the docks. Broken up by the Governor's Guard armed with loaded muskets and bayonets. At foot of Long Wharf.", "Source": "Seymour.Ships, Sailors, and Samaratins, p.41", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 531, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Some French gentlemen harassed (??) Beacham, beating her and threatening to destroy her house. They also claimed that they could raise enough Frenchmen to beat the watch which she said she would call to protect her.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 15, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beacham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 532, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: At Northern Liberties a series of race riots occurred between blacks and whites. Reports of a white man being mortally wounded by a stone heaved by a black man and a black shooting and wounding a white with a musket exist. In retaliation, the African American meeting house on the corner of Brown and Fourth streets was attacked and stripped of its weather boards. The sheriff managed to quell the disturbance and several persons were arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, November 12, 1813", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 533, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: illiterate (at least he couldn't write) June Scott had his congregation harrassed by a number of persons. One of whom was identified and tried. Result uncertain. The mob kicked at the door tearing one of the staples out.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 7, 1814", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "June Scott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 534, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: 4th ward inhabitants complain of the riotous conduct of persons on the sabbath.", "Source": "MCC7:669", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 535, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "SC", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "February: Riot of South Carolina College students against obnoxious faculty. Military called out.", "Source": "Matteson MS - notecards; Wm LaBorde.History of SC College, p.75-78", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 536, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A group of rowdies went from one place to another drinking, carousing and rioting without paying any bills.", "Source": "SC PC 7433 11", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 537, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "March: Gentlemen's mob caused by seizure of contraband British goods smuggled in.", "Source": "Matteson Ms. Notecards; Niles. VI, p.101", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 538, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Mutiny aboard the privateer Harrison, Captain Perry. Mutineers had temporarily the advantage - but it was suppressed. 12 or 14 of the ringleaders sent to the navy yard for court martial. Unclear if vessel was in the harbor at the time.", "Source": "NY Gazette, April 28, 1814", "Type": "Mutiny; Labor; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Privateer", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Navy; Privateer", "Actions": "Mutiny", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Perry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 539, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Complaint of \"sundry Inhabitants\" of the \"riotous conduct of boys assembling on Sundays at the African church corner of Leonard and Church street and of the extreme late hour of the night to which the exercises in said church are continued…\"", "Source": "MCC7:729", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Black; Religious", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 540, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: When the German Lutheran church announced that they would have one service in English as well certain people of the congregation were outraged, acted uproariously and were tried for riot. They were acquitted. Note the minister had been threatened", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 10, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German", "Target Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German; Minister", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 541, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Some Spanish sailors burst into a boarding house at the North end of town in search of some Greeks who had wounded a Spaniard the night before. Making a riot and tumult in the street they seized a Greek sailor, tired his hands behind him and drove him to Charleston. When near the yard some Greeks rushed by the sentry for protection. The Spaniards knocked down the guard and were immediately seized and put in (??) by Commodore Bawbridge. 26 were arrested and charged as riotous.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, May 29, 1814", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Greek; Orthodox", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 542, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: A Te Deum to be sung on Sunday at the request of the city's Roman Catholics offering thanks for the release of Pope Pius VII from prison brought the threat of mob violance by a number of indignant Frenchmen. With the promise of 150 to 200 of their countrymen to support them prompt action was taken by the Intendent who ordered out a strong guard. The ringleader was arrested in the body of the church, about to begin the disruption. that night some individuals threatened to burn the schooner Bourbon, bound for NY. It's name was obnoxious to a number of persons, particularly since the vessel carried a white flag with its name emblazoned on it. During the day an attempt was made to haul down the flag, but the crew prevented that from happening.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, July 9, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "French", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Sailor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 543, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: The Washington Benevolent Society celebration dinner for the defeat of Napolean was somewhat disturbed by a large crowd outside who threw stones through the windows. Constables appeared, apprehended 20 demonstrators. 8 of those were bound over for trial.", "Source": "Guernsey.NYC During the War of 1812II, p.103-107", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 544, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Over 100 seamen from Stephen Decator's crew rioted. They harrassed Morris Martin, stoned his house. 40 or so were arrested. This occurred in Market street.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 9, 1814", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Morris Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 545, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Democratic and Federalist celebrationalists shot at each other's standards and a general fisticuff broke out as a result.", "Source": "NYGeneral Advertiser, July 6, 1814", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 546, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/08", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "New Bern", "Location": "New Bern, NC", "Lat": 35.11014, "Long": -77.044064, "Description": "August: Election riot took palce. Some sailors were imported by democrats to coerce voters and to vote themselves. Some fighting and beating occurred. At night there was a procession, a fence and outhouse torn down belonging to a leading Federalist.", "Source": "NYEPAugust 23, September 30, October 11, 1814", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.044064, 35.11014 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 547, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Joseph Douglas and Samuel Gulfridge and about 20 other men assembled near the camp at Harlem Heights and pulled down a small tent or shed belonging to Robert DeRutger. The structure fell on top of the caretaker Wm. S. ward and a number of articles were carried off. The rioters belonged to Col. De La Mater's regiment of militia stationed at Harlem Heights.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7433 8", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Douglas; Samuel Gulfridge", "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert DeRutger", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 548, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Many militia remained dissatisfied with army life and their provisions. Apparently, a unit on the Brooklyn side of the Narrows rioted and attacked the store of one contractor. Guernsey reprints the Adj. General's order to handle this mutinous situation.", "Source": "Guernsey.NYC During the War of 1812II, p.313-314", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Militia", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 549, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: John P. Decateer, militia officer and gentleman led a mob of 20 soldiers or so in pulling down Samuel P. Horton's provisioning store over Horton's head. The troops also carried off a host of provisions. He was tried and convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 12, 1814", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Militia; Officer", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John P. Decateer", "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel P. Horton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 550, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/12", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Stamford", "Location": "Stamford, Ct", "Lat": 41.049007, "Long": -73.542194, "Description": "December: Turnpike rioters on the road between Stamford and Norwalk attempted to destroy a toll-gate. They were armed - one with a musket, two with axes, when the guard stationed on suspicion that such an attempt would be made attempted to seize from them the one with the musket fired it. He in turn was wounded by Davenport Stamford post master, with a bayonet. Another one was apprehended after a short struggle. The third got away. They were believed to have been members of a gang who had been doing this sort of thing for several years. The riot occurred at night.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, December 16, 1814", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.542194, 41.049007 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 551, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lima", "Location": "Lima, NY", "Lat": 42.905032, "Long": -77.613236, "Description": "December: Riot between some American troops and local citizens. Locals held a ball and excluded some Army officers - men and some women. An affray occurred at the time. But the more serious disturbance occurred when in retaliation the soldiers attacked several locals, broke down one man's door with bludgeons and chased him from his house and threatened to burn the tavern where the ball occurred. A number of citizens, some of the most respected in town, collected and supporting Mr. Morgan, an officer, attempted to subdue the soldiers (12 in number). There was some resistance and a fight with swords, clubs, etc., and a pistol was fired wounding an officer of the dragoons and one of the citizens (a soldier fired it). Several persons were wounded.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, January 19, 1815", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Officer", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Morgan", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.613236, 42.905032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 552, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Before February 13 several reports of the Treaty of Ghant were received; there was much public rejoicing. The common council thought there was too much uncontrolled celebration. They passed resolves advising against these \"partial exhibitions of joy\" and claimed that when official word arrived \"suitable demonstration\" would be arranged. In the meantime they feared the spontaneous outbursts were incompatible with the solemnity of the occasion and might produce irregularities and disorders.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1579-1580", "Type": "Political; Anti-War", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 553, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Amos Broad petitions the Common Council complaining about riotous conduct at Rose street church.", "Source": "MCC 8:173", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 554, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/08", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "August: On the evening of the 13th (Sunday) a fray broke out between the British ship Sisters and the British brig Higson, both lying at Chisolm's Wharf. No real reason given except that the sailors were intoxicated.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 555, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: Sunday - an Irish sailor led his company in flogging and tar and feathering an English sailor. The Englishman had been part of a press gang in England and had destroyed the Irishmen's protection.", "Source": "NYEP, October 2, 1815", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 556, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: John W. Jarvis, among others, disturbed Broad's church.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John W. Jarvis", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 557, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Martha Reed had her house attacked the night of the 11th. \"A riot was set on foot and promoted by numbers of people in which the doors and window shutters were all broken to pieces save one cellar kitchen window…\" Many persons threw stones.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Martha Reed", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 558, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Between 50 to 100 seamen collected on Walnut street, armed with clubs and saying they were looking for Butchers or Highbinders who had beaten one of their shipmates. This at 8 o'clock at night. They also had singled the house of Mr. Davis on Walnut street as a target to be pulled down. When the watch requested that they disperse they refused and stones were thrown at the watchmen. Several so called \"ringleaders\" were tried. One was convicted", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 12, 1815", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Gang; Highbinder; Butcher; Worker; Law Officer; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 559, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Complaint of dirty tricks at election in the 6th ward while Democrats tried to get into the polling place by the front door, other voters were allowed to enter through the back door.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, May 1, 1816", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 560, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: After the election polls had closed in the 6th ward and as the canvassers were beginning their work a large crowd collected outside the polling place and listened to the oratory of John Blair. While Blair was thus engaging his audience John Baker, an inspector of the polls \"who was then returning from doing his necessary business without\" approached and accosted Blair, demanding that he stop. Blair and his audience were none too pleased with this and someone, Baker says it was Blair, shouted \"Hustle him!\" The cry became general and passed rapidly along until at last he made a crash landing and was further abused and kicked around. Eventually he made his escape, but only by disguising himself in another's coat and going across back lots.", "Source": "N.Y.City-Hall Recorder, June, 1816", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Blair", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Baker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 561, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: The attempt of William and Elizabeth Edwards, both African Americans, to replace Andrew Mickle, merchant tailor, with a new tenant ended in a riot. A housing shortage, combined with it being election day, prevented the magistrates from aiding Edwards in evicting Mickle. Taking things into their own hands Mrs. Edwards with a number of African Americans broke into the Mickle apartment and began throwing furniture etc., into the street. Mickle went for the police but returned empty-handed. However, he rallied the gathered crowd, 200 or 300 behind him and counter-attacked. They beat the tenant, a Frenchman. The mayor arrived and installed the Mickles into the aprtment as the last peacable tenants. These are racial here as Mickle was probably Irish (he had shelelish (??) in his apartment).", "Source": "NY City Hall Recorder, June 1816", "Type": "Land; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Landowner; Black; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Black; Irish; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Edwards; Elizabeth Edwards; Andrew Mickles", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Edwards; Elizabeth Edwards; Andrew Mickles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 562, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Laborer's strike includes forceful action to disrupt working construction gangs. Tools taken from men working.", "Source": "NYC GS, May 17, 1816", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Employer", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 563, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: During a labourer's strike a large group of men gathered together and attempted to disrupt other construction gangs. They coerced men to join them and tried to take tools away from other workmen. Two were tried, one was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 17, 1816", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Employer", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 564, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: 7 or 8 men entered a building on James street and to prevent the men from working there one of the men took a shovel away from a laborer working there.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7434 1", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Employer", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 565, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Stonecutters want a raise in wages.", "Source": "Columbian, May 17, 1816", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 566, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Several black men were harrassed by, apparently, some Irish men on Bowster street. A white man was also attacked. Two were arrested and tried, one convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1816", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 567, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: While attempting to stop a duel at Harlem Bridge, across the march some sailors attacked the peace officer intercepting the carriage containing the contestants. An assault and battery charge resulted against Stephen McCormick.", "Source": "Mayor's Court minutes, 1816-1817;N.Y. City Hall Recorder, September 1816", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Stephen McCormick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 568, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: A theater disturbance resulted in the arrest of two men.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 569, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: In the evening a number of butchers went on a rampage. They disrupted Wheeler's tavern and others, stopping carriages on the way, etc.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7434 3", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 570, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Assault and battery charge for attacking Constable. William Griffin resisted arrest from officer Finn and was assisted by some sailors. Verbal admonishing from court.", "Source": "Mayors' Court, NYC minutes, 1816-1817", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Griffin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Finn", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 571, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Amos Broad's church was greatly disturbed and insulted by violent outrages committed. Crowds forced their way into the house and disturbed the society and minister.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 572, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Jacob Johnson, alias Stewart, harrassed Broad's rose street church. He made a nuisance of himself and gave a false report offense.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 14", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob Johnson", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 573, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: About 10:00pm a number of men forced their way into Fred Sibert's house making a noise and disturbance. They blew out the candle and took a (??) off of the bed.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 5", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Fred Sibert", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 574, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "New Brunswick", "Location": "New Brunswick", "Lat": 40.495172, "Long": -74.4311, "Description": "January: At the college of New Jersey, a serious rebellion broke out about 10 o'clock Sunday morning. The bell was rung, a tar-barrel burnt, etc. by the students. 50 of the students were suspended and all but 12 were in a state of revolt.", "Source": "NYEP, January 24, 1817", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.4311, 40.495172 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 575, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: A riot between British seamen and others. Thomas Hatchman had seized a pig belonging to a British Brig. He was going to return it when a group of British seamen decided to take things into their own hands. Hatchman, who was apparently an American seaman, fired three times into British crowd, killing Wiliam Misgrove. Hatchman was subsequently acquitted.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, February 5, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Seized Property; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Hatchman", "Persons Named as Targets": "Wiliam Misgrove", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 576, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's church was ransacked by a mob. Little details. All tried were acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 5, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 577, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, Ky", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "March: At night the office of the Western Monitor was broken into and 60 or 70 pounds of type taken and scattered all over the place and street. The sign was pulled down and windows broken. A newspaper article says this is similar to the actions against Hanson in the Baltimore riot", "Source": "N.Y.Courier, March 29, 1817", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 578, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Members of the African Episcopal church petition the Common Council complaining of the riotous conduct at Broad's Rose Street church.", "Source": "MCC 9:40", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 579, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: Theatrical riot. Manager Holeman abruptly fired actor Caldwell. The actor's fans objected and on the night of the 13th a clamour arose for Caldwell the actor.Holeman, after some difficulty, told the audience that the dispute was private. This did little to quell the disturbance. When the call for Caldwell was continued Holeman declared that Caldwell would never act on stage. Caldwell was brought in, Holeman insisted the question was private. Caldwell left and the crowd went wild. The ladies left and the theater was gutted. The appearance of the city guard did little and when they were armed the crowd just got worse. About 9:30 the people retired.", "Source": "NYEP, March 24, 1817", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Holeman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 580, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lansingburgh", "Location": "Lansingburgh, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "March: A \"stuffed Paddy\" was paraded in this town, mocking the Irish and their patron saint.", "Source": "N.Y.Shamrock, March 29, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 581, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: Insulted by a British brig's flying a tricolor vane, local French citizens rioted. Armed with pistols and swords they ordered the Bitish captain to take down the vane. He refused. They attacked, killing the captain and four of his crew. 100 shots were fired. The masts were cut down. Gen. Ripley ordered out his men, arrested 15 rioters. The mayor ordered them released - the captains in part threatened to tar and feather the mayor. The 1st mate and 10 or 12 seamen were also taken into custody. The British consul declared himself and the others prisoners of war and the ship a prize. The next day every English ship in port flew the tricolor vane.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, April 17, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 582, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: A British and French ship lie next to one another at the levee. On the 17th a dispute arose concerning the stage leading to the levee. It was limited and settled with the British officer bound to keep the peace. Thereafter it was noticed that the British ship had a tricolor tails on its vane. This was believed to be an insult to the N.O. French community. The next morning a crowd appeared and the mayor ordered the British officer to remove the vane. He did so, but in the afternoon, with an insurance from the US Army commander that the tails was not an insult to American pride, he hung it again. A mob rapidly formed and with the mayor present, who did nothing, took over the ship, cutting down the vane, rigging, chopping the main and mizzen masts, and firing into the cabin where the captain and British consul were . More damage would have been done had a detachment of the US infantry come up. 2 or 3 rioters were arrested, other were taken later as the mob dispersed.", "Source": "NYEP, April 23, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 583, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Tumultuous meeting, probably at the Towtine Coffee House to discuss paper money. It was impossible to ascertain the resolutions passed because of the loud and incessant cries of \"order, division, oust him, hustle him, etc.\"", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, March 21 and 22, 1817", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 584, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Sarah Bliss was the object of a number of men's abuse who attempted or threatened to burn her house. The watchmen were called and they made some resistance.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7434 13", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sarah Bliss", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 585, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broad's church was harassed again. A crowd of 300 to 500 gathered, made noise, broke the few lights over the church door, etc. Eight persons were arrested. The Gazette puts the number at a 1000 and tends to blame Broad for the disturbances.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 6; N.Y.Gazette, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 586, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: Riot starts with argument between French and English captain.", "Source": "National Register III, p.270, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Officer", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 587, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "St. Mary", "Location": "St. Mary, Md", "Lat": 38.187046, "Long": -76.434074, "Description": "April: Black crowd rioted. At 1st an affray broke out among 150 to 200 African Americans drinking at a (??) shop at St. Inigoes (it was Easter Sunday). The few whites there tried to break it up were turned upon by the African Americans and attacked with sticks and stones. 10 or 20 black people pursued a constable following him to his house after dark, burst in, sacked it, doors and windows were broken in another house, where a gun was fired at them, as well. Rumor had it that a rebellion was contemplated. Several were arrested the next day and thereafter other shops had similar but less serious difficulties.", "Source": "NYEP, April 21, 1817", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; White", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.434074, 38.187046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 588, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: At Tammary Hall about 200 Irishmen rioted at the Wigman, destroyed most of the furniture in the Long Room and sent several Tamarites to the hospital before the arrival of the mayor and the police ended the (??). The riot was triggered by the General Committee's refusal to nominate Thomas Emmett for the assembly. This forced Tammary to re-asses its position on the canal, the one issue which bound the Irish to Clinton and helped account for their shifting ground and appeal to the Irish voter thereafter.", "Source": "Mushkat.Tammary…, p.58-60", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 589, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: On the Saturday evening before May 17 a number of boys and young men came to Hanah Patterson's house in the 5th ward, bursting open her gate and beating her.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 7", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hannah Patterson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 590, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: D. McKenzie, probably a sailor, was attacked and beaten by a number of men, at least one being a butcher, in Duane street. They asked him if he were a man of warsman.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 8", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "D. McKenzie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 591, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Theater riot. The audience did not appreciate the performance of the Begger's Opera. When their favorite actor, Incloden, refused to sign his popular \"Black Eyed Susan\" the crowd went wild. Incloden told the management his voice couldn't the song night; he was too tired and left the theater. An uproar continued throughout the rest of the show and a bralw broke out between peace officers and some of the crowd.", "Source": "NYEP, October 29, 1817", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 592, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was attacked. Brick bats and stones thrown at it and one person got inside to harass Broad and the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 10", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 593, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A fight between S. Billiard and James Ackman ended in Billiard's death. Some sort of riot ensued which included an attack on a neighboring store. Two indictments for riot resulted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 4, 1817", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "S. Billiardl; James Ackman", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 594, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A fight between a number of persons at Green near spring street was opposed by neighbor Harnard who found himself the object of the crowd's abuse.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 16", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Harnard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 595, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Broad's church was so frequently the scene of a riot, both within and without that the mayor called for a Grand Jury investigation in December. The result was a common law indictment of Broad for a nuisance. Sharp lawyers got a delay for Broad and the interim he at last abandoned his church, suspending services and promising to sell the building. The case was therefore dropped.", "Source": "N.Y. City-Hall recorder, January, 1818", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 596, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: The Healy family with 10 or more others rioted for an hour. For Healy were tried and acquitted. Little info.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 12, 1818", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Healy", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 597, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: At Renegade Prison a severe riot occurred in which \"a large majority of the convicts were concerned, and the institution was literally threatened with destruction.\" Military force had to be used to suppress it. About 100 ringleaders were put in solitary confinement, but when they were released they againthreatened disorder.", "Source": "Lewis. \"Newgate of NY…,\"NYHSQp.158", "Type": "Law; Prison Riot", "Rioter Classification": "Prisoner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 598, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: At 2:00am party was about to be raided when the party-goers attacked the approaching watch force. \"A riot immediately commenced.\"", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7435 1", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 599, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: John Devoe, John Labour and others took some marble off the vessel named Harmser. They claimed it was there but were brought up on charges of riot.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7435 11", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Devoe; John Labour", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 600, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mobile", "Location": "Mobile, Alabama", "Lat": 30.752871, "Long": -88.018008, "Description": "July: The citizens of Mobile had built their jail on land designated for the US public hospital. Lt. Beall requested the removal of the jail, offering the fort for temporary security of the prisoners, but was refused. On the 14th he took a squadron of the soldiers, unarmed and dressed down and began the job. However, harrassment from the citizens forced him to abandon the project. Later the Mobile citizens removed the jail but the mob persisted in persecuting Beall.", "Source": "NYEP, August 29, 1818", "Type": "Political; Military; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.018008, 30.752871 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 601, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Black servant, William Simmons, constantly harrassed by a number of boys. Works for John H. Mathieu. On the night of the 24th some boys rang Mathieu's house door. Simmons opened it and was pelted with stones. Nine persons were tried and convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 13, 1818", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Simmons", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 602, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Highbinders attacked two women in the street. It is said they had carnal knowledge of them. This between two and four o'clock in the morning. They also robbed the women (probably prostitutes). Also deposition saying Highbinders often attack men who they think have money, beat them and rob them. Some leaders of Highbinders tried. No result.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 13, 1818", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Highbinder; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 603, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/08", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah, Ga", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "August: Crew of mutineed Argentine frigate cause a disturbance by holding town at ransom. They surrendered and were taken by the authorities.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, August 29, 1818", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Argentine; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 604, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Argument between two labourers and Salem Wines, shopkeeper, over apprentice boy attracted a mob and threatened riot. The labourers wanted the boy or his head. They claimed they had authority from the polic but an alderman persuaded them to leave. One was definitely acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 18, 1818", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Employer; Youth", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Salem Wines", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 605, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: About 12 or 1 o'clock in the morning William McGlove and Patrick Healy raised a mob and attempted to enter Paul Healy's property. They were beaten back by (??) and others.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7435 3", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William McGlove; Patrick Healy", "Persons Named as Targets": "Paul Healy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 606, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Several persons were harassed by a group of men on Delancy street. One, Terrence Tiffany, had his cart damaged and his house molested. No reasons given.", "Source": "NYC General Session, September 18, 1818", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Terrence Tiffany", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 607, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: George Lynch led a mob in obstructing the dog catcher from doing his duty.", "Source": "SC PC 7435 12", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Youth", "Target Classification": "Dog Catcher", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Williams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 608, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Dog Catcher obstructed by Charles Williams, probably a sailor, who led a gang of boys in harassing the dog catchers.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 16, 1818", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Youth", "Target Classification": "Dog Catcher", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Williams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 609, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: About 11:30pm there was a great noise and disturbance in Pine street. When watchman Jowen Evans attmpted to break it up he was resisted.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7435 12", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jowen Evans", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 610, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Two wood sawyers interrupted in their work on Murray street by three black men. Uproar ensued as stones and brick bats were thrown. Vague on how many were involved. Maybe not many. Result guilty.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 10, 1818", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Worker; White; Sawyer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 611, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Barnabas Osburn obstructed watchmen and firemen from their duty. He was aided by the presence of a great crowd.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 13", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Firefighter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Barnabas Osburn", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 612, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A number of black women (many prostitutes) and men collected on the corner of Broadway and Duane street, and acted very disorderly using indecent language. This happens frequently - 4 persons were taken away by the watch. Some convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 12, 1819", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Woman; Prostitute", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 613, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: The African church in the 6th ward was disturbed by two men and unspecified others. The two men refused to leave until the watchmen came and took them away. They were after someone or some people in the chuch. Both convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 8, 1819", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 614, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: When the watch attempted to quell a disturbance on Walnut street, they were resisted. The stones were thrown at them. Two were taken as rioters and tried. No result.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 5, 1819", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 615, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Poughkeepsie", "Location": "Poughkeepsie", "Lat": 41.703979, "Long": -73.968957, "Description": "January: Clintonian and Anti-Clintonian factions clash and disrupt each others' meeting. The Anti-Clintonians had their afternoon meeting intruded upon by the Clintonians and the Clintonian meeting the same evening was upset by retaliating Anti-Clintonians. Blows were exchanged but no one was seriously injured.", "Source": "NYEP, February 5, 1819", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Clintonian; Anti-Clintonian", "Target Classification": "Political; Clintonian; Anti-Clintonian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.968957, 41.703979 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 616, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "February: \"Lynch Law\" action. A number of desperadoes stayed outside the city harassing travelers, robbing them, etc. A vigilante group formed on the 18th, went out to the five mile house that afternoon. Resistance was made at one house, but it was burnt down and the criminals dispersed. At the next house the criminals gave it up readily and a new tenant installed. No sooner had the vigilantes left then the thieves returned, evicted the new tenant, beating him brutally and robbed a passing traveller. Saturday the Sheriff organized a posse, burnt the house, and arrested its five occupants.", "Source": "NYEP, March 2, 1819", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 617, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A number of men, led by two boatmen, boarded the Brig Morning Star, lying at Whitehall and claimed that they could fight the whole crew. A tussle ensued and the invaders were beat back. On shore and in their retreat they threw stones, hitting the master of the vessel. Case settled out of court.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 8, 1819", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 618, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: When the captain of the Spanish ship Miniverum attempted to sail earlier than originally planed, most of the crew objected and a riot ensued.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7435 4", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Officer; Spanish; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 619, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: About 2 o'clock, just as the merchants returned to dinner, a number of Irishmen rioted. They were enflamed by the \"Stuffed Paddy\" hung on the schooner Appomatax's top sail yard arm. They entered the ship, which had been seized by the custom officers, cut away the rigging and did other damage. The ship lay at the foot of Gray street at Smith's dock. Several gentlemen, who attempted to stop the proceedings, received some blows. This included one of the Judges of the city court. Eight or ten men were arrested for riot. The stuff paddy was hung by some boys as a prank.", "Source": "NYEP, March 20, 1819", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 620, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Journeymen tailors walked off the job because the masters wanted them to work next to women.", "Source": "Rock.Artisans, p.281", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Woman", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 621, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: In the fauxborg St. Mary an officer attempted to arrest a deserter in the company of some boatmen. The man resisted and the officers shot him to death. A crowd was attracted and the officer was forced to seek refuge in a neighboring house. It took the military to rescue him. Taken before the mayor, who refused bail, the officer was sent off to prison.", "Source": "NYEP, May 29, 1819", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 622, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: John Barr was attacked and beaten by a number of African Americans in the street and had to be rescued by the peace officers.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7435 5", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Barr", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 623, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: All journeymen masons walked off their jobs when the builders attempted to lower their salaries by 1 shilling per day. They even walked out on some were paying old high wages.", "Source": "Rock.Aritisans, p.276", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 624, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: The trustees of the Baptist Church in Mulberry street complain of the riotous conduct of people who harass their services on Sundays.", "Source": "MCC10: 368", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 625, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: When a man named Keeler was discovered with goods stolen at a recent fire a number of the local freeholders held a trial, and found Keeler guilty. They gave him the choice of corporal punishment or placing himself under the vagaries of the law. He chose corporal punishment, received 50 lashes, and was forced into returning the stolen goods.", "Source": "NYWeekly Visitor, July 24, 1819", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Keeler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 626, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A mob of African Americans collected on Barclay street to prevent Theodore Hald from returning a run away slave to Montgomerey Co., NY. A city marshall accompanied Hald and his charge. When confronted by the mob, about 40 persons strong, they only managed with difficulty to extricate themselves and their charge from the mob and return to the police office. they had been going to the North river. A scuffle occurred and one of the rioters identified. He was tried and acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1819", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Hald", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 627, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A complaint of \"sundry inhabitants\" of \"inderent and disorderly conduct of certain black persons who assemble in (??) and Henry streets on Sundays and disturb persons attending Divine worship in the church in Bouker street.\" asn asking for a peace officer to be stationed there.", "Source": "MCC10:452", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 628, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: When Michael Sherlock and Francis Dowmere were refused the return of their dogs they attacked the dog catcher and collected a great mob.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7435 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Dog Catcher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Michael Sherlock; Francis Dowmer", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 629, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of African Americans were attacked, beaten and had their tands destroyed by a larger number of youths. This occurred at the marker in Broadway at the Park Gate.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 15, 1819", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 630, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Riot in the evening. Constable arrested a black man on a warrant. In the street, the black man attacked the constable with a stick and continued to hit him when he was down. Other black people joined in. Some whites came to the constable's aid. At first the black people had the upper hand, but eventually the whites got the advantage. Several of the black people were described as \"French persons\" who would not speak a word of English. The riot ended when the prisoner was dragged off in a cart.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, July 23, 1819", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; French", "Target Classification": "White; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 631, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Elkin", "Location": "Elkin, Md", "Lat": 39.609286, "Long": -75.825092, "Description": "August: A crowd of 200 assembled in the town of Elkin on Saturday last (date unsure) and demanded some (??) from the Bank. This being refused the people began to tear down its building. The directors reopened negotiation which promised to resume specie payment Tuesday next, Sept. 1. The people then dispersed. They had acted thus because that the Bank's note were so discredited that nothing could be purchased with them.", "Source": "NYEP, August 29, 1819", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Bank", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.825092, 39.609286 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 632, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: Balloon riots. On the 2nd an attempted balloon ascent failed. 130,000 people were watching. An angry crowd slashed the balloon with their pocket knives. An attempt by someone else on the 8th also led to a riot. Staged at Vauxhall Garden which charged $1 admission, yet witnessed by 35 or 40,000 on common land the ascent was several times delayed. When a boy was injured by a watchman - the boy was sneaking in - rumor spread the boy was killed. A number of people seized the sticks and stones, ripped the balloon to pieces, tore down the fence and ransacked Vauxhill garden and its facilities.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott,History of PhiladelphiaI, p.598, 958, 959", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Balloonist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 633, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: A balloonist's delayed attempt at an ascent, coupled with the failure of other balloonists earlier failures (one of which provoked limited mob violence) and an attack by an attendant on a boy sneaking over a fence, triggered a large riot at Vauxhall which saw a great deal of property damage and tumultuous behaviour.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott.History of PhiladelphiaI, p.598", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Balloonist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 634, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/11", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, Ky", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "November: Vigilante action was taken against several men and women, who allowed suspicious characters to stay at their house. Some even tarred and feathered and at least one house was torn down. This left many \"lewd women\" and vagrants in despair.", "Source": "NYEP, December 14, 1819", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute; Vagrant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 635, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A mob of about 20 broke into the White lead works owned by George W. Murray. They destroyed a gate and threatened to carry off some property. The locks were also damaged and severed persons beaten or threatened. No cause given", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 14, 1820", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George W. Murray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 636, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: A runaway slave was committed to jail. Rumor spread among the town's black population that he was to be returned to his master. At 10:30pm almost 60 black people gathered and armed with clubs, knives, and hatchets made an attempt to free him. Watchmen with the aid of some citizens interceded and dispersed the mob. The black people, who fled in all were arrested. In the process one watchman was wounded. A large trial ensued, only 12 black people were indicted, the rest were released. A verdict of not guilty was delivered for the riot charges, three were acquitted outright, while the rest were found guilty of the less severe unlawful assembly.", "Source": "NYEP, January 3 and 18, 1820", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail; Law Officer; Watchman; White", "Actions": "Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 637, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/02", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "February: James Lanman burnt in effigy for support of Missouri bill. Occurred in front of large crowd and in state house yard. On the effigy was a placard, \"LANMAN AND SLAVERY.\"", "Source": "Spectator, February 25, 1820; McMaster IV, p.592", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Lanman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 638, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Ten men with 20 or more others rioted in the 6th ward, beating Robert Cochrane and Henry Cochrane and others. They also broke into Robert Cochrane's house at 48th and Pearl street. Several were convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 6, 1820", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Cochrane; Henry Cochrane", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 639, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/03", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Litchfield", "Location": "Litchfield, CT", "Lat": 41.744895, "Long": -73.188268, "Description": "March: Representative James Stevens burnt in effigy for voting for the Missouri bill.", "Source": "Paxton Hibben.Henry Word Beecher: An American Portrait, p.33-34", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Stevens", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.188268, 41.744895 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 640, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, PA", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "March: David Fullerton, Congressman, burnt in effigy for support of Missouri bill.", "Source": "McMaster IV, p.592", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David Fullerton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 641, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: About noon Charles French, with a number of others, prevented the trustees of St. Peter's chuch from selling pews on the steps of the church. The crowd gathered is estimated at 200 persons.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 3", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles French", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 642, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: In 1834 The Com. Adv. Charged that Tammany's \"hired bravadoes\" drove DeWitt Clinton's committees from some of the wards in 1820, and that by their violence, actually compelled them to rush into the houses of strangers for protection", "Source": "Weinbaum,Mobs…, p.12", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Tammany", "Target Classification": "Political; Clintonian", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 643, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Hampfield", "Location": "Hampfield, Lancaster Co., PA", "Lat": 39.97583, "Long": -76.179646, "Description": "May: An attempt to issue a warrant against Peter Heistead by several men with a constable ended when Heistead's refusal to leave his premises. So frustrated the current issues that they ended up breaking into the house and beating on the old man. He died a few days later in jail.", "Source": "NYEP, June 7, 1820", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Heistead", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.179646, 39.97583 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 644, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: In reprisal for beating his apprentice Reuben Silvester's house was stoned by a gang of boys. They were encouraged in this act by two women.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 9", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Woman", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reuben Silvester", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 645, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: John McKay started a brawl with two men who insulted him. \"He acted like a madman,\" he had been drinking, \"knocked several persons down and being of a stout athletic frame few were willing to seize him.\" A mob collected; and he was hemmed round on all sides, by a ring of people in the midst of whome he was walking around with uplifted hands, using threatening gestures and complaining of his wrongs. Charles Christen, police magistrate, came along and with the help of part of the crowd arrest McKay. But others acted to rescue McKay from Christian and an affray took place. As a result John McKay, Philip (??), and Patrick McManus were charged with riot and rescue. The defense aroused the disturbance and ended by the time Christian had arrived and the newly acquitted men.", "Source": "NYCity Hall Recorder, Vol V, No. 7", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John McKay; Philip; Patrick McManus", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Christen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 646, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Five men plus at least 20 others rioted in the 6th ward for two hours, attacking Joseph Eiker. Not much more info.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 10, 1820", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Eiker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 647, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/09", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Russelville", "Location": "Russelville, Franklin Co., Alabama", "Lat": 34.506243, "Long": -87.725058, "Description": "September: Court riot followed by an attempt to intimidate Judge Seffold for having insisted on stiffer penalties than the jury orginially intended. Although the judge refused to change his mind, despite the night vigil at his lodgings door, the following morning the incarcerated rioters had been released. Attempts to recapture them were futile.", "Source": "NYEvening Post, September 11, 1820", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Threat; Prison Break", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Seffold", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.725058, 34.506243 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 648, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A number of men busted into Daniel Davy's room at 99 Rivington street, and abused, kicked and insulted his wife Susan.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 9, 1821", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Davy; Susan Davy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 649, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: About 3:00am, a number of men busted into William Miller's house and shop, destroying glass and harming him and his wife.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 13, 1821", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Miller", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 650, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: A number of men out on a Saturday night frolic broke open Mary Brown's door at 22 Collect street and harassed her. Found guilty.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 7, 1821", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 651, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Edmund Kean's comments attacking Boston audiences for not attending the theater in hotter weather brought forth rancor and probably a disturbance.", "Source": "Meady.The Astor Place Riot, p.24", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edmund Kean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 652, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Robert Holiday had his property defiled by a crowd gathered to watch a fireworks display in the garden of his neighbor, Asa Taylor. Stones and other objects were thrown.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 5", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Holiday", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 653, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Approximately 20 persons knocked down and broke the rails and posts of Nicholas William Stayvesant's property and stables.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicholas William Stayvesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 654, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Two hack drivers said to be arguing caused some sort of riot. It is unclear if anyone else was involved.", "Source": "Court Minutes, 1821-22 in Stephen Allen MS", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 655, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Commissioners of Alms House report \"that they endeavored to carry into effect the loan of this corporation relating to (??), but that persons employed by them had been resisted and opposed in the execution of their duty by a collection of persons who exercised great violence towards them.\"", "Source": "MCC 11:722", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Almshouse", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 656, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A fight between a group of boys erupted. Some fled and were chased by a mob of others. Stones were thrown. Fight began at Butfery, those being attacked retreated to a house in Broad street.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 7", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 657, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: In reponse to clergy profanation of Sabbath movement a great number of people assembled at an appointed place and voted resolves against the clergy intereference with local concerns of the city, or the police of the city. They felt it was improper of these clergy to do so and considered it \"an attempt to encroach upon the liberties of the citizen.\"", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1677", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 658, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Key law enforced - a number of hogs collected notwithstanding all the opposition of broom sticks and hot water, and indeed the African American women were very ferocious. Four persons were arrested on the 3rd, two committed.", "Source": "NYEP, August 4, 1821", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Black", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 659, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Phoebe Smith of Lombardy street complains \"that last evening a number of persons entered her house in a riotous and disorderly manner there, blew out the candles, threw the furniture about the house, and some of the beat (??)", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 4", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 660, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Butcher's act against city corporation to charge flat fees for butcher stals. Agreed not to bid for stalls at auction. When one person died bid, supposedly an agent of the city who was supposed to get prices up, he was taken and dumped into the river.", "Source": "Teaford.Municipal Rev, p.99", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Government Agent; Butcher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 661, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia College, SC", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "February: Riot when junior class refused to attend prayers and recitations.", "Source": "Bruce.Violence and Culture, p.62-63", "Type": "Student; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 662, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Kortright", "Location": "Kortright, Delware Co., NY", "Lat": 42.392094, "Long": -74.734363, "Description": "March: (??) harassment of bridal couple gets out of hand. Besides making a great deal of discordent noise, the skimeton people, numbering about 30 or 40, threw stones, tore up a $6 hat and one fought with someone from the wedding party.", "Source": "Winner. \"Skimeton,\"NY Folklore Q, p.134-135", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Bridal Couple", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.734363, 42.392094 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 663, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Charles Gilman and William Hopkins convicted for assault and battery, disturbing the circus.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, April 15, 1822", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Circus", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Gilman; William Hopkins", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 664, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: A dispute over the control of St. Mary's pastor between the Bishop and some of the congregation erupted into a large riot on April 8. The Catholic church divided over the dismissal of a liberal priest who wanted to have Sunday school and teach the youth from the bible. An election for the trustees was the immediate course of the confrontation which saw the Bishops men hold the church against the Hoganites (Hogan was the erring minister) until the civil authority was forced to intercede.", "Source": "Graphic Acct. of Riots at St. Mary's Church", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 665, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: A number of men were out late knocking on the door of a house of ill fame on Collect street. When a watchman arrived they attacked him. Really just disorderly conduct.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 10, 1822", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 666, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Services at St. Mary's interrupted by some of those involved in the late disturbances. The authorities interfered to restore order.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, April 16, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 667, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A mob collected on Sunday afternoon in Boucher street and threw stones at Joseph Reed, Anthony Thorald and Patrick Smith.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 5", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Reed; Anthony Thorald; Patrick Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 668, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Marshalls John Philips and John Nixon were attacked by a collection of people who attempted to rescue a person they had taken into custody for debt.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 4", "Type": "Law; Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Marshal; Debt Collector", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Prison Break", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Philips; John Nixon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 669, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of men pursued a woman into John Carney store, corner collect and Leonard streets, and refused to leave off her. They turned their (??) upon Carnes' property.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Carney", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 670, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Attempt of black people loyal to an Allenite bishop to take over a splinter group's church on Lombard street between 5t and 6th streets. The Allenites were successful. But several arrests were made and men were bound over to the Mayor's court.", "Source": "NYAmerican, August 11, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Black; Allenite", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 671, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Robert R. Brown with 40 or so other disrupted a Baptist church off Christine and Delancy.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 12, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Robert R. Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 672, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Riot at the Circus on Elm street. In the evening a mob in front of the circus resisted and beat upon Jacob Hays, high constable and George Raymond, Marshall. Both were severely hurt. The watch never came to help them.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, August 14, 1822", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob Hays; George Raymond", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 673, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: About 100 sailors marched \"with drums, fifes, and colors, stopping at public places, and going to the city hall and huzzahing.\" Reason: A ship to be brought by the Columbian government had hired a smaller than anticipated interim crew at short wages. Eventually the civil authority was sent for; some of the ringleaders were taken. The rest dispersed peacably.", "Source": "NY.Statesman and Advertiser for the Country, September 16, 1822", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Columbian; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 674, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Robert R. Brown disrupted the religious congregation at the church, corner of Delancy and (??) streets. When they attempted to apprehend Brown they were prevented as he was rescued by a crowd.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Robert R. Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 675, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: People vs Trequier. Acted to resist an attempt of the employers assoc. to reduce wages.", "Source": "Commons and Gilmore.Criminal CasesI, p.142-151", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 676, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, NY", "Lat": 43.170064, "Long": -78.690245, "Description": "December: Canal workers and locals riot when John T. Lowe refused to serve some workmen who were in a state of \"brutal intoxication.\" These men, joined by some friends, stoned the house, breaking the windows and hurting some of those inside. Other ravages were committed. Thirteen of the rioters escaped to Canada, 12 were arrested. Two persons injured were John Jennings, mason, and Francis Postal, a carpenter.", "Source": "NYEP, January 8, 1823", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John T. Lowe", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.690245, 43.170064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 677, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Richmond", "Location": "Richmond, Va", "Lat": 37.55033, "Long": -77.469681, "Description": "December: The office of the Hornet was attacked and destroyed by 15 to 20 men, with blackened faces and masks. They manhandled one of the workers, destroyed the printing machinery, including 100 lb of tape, and half printed papers. This occurred at night, and although the police were the they did nothing. It is suggested that some gentlemen and leading citizens were involved.", "Source": "NYEP, January 11, 1823", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.469681, 37.55033 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 678, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Rebecca Lang and her husband were attacked and riotd against about 12 or 1 o'clock in the morning. There were black people involved in the riot. Charge: A+B", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 3", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rebecca Lang", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 679, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, NY", "Lat": 43.170064, "Long": -78.690245, "Description": "January: A riot between canal diggers and locals began as a disagreement between a liquor retailer and the canal diggers. 20 people were hurt and 8 canal diggers arrested.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, January 9, 1823", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 20, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.690245, 43.170064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 680, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: While attempting to take a young drunk disturber of their church the Baptists of the Brown St. church were set upon by a number of people attempting to rescue the culprit.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 681, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/03", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "March: 200 to 300 students at Yale were in a riot with the townspeople. Several persons were injured and some of the students involved soon left town.", "Source": "NYEP, March 12, 1823", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 682, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Cambridge", "Location": "Harvard College", "Lat": 42.372862, "Long": -71.122044, "Description": "April: Disturbance led to 50 students leaving school.", "Source": "NYGazette, May 10 and 23, 1823", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.122044, 42.372862 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 683, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Several persons rioted at and broke glass windows of Thomas McCready's store and house.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 8, 1823", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas McCready", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 684, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: John Smith and John Dusenberry, both chairmakers, led 20 men in pulling some buildings down which the Mutual Insurance Co. had foreclosed on Smith.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 15, 1823", "Type": "Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor; Worker; Chairmaker", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector; Insurance", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Smith; John Dusenberry", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 685, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Hamburg", "Location": "Hamburg, PA", "Lat": 40.556667, "Long": -75.987976, "Description": "May: A local militia mustering was marred by a riot between the militia and the canal workers. Kep on the job during the muster, the disturbance broke out as 30 to 40 canal men, armed with clubs, marched into town. The militia men, who were in the local tavern, fought the canal men. Several were hurt on both sides and the canal men were driven off.", "Source": "NYEP, May 31, 1823", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Militia; Worker, Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Military; Militia; Worker, Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.987976, 40.556667 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 686, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: A yankee and Irishman quarrelled while working in paving a court. A fight ensued and a large crowd gathered. The crowd went to the Irishman's house, demolished the windows with stones and brick bats. One watchman, who tried to interfere, was slightly stabbed. It took several constables to restore order. One man was arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, June 24, 1823", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Police; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 687, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: The People's Party tried to take over Tammary Hall as both parties made a rush for the control of the secretary's chair.", "Source": "Weinbaum.Mobs…, p.43-44", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; People's Party", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 688, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/10", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "October: A vigilante group chased and killed a \"negro banditti\" who had long infested the neighborhood of Nelson's Ferry, and had murdered a Mr. Ford. They were escaped slaves.", "Source": "Williams.Rogues in Villainy, p.65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Alleged Thief; Escaped Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 689, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Riot at the circus in Canal street caused when marshalls attempted to control disorderly persons.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 11, 1823", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 690, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A \"vampyre\" was on display on the corner of Oliver and Chatham streets. A curious boy attempted to look at the object by peering through an aperture. One of the men connected with the exhibition jammed a pen knife or other sharp object into the opening, perforating the boy's eye which he was then likely to lose. As a consequence of this a number of persons collected and immediately took vengeance on the vampyre and his keeprs by quickly demolishing the building in which he was kept \"and inflicting on him as much injury as they were capable of.\" The men who stabbed the boy was taken into custody.", "Source": "NYGazette, December 3, 1823", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 691, "year": 1824, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "Burning of a \"young slave\" for alleged murder", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Violence and Punishment in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 692, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A number of persons were discharged from the West Poit Foundery Assoc. for violating the regulations of the Assoc. Several collected around the factory crying \"free trade and sailor's rights,\" rung a bell, and made noise. One forced his way through the doorway into the factory yard to disrupt the workmen.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - cases 7438 1", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Sailor", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 693, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Journeymen House Painters struck for an increase of wages.", "Source": "Commons.History of Labour, p.157", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Painter", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 694, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Between 8000 and 10,000 people gathered, on previous notice, to protest the removal of DeWitt Clinton as a canal commissioner. Thanks were voted to him for his public service. Similar action taken in Albany.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography, p.1638", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 695, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Elkton", "Location": "Elkton, Md", "Lat": 39.609286, "Long": -75.825092, "Description": "May: Probably several riot among workers on the Chesepeake and Delaware Canal.", "Source": "NYEP, June 24, 1824", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.825092, 39.609286 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 696, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Journeymen carpenters turnout for higher wages. Parade through Bwy and other principle streets - no violence.", "Source": "NYEvening Post, May 18 and 24, 1824", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Carpenter", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 697, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/05", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Pawtucket", "Location": "Pawtucket, RI", "Lat": 41.878101, "Long": -71.389063, "Description": "May: Textile workers, both male and female, turn out against reduced wages. They visited the houses of manufacturers, were tumultuous, shouting and uttering insulting language and broke a window in one of the mills.", "Source": "NYEP, June 3, 1824", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Textile Worker; Woman", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.389063, 41.878101 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 698, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A procession of Orangemen marched out of the city towards Greenwich village, then settled mostly by Irish Catholics. They had banners waving and a band playing \"croppies lie down\" and other equally provocative ditties. In the ensuing fight no one was killed but \"the orangemen received a sound thrashing and were driven into the city where upon the sheriff arrested every man he could find in Greenwich village. Over a hundred Irishmen were arraigned and charged with riot and disturbing the peace and were almost certain of conviction. In the September term of the court of sessions, the Judge was about to pass sentence when Thomas Addis Emett walked into the court room for another case and defended the Irishmen speaking loudly of the intolerance in the city.", "Source": "Murphy and Mannion.The Hist. of the Soc. Of The Friendly Sons of St. Pat., p.257", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Orangeman; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 699, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, NY", "Lat": 43.172167, "Long": -78.695694, "Description": "July: On the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne, Irish canal workers broke out into fighting among themselves usuing shereliahs and brickbats.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, July 23, 1824", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.695694, 43.172167 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 700, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Journeymen Masons stand out for $1.50 a day wage.", "Source": "Evening Post, August 24, 1824", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Mason", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 701, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Watchman Peter Yarick complained that between 1 and 2am in Walnut street, 7th ward, he had arrested one man for knocking another down. A mob formed and told him that if he was to take one man, he had to take them all. They picked up stones to throw at him. He had been attacked by a similar mob a few nights before.", "Source": "Deposition by Peter Yarick taken by Henry Abell, in Police File, Museum of the City of NY, Library", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Yarick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 702, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: About 150 black people attacked white officials as they arrested a runaway slave.", "Source": "Richards, p.33", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 703, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Harpersfield", "Location": "Harpersfield, Del", "Lat": 42.438954, "Long": -74.684056, "Description": "September: A prank by young men and boys of \"waking up officers\" ended in some sort of effigy in which one Philo Kapp aged 18 or 19, was shot in the leg and since died of malpractice.", "Source": "NYEP, October 1, 1824", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Philo Kapp", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.684056, 42.438954 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 704, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/10", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "October: Riot to drive black people out of community. Group of whites attacked black residents, demolishing building. This occurred before the bigger Hardscrabble riot.", "Source": "Warner, p.273,228-229", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 705, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/10", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "October: Hardscarbble Riot - angered by the refusal of black people to get off the sidewalks on the approach of whites, a white mob attacked the Hardscrabble neighborhood that included houses of ill repute - prostitution and taverns - as well as working class African Americans. Approximately 20 houses destroyed. Some black people resisted at least one white person shot. In subsequent trial of whites, defendants aruged they were doing the community a service.", "Source": "Cottrol, p.50-55", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 706, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "September: Circus riot. During the service the audience began a riot. They started to pull the building down and threatened to kill the horses. Refusing to listen to the entreaties of the performers. Finally, Edward Murray, among others, defended the circus by firing into the mob. Reuben Hantzel was killed. A trial ensued in which Murray was acquitted.", "Source": "N.Y. American, November 19, 1824", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Circus", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Reuben Hantzel", "Persons Named as Targets": "Edward Murray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 707, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A number of men were very disorderly at Phoebe Dotty's place. They threatened to burn it down, threw furniture, and glasses, etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7438 7", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Dotty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 708, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Harriot Lyons, presumably a woman of the evening had her door busted open, her house upset, with a lot of broken glass, on the evening of the 11th.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 15, 1824", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Harriot Lyons", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 709, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: In the evening a group of men occupied Betsey Doeherty's house, abused her, and disrupted the house.", "Source": "SC PC 7438 8", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Betsey Doeherty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 710, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: About 11:00am, a number of men came to Levi Dame's house, burst in, made riot and disrupted it, throwing tumblers against the wall.", "Source": "SC PC 7428 8", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Levi Dame", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 711, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: \"New Years Frolics - Sundry Tom and Jerries have been arraigned for milling matches, but on account of the New Years Frolics, they were discharged.\"", "Source": "National Advertiser, January 4, 1825", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 712, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/02", "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "Arkansas", "Lat": 35.262635, "Long": -92.687482, "Description": "February: Trouble at the (??), at the Mouth of the (??), between the military and the local citizenry. An officer owed a debt to a citizen. For payment the citizen had the officer's horse seized. In turn the officer had his men rescue the horse. The citizens formed a posse, recaptured the house and imprisoned the soldiers. But reinforcements were soon sent and when the civil authority refused to release the prisoners the new troops charged and freed their companions at arms. Thereafter the case was sent to the acting governor for adjudication.", "Source": "NYEP, March 21, 1825", "Type": "Military; Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Officer; Debtor", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector; Civillian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Seized Person(s); Prison Break", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.687482, 35.262635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 713, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "February: Effigy of Henry Clay burnt at night. At least two men were tried for participating in this.", "Source": "NYEP, February 28, 1825", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; National Republican", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Clay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 714, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Sunday afternoon on Hudson street between Hammond and Perry streets fighting, quarelling, and collecting of a great mob making noise takes place. About 200 persons were there. Wm. Henyon was arrested and charged with riot and A+B, convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 11, 1825", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Henyon", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 715, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Dock workers and laborers walked out on strike. Numbering about 800 to 1000 they paraded through the streets forced many quiet persons to join them and committed some other excesses. A few ringleaders were arrested and the remainder dispersed.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1646", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Dockworker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 716, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Dock strikers intimidate workmen on ships lying at the foot of Dover street.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 11, 1825", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Dockworker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 717, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Riggers strike James Thompson and others enter a rigger's loft and demand those working there to stop. Jacob Hays came to the scene and arrested Thompson and John Phiam.", "Source": "John Webs.", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Rigger", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Thompson; John Phiam", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 718, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Edward (??) had his tavern disrupted by George Messerve et al., who came to disrupt a private party with Eliza Hale the hostess.", "Source": "SC PC 7438 7", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Messerve", "Persons Named as Targets": "Eliza Hale; Edward", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 719, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: \"Irish Shillelah frolic\" took place in the morning near the marble buildings. Several hundred Irishmen were involved. Probably an Irish-Orange disturbance. It was \"Paddy up stairs\" vs \"Paddy downstairs\". It began over a disagreement about a raffle. There had been several clashes during the week. Constables Hays and Homan were there. Both were attacked and lucky to escape with their lives. About 10 ringleaders were arrested.", "Source": "NYAmerican, March 31, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hays; Homan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 720, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Twelve Irishmen charged with rioting. Some fighting occurred on the 30th, but the big battle was on the 31st. The Irishmen fought the watch and constables as well.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 721, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish and Yankee cartmen came to blows over the use of large cart (??). The Irish didn't like the yankee using them. Stones were thrown and blows exchanged. Might just be an A+B.", "Source": "NYAmerican, May 9, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 722, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Tailors' strike. Asked \"for what is equivalent to about $4 advance a week on previous wages.\"", "Source": "Commons.History of Labour, p.157", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 723, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: A mob collected to prevent the collection of hogs in a hog cart. The black hog cartmen was attacked as were the marshalls present to protect him. In the 8th ward.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 9, 1825", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Hog Collecter; Worker; Cartman; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 724, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Between Black Rock and (??) Creek: Irish canal workers rioted and one man is missing and likely he was killed. 12 rioters were arrested, examined before SG Austin of Buffalo committed to await trial.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, May 16, 1825", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 725, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Riot in 1st ward and assault of Richard Trustell - few details.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 10, 1825", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Richard Trustell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 726, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Henry Lambert, merchant, was killed in a scuffle with a gang of young men, the \"Spring-Streeters\" between 1 and 2am. There was a big trial afterwards etc.", "Source": "NYEP, June 4, 1825", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Gang; Spring-Streeter", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Lambert", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 727, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/06", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Harrodsburg", "Location": "Harrodsburg, KY", "Lat": 37.762949, "Long": -84.846385, "Description": "June: A shakertown nearby was harassesd by 30 or 40 men who wanted to take a woman out of the society. Both the woman and her mother had been shakers. Her mother, however, voluntarily left, and thought the daughter should leave too. It is unclear whether the daughter wanted to stay or go.", "Source": "NYEP, June 30, 1825", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Shaker; Religious; Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.846385, 37.762949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 728, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "York", "Location": "York, Penn", "Lat": 39.965128, "Long": -76.72638, "Description": "June: About 20 or 25 black people were outraged by 2 black people reportedly sent from Maryland to intercept runaway slaves. They went to the house of the culprits, bombarded it with stones, etc., and drove the one who was there out. He escaped to a neighbor's, but the threat of pulling down that house brought the man's surrender. At first they pretended they were after the other man. But once they got him out of sight they whipped him very severely. Twenty three rioters were arraigned.", "Source": "NYEP, June 25, 1825", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave Catcher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.72638, 39.965128 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 729, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/10", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Charlottesville", "Location": "Univ. of VA", "Lat": 38.039672, "Long": -78.49897, "Description": "October: Disorder on opening - students wanted the administrations to give them an additional summer vacation. On Sept. 30, night, a bottle of urine was thrown through a professor's window. On Oct. 1, 14 students disguised in masks met on the lawn and were spotted by two professors. When the profs tried to detain them a brick was thrown while the other was attacked with a (??). One student cried in the scuffle \"Down with the European professors.\" Jefferson was involved in the disciplinary action.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.126-128", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "University; Professor; European", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49897, 38.039672 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 730, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Mob activity against baudy houses occurs sporadically for a week in North Morgan, Prince and Ann streets, reaching the height with the destruction of the beehive. Matteson refers to this as the Tin Pot Riot.", "Source": "Lane.Policing the City, p.24-25", "Type": "Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 731, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/08", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Halifax", "Location": "Halifax, NC", "Lat": 36.329291, "Long": -77.589637, "Description": "August: An affray occurred at the Courthouse during an election, Hamlin Turner, a young man from the country, was shot and died of his wounds. Henry Potter, of Halifax, was injured but recovered.", "Source": "NYEP, August 24, 1825", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hamlin Turner; Henry Potter", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.589637, 36.329291 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 732, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Orange-Irish riot on the wharfs between race and vine streets. 100 to 200 persons involved. The mayor and the police quelled the disturbance. Several ringleaders arrested. The cause was \"European politics,\" while on board, emigrating to America, Orangemen celebrated July, the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. The ribbonmen on board objected, but in the ensuing battle they were outnumbered and lost. But when they landed in Philly, their numbers were augmented.", "Source": "NYEP, August 3, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 733, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: At Harlem, P. Samler had his house surrounded \"by a number of men collected together to tear down his house…and his house was stoned and the door broken open and part of the roof torn off by them and they entered and both him and his wife…were beaten and a declaration was made that no de-Irishman should live on the commons...\"", "Source": "SC PC 7438 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "P. Samler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 734, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Three women fought in the street and collected a great crowd. Therefore indicted for riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 18, 1825", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 735, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "November: Local solders and a group of sailors were involved in a riot.", "Source": "Schroeder. \"Urbanization…Detroit 1824-1847,\" p.262", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Military; Soldier", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 736, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Portland", "Location": "Portland, Me", "Lat": 43.658146, "Long": -70.269149, "Description": "November: Whore house riot - several vigilante closings. One resisted and riot resulted. A black man, who had already been convicted of keeping a house of ill fame, was the one whose house was attacked. Shots were exchanged on both sides. One of the rioters was kiled. Several injured. Stones were thrown.", "Source": "NYAmerican, November 14, 1825", "Type": "Moral Panic; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.269149, 43.658146 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 737, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Portland", "Location": "Portland, Me", "Lat": 43.658146, "Long": -70.269149, "Description": "November: Attempt to destroy Gray's house - a black barber, because he had been convicted of keeping a house of ill fame. An attack on Saturday night was not that serious. But the following Monday, the rioters' effort were more concerted. Gray fired upon the crowd, killing one, and the mob, although severely damaging the house and returning the fire, did not destroy the building.", "Source": "H+W p.447-450", "Type": "Moral Panic; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Barber", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.269149, 43.658146 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 738, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A riot occurred at the Park Theater on the appearance of Edward Keane in Richard III. The shouting and hissing were so loud that the play could not be heard.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1652", "Type": "Theater; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor; British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edmund Kean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 739, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: A cry of murder was raised from a house in Broad street by Irish immigrants. When entering, one of two watchmen was struck with an ax. An Irishman was arrested. The Gazette says that there was a riot among the Irish on Broad street.", "Source": "NYAmerican, December 15, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 740, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: When Edmund Keane appeared on the stage after a 4 year absence in his native England the audience remembered his unkind comments of 1821 and pelted him with a \"fusilade of missiles both hard and soft\" and was driven off the stage by the \"mobocratic rowdies.\" He soon apologized for his earlier comments in the paper.", "Source": "Moody. \"Astar Place Riot,\" p.24", "Type": "Theater; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor; British", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edmund Kean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 741, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Riot against black actor.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M+D, p.37", "Type": "Theater; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Black; Actor; Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 742, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: In the evening there was a disturbance at the circus. When the officers interfered they were \"beset and beat and ill treated\" and the watch had to be sent for.", "Source": "SC PC 7438 3", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Circus; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 743, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A disturbance was set on foot by a number of masters of vessels, who had come there \"to have a scrape\" at the Park Theater.", "Source": "SC PC 7438 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 744, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: \"A New Years' Spree.\" Several men arrested; James Carbasier, Geroge Chunderwood, Richard Sammis, and James Williamson. They threw several empty barrels and castes and broke two steps. They were fined.", "Source": "NYAmerican,January 11, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Carbasier; Geroge Chunderwood; Richard Sammis; James Williamson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 745, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A group of Irishmen and women broke into the Norton household twice - attacking the sisters Jane and Maria and their mother and fighting off the watch.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 15, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman", "Target Classification": "Woman; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jane Norton; Maria Norton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 746, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Riotat the Lafayette Ampitheater. When asked to be quiet by peace officers, disturbers abused them.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 14, 1826", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 747, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Union", "Location": "Union, Illinois", "Lat": 42.235703, "Long": -88.541967, "Description": "May: Citizens fastened an effigy of Mr. Cook, their representative to a whipping post, scourged it, hung it, shot it, and burnt it.", "Source": "NYEP, May 6, 1826", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cook", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.541967, 42.235703 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 748, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Irish cartman beat up on James Anderson because they suspected that he was not a Roman Catholic and because he worked too hard on a job with them. A+B case.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 749, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "March: Rioters broke several lamps and windows belonging to the corporation, broke windows at the French Minister's and carried off his lamps.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 8, 1826", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Diplomat; City Corporation", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 750, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Henry Stiles bought a piece of property. He intended to convert the bar or ballroom into a grocery. On Monday last, about 9:00pm, \"a riotous assemblage of about 500 persons\" appeared. The house was attacked \"with stones, planks, and clubs in a riotous and tumultuous manner and endeavoured to demolish the same and before the violence had ceased, they had broken open the doors, actually breaking the hinges and stairway...\" Window sashes, gutters, weathers boards and the roof were also damaged. At least $800 worth in damage.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Stiles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 751, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Large scale riots among Irish. It began as an argument between some coopers' boys and some Irishmen over how the latter carelessly handled some barrels. The riots began on Tuesday afternoon and were not quelled until Friday. The disturbances ranged from the mill-pond to Broad street. Several ringleaders were arrested. Many could not raise bail and were committed until the August Municipal court.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 20, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 752, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of apparent Irishmen rioted in Pearl street opposing Marshalls and resisting arrest. It started with some Irishmen attacking a peaceful passerby.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 753, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: A white mob invaded black neighborhood, \"N***** Hill,\" on the northside of the Beacon Hill. Several houses destroyed.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100; Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 754, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Disturbance at the Circus. Police officers resisted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 10, 1826", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 755, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Margaret Spoon had her house invaded by several men who horsewhipped her son and Susan Shaw who was sick. Ms. Spoon was struck with a fist.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 10", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Margaret Spoon; Susan Shaw", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 756, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "New Bedford", "Location": "New Bedford", "Lat": 41.651401, "Long": -70.930255, "Description": "August: Citizens destroy the Ark - an old whale ship converted into a brothel.", "Source": "Ellis.History of New Bedford", "Type": "Moral Panic; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.930255, 41.651401 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 757, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: The fireworks display on the Washington Parade Ground was disrupted by \"a great mob\" who tore down and demolished the large frame erected for the purpose of setting off the fireworks. The watch attempted to prevent this but were overpowered. 16 persons arrested.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 2", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 758, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: On the preceding Saturday a group of boys vandalized Stuuyesant property near 2nd avenue.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 3", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stuuyesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 759, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: John McGlane threw a stone at a boy, missed and hit a child instead. This occurred on Little Water street. McGlane and two companions ran but were pursued. In Pearl street the Gasmen at work sided with McGlane and a general melee ensued.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 11", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Gasman", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John McGlane", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 760, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Editor Miller of NY Advocate was carried out of town by a group of men who supposedly had a warrant. But when taken before a justice no warrant was shown. Charles Morgenius also seized.", "Source": "NYEP, September 22, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Morgenius; Miller", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 761, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Hog car obstructed by several persons. One person fined as a result, another imprisoned and several under bonds to appear at next sitting of court.", "Source": "NYEP, September 28, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Hog Cart", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 762, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Patrick Waters and others were rioting and fighting at Division and Suffolk streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 4, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Waters", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 763, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Officers of the Coporation were attacked by a mob when they tried to enforce long neglected hog law. The mob released all of the hogs which had been collected.", "Source": "The Statesman, September 12, 1826", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Hog Collecter; Worker; City Corportation", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 764, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: A disturbance occurred at 11 o'clock aat the east river garden. A constable was beaten when he tried to quell the disturbance.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 13, 1826", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 765, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Canal near Cincinatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Canal laborers rioted. Authorities who arrested some of the ringleaders were attacked in a second wave of rioting. Although injured, but still managed to bring in 18 rioters.", "Source": "Statesman, September 26, 1826", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 766, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Long standing feud over hogs breaking into John Erving's garden erupted into violence. During the day only Erving's threat to use a gun held back the hatter who normally defended Peter Fenton's hogs. In the evening they stoned Erving's house and beat off the watch.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 10, 1826", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Hog Owner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Fenton", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Erving", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 767, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Martha Collery, a black woman, was \"swaggering about the park with a stick in her hand crying out: where are the Virgininans and endeavouring to raise a crowd and disturbance…a number of blacks were in the park and several have been taken this day for raising and mobbing a person.\"", "Source": "SC PC 7439 5", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Martha Collery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 768, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Several \"negro rioters\" collected around the city hall and attacked persons who were witnesses or engaged in claiming black fugitives from Virginia. Stones were thrown, sticks used, and whites chased in the streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 9, 1826", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "White; Slave Catcher; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 769, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: In the evening a number of young men were making a riot and great noise in a house in Fulton street. Glasses were broken, a keg turned over and chairs broken. A crowd of 200 collected at the door. The watch was called.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 14", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 770, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Benjamin True was in a hack driven by Jacob Whitson on Bloomingdale road when a gang led by George Vandenburgh attacked. The beat both True and Whitson. True ran for cover at a neighboring public house, itself somewhat torn to pieces by the gang.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Vandenburgh", "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin True; Jacob Whitson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 771, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Peace officer Hughes attempted to remove a disorderly woman from the La Fayette circus, almost erupted into a full-scale riot and it was only the timely arrival of Andrew Blakely's watch and the mock arrest of Hughes which prevented extending the disturbance.", "Source": "MCC 15:537-538, 557-559", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Circus; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew Blakely; Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 772, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: New Years' disturbances at a house at Frankfurt steet and Brooklyn. Mayor Philip Howe's house.", "Source": "NYGazette, January 4, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; Mayor", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip Howe", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 773, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Riot at Anthony street near Elm street. As a result, the watch committee was directed to employ a physician to attend certain watchmen who had been injured.", "Source": "Costello.Our Police Protectors, p.72", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 774, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A large riot which saw Irish and watchmen come to blows. Several watchmen were badly hurt - two of their cops were beat in pieces. It apparently started with an Irish attack on a black man while he was walking in Anthony street. All but ten of the rioters were convicted, including Patrick Winters.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 3, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Winters", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 775, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Police broke up a disturbance in cellar at 65 Catherine street. 30 or 40 men, women, and children involved. 5 young men in particular opposed the watch - they are named - and were taken in.", "Source": "NYEP, January 11, 1827", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 776, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: After refusing to pay a black man for food and drink served at his \"cook shop\" several butchers beat him and disrupted the restaurant.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 9, 1827", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 777, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A number of men, probably black men, were suckered into accompanying a white man to just outside Darby and Jones tavern and Canal street. At a signal a gang from inside came charging out and beat on them.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 7", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 778, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A number of persons were collected in No. 32 Broad street, fought with Spades and brickbats, quarrelled, and made great noise collecting a mob.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 12", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 779, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A young man was disorderly in the Chrystie street church. When an attempt was made to put him out he called other in and commenced a fight.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 12", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Church; Religious", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 780, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: An uproar and disturbance at the Greek Ball in the theater occurred between 2 and 3:00am.", "Source": "SC PC cases 14", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 781, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Collins Shepherd had his house disrupted by a number of men who were acting in a very riotous manner, breaking a table, etc.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 14", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Collins Shepherd", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 782, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: \"Riot - there has been some scuffling among the firemen of Philadelphia, and in one set-to, clothes were torn and a forefinger bitten - firecely and ferociously bitten off…\"", "Source": "Statesman, April 27, 1827", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 783, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: The Union African Church was disturbed at 8 o'clock. A stone was thrown, a mob formed and services interrupted.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 8", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church; Union African", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 784, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Several men misbehaved, fought and made noise at Robert Brewer's house in an attempt, in Brewer's eyes, to have him charged with running a disorderly house.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 12, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Brewer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 785, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/05", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Brunswick", "Location": "Bowdoin College, Me", "Lat": 43.91991, "Long": -69.957868, "Description": "May: A number of college \"frolics\" including burning a barrel of tar, lighting gunpowder under a tutor's buttocks, and stealing the school bell.", "Source": "NYEP, May 24, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "University; Tutor", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.957868, 43.91991 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 786, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Nathaniel McKee says that a number of persons assembled about his door at 437 Washington street, \"in a riotous and raucous manner, broke and entered the premises where he was peacable and as he believed legally in possession and by force of violence threw the property of deponent into the street and put himself and family into the street.\" He lists 18 people as thus being involved.", "Source": "SC PC 7439 9", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property; Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nathaniel McKee", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 787, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/06", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Perry Co.", "Location": "Perry Co., Alabama", "Lat": 32.440236, "Long": -87.236144, "Description": "June: A mob of 70 or 80 persons burned a black person alive because he had stabbed a white man. The black person had been accused of stealing a small piece of property and (the white person?) was stabbed when hassling the black person about it. The black individual was taken to a Justice, who waived jurisdiction in the case and then led the mob himself as its President. This was the 2nd time in the county that a black person had been so burnt.", "Source": "NYEP, July 25, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Legal; Justice; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.236144, 32.440236 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 788, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Mary Wall had her house disrupted, furniture thrown about, etc., by a number of riotous men.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 14", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Wall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 789, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Personal fracas on Wall street in the morning. Few details.", "Source": "NYGazette, June 20, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 790, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Riot occurred at theater after an actress failed to appear.", "Source": "Weinbaum.Mobs…, p.37", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 791, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Reports of some violence on both sides in journeymen tailors strike. Reports that some strikers attacked scabs. Subsequently in a trial strikers are convicted of conspiracy, but acquitted of assault charges. At least 5 men said to be involved in mob activity.", "Source": "Commons and Gilmore.Doc. Hist. of Ind. Soc., p.103, 110-111, 119-124, 197, 258, 264", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 792, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "September: On the mall, probably the common, Mr. Payson Perrin, merchant, was beaten by several men of good character who mistook him for someone else. Exactly who is unclear, whoever it was was not liked. On the 11th \"one of the wretches alluded to was fucked in the Frog Pomp\" and the charge was so despicable that \"the tongue, loathed to speak and which rendered the state prison more abominable than all the crimes perpetrated by its inmates.\" But there was local news coverage at the time.", "Source": "NYGazette, October 12, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Payson Perrin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 793, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Hunter's Fall", "Location": "Hunter's Fall, PA", "Lat": 40.281137, "Long": -75.845769, "Description": "October: Destruction of contractor's property on the Pennsylvania Canal in dispute over non-payment. Arrests made.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.288", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.845769, 40.281137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 794, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Greenburg Baxter, inventor of the so-called \"self-supplying water wheel\" had his Rivington street house busted open by 12 to 15 men who, after forcing his wife Margaret to make them breakfast, seized him for $15 debt. Margaret quickly paid the debt but discovered that her husband was nowhere to be found.", "Source": "NY American, March 28, 1827", "Type": "Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Debt Collector", "Target Classification": "Debtor; Inventor", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Greenburg Baxter; Margaret Baxter", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 795, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A number of men came into Smith Sloan Inn, intending to break it up. Solomon Teller was attacked and after they were put out they continued to make great noise.", "Source": "SC PC 7440 2", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Inn", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Solomon Teller", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 796, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Thomas Morton had his house harassed by a number of men who knocked Isaac Lench down, struck Morton's wife, made a great noise and threw oyster shels at his house.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7440 1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Morton; Isaac Lench", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 797, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Riot at the 4th ward for 6 hours. One person indicted for riot, little info.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 18, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 798, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Chatham Square dry goods riot. When some dry goods stores remained open after dark, massive riots occurred for several days.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 9, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Drygoods Store", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 799, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A large crowd formed at Chatham square. Stones were thrown, windows broken, and several persons injured. When ordered by the magistrates to disperse they refused. The intention was to pull the \"House,\" meaning \"La Racque.\" The mayor was there. Over thirty persons indicted for riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 9, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 800, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Riot between black and white people. Arose from personal quarrel, others become involved. Several injured. First of these. Whites generally aggressors. Inflamed by(??).", "Source": "Scharf.H of P, p.624", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 801, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Several men entered Ann Gregory's house in a disorderly manner, broke and destroyed and threatened her, 7 were convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 17, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ann Gregory", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 802, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: \"Christmas Eve frolics\" - pranksters go about on holidays knocking and taking down signs. On the day after Christmas the police had 18 such signs.", "Source": "NYGazette, December 27, 1827", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 803, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: About midnight a number of men burst into Mary Ann Davis' house.", "Source": "SC PC 7440 12", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Ann Davis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 804, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A large snowball fight in Broad street between boys favoring Adams and Jackson. The Gazette felt the Adams boys won. Others believed the hickory lads did.", "Source": "NY Gazette, January 11, 1828", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 805, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A crowd of men attacked Henry Dodez's house on Broome street between 12 and 1 o'clock at night. They got on top of the house and tore off shingle boards, entered the house, fought and broke chairs and property in the house. George Messerve was there and hit Dodez with a stick.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 16, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Messerve", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Dodez", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 806, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: The guard of a prison work gang was harassed by a large crowd, and followed through the city. Three persons were indicted for riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 14, 1828", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail; Prison Guard; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 807, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: On Saturday afternoon between 3 and 5 o'clock between 200 and 300 boys, formed in parties favoring two different fire companies - the \"Washington\" and the \"Assistance,\" fought it out with stones and clubs. The police broke it up at 5 o'clock. Five youths, ages 10 to 14 years, were taken into custody and the mayor lectured a throng of boys who followed the arrested boys to the watch house. Next time, the mayor said, they all would be arrested. The 5 lads seized were bound to keep the peace.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, January 25, 1828", "Type": "Gang; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Gang; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Youth; Gang; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 808, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: William Donahue shoved two fighting men from his front door on Division street, only to have those two men with the crowd that had been watching them burst into his house, attack him and his wife, and destroy their property.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 13, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Donahue", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 809, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A riot occurred Sunday afternoon in a vacant lot between Broome and Grand streets, where a number of persons had collected to hear the preaching of John Edwards. Stones and brick bats flew about.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, Feb. 13, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 810, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A gang of butcher boys and young men came to Guyman's 1st ave. house. They drank liquor without paying, broke and destroyed property and afterwards stones his house and property.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440 14", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Guyman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 811, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Nicholas Shyvesant often had his house stoned and fences pulled down by a gang of boys in the neighborhood on Sundays. This apparently happened on Sunday. One person indicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 11, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicholas Shyvesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 812, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Cambridge", "Location": "Cambridge, MA", "Lat": 42.372862, "Long": -71.122044, "Description": "February: On Washington's birthday, Harvard students who favored JAQ burnt Jackson in effigy. This was condemned by NYEP.", "Source": "NYEP, March 3, 1828", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.122044, 42.372862 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 813, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Tranton", "Location": "Tranton, NJ", "Lat": 40.216086, "Long": -74.757715, "Description": "March: The governor and state assemblymen Newbold from Burlington Co., were burnt in effigy by supporters of the Delaware Rariton Canal bill. The governor opposed the bill. Newbold supported it, but it was believed he was against the bill.", "Source": "NYEP, March 10, 1828", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Newbold", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.757715, 40.216086 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 814, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Between four and five o'clock in the morning, 20 or so men were behaving riotously at Old Slip. When confronted with a watchman they attacked him and beat him.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 17, 1828", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 815, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A gang called \"forties\" came into the house of Samuel John, 141 Anthony street, broke and destroyed property, took money out of the draw, and upset a stove filling the room full of smoke. After this they went outside, threw stones, and broke the window. All this was done because John had had one of the gang taken up.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440 9", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Forties", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel John", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 816, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: While returning from a fire in Pearl street, fire engine 3 was assailed by the \"Old Slip Gang\" who cheered and interfered with the Engine. When requested to desist they cheered again and threw stones at the firemen.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440 10", "Type": "Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Old Slip", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 817, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A Greenwich Irish laborer died of tetanus. The attending doctor asked the landlord, who had care of the man and his belongings, if he could do an autopsy. He said okay…while the doctor and colleage were dissecting the deceased, a \"robust countryman of the deceased\" came and started to argue with them. He left and returned with a mob which threatened violence unless the doctors ceased their barbarous handling of their countryman. Luckily the doctors escaped unscathed. But the 1st doctor was harassed for several days thereafter.", "Source": "Statesman, April 4, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Doctor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 818, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Three men committed for riot on Sunday afternoon in third avenue. The riot was serious. \"A number of turbulent fellows having congregated there and selected as their Sunday amusements, a general fight with fists, stones, clubs, etc.\"", "Source": "NYEP, April 1, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 819, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Thirteen men indicted for riot. A house, which formerly belonged to RG Stuyvesant, on 1st ave was stoned and almost broken into by a large crowd of 200-500 persons. There was talk of having the satisfaction of the Irish. The watch was called to quell the disturbance and were resisted. The house opposite to Stuyvesant's was partially demolish and fences were likewise torn down.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 11, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "RG Stuyvesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 820, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Owen O'Connor charge Patrick and Rob and William for A+B. On investigation it appeared that O'Connor and about 50 others had gone outside the Milliam lodgings and dared them to fight. This became apparent from the Milliam story which was told with their friends present as well as O'Connor, his two brothers, and about 20 others in the police office. One of O'connors party became so heated that he challenged Milliam to a fight with shillehahs right then and there. The Milliams gave bond for crowd behavior. The O'Connors and 4 or 5 others were put in jail for count of bail.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 8, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Owen O'Connor", "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrick Milliam; Rob Milliam", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 821, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Riot in morning at Cross street. Half dozen committed to Bridewell.", "Source": "Statesman, April 11, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 822, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: On the night of the 10th, some persons willfully and maliciously broke and destroyed several stone stoops and iron railings.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 15, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 823, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Seven men were brought to the police office in the morning for being riotous near the cathedral. Four were committed to Bridewell, three were bailed.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 16, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 824, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Ladock Seely was attacked by a number of men in the public street. This created a great mob and disturbed the peace.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 9, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ladock Seely", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 825, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: A large collection of people, some of them fighting, were dispersed from the parade ground around midnight by a watchman. Shortly afterward Batholomew Grewger led an armed gang in an attack at a party on Greenwich and 8th street. The door was broken open nad windows busted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 7, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 826, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mobile", "Location": "Mobile, Alabama", "Lat": 30.752871, "Long": -88.018008, "Description": "April: Riot occurred when one party attempted to inflict a personal indignity on another party for some supposed slander. Shots were exchanged, and several persons were wounded. It took a detachment of Grenadiers to disperse the mob.", "Source": "NYGazette, May 15, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.018008, 30.752871 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 827, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Clarisa Moan, Little water street, was harassed by the Groagers and others who struck her, presented a pistol etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440 14", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Groagers", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Clarisa Moan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 828, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Between 8 and 9 o'clock there was a fight between the Old Slip gang and the crew of a ship which arrived the day before near the corner of Front and Old Slip.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 4, 1828", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Old Slip", "Target Classification": "Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 829, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Some sort of disturbance in a public street. There are few details. Two men indicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 4, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 830, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Fist fight between Ishcroft and Stanton at the parade ground collected a large mob. The Pugilists and their seconds were indicted and convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 4 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ishcroft; Stanton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 831, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A riot at the 9th ward. An attack on an unknown person. One indictment for tio and A+B. He confessed.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 4, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 832, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: The Washington Blues Militia company was harassed by a large mob led by a constable and en ex-Blues officer. Horns were blown, etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440, 11", "Type": "Military; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Constable; Officer", "Target Classification": "Militia; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 833, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: The sloop Republican and her crew were assaulted by a gang from shore about midnight. The ship was lying a little above state prison wharf at the foot of Penny street.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1828", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang", "Target Classification": "Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 834, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem, MA", "Lat": 42.521367, "Long": -70.895567, "Description": "June: Attemtped tar and feathering. Captain Meeker of the sloop Huron had been cruelly indifferent to the plight of capsized men in Boston harbor. To teach him humanity a number of men determined to T+F him. But Meeker escaped to his cabin and barricaded himself in threatening to shoot any one coming in. The mob decided not to risk it and instead poured water down the chimney to ruin the captain's belongings and dropped stones on the vessel to damage it.", "Source": "Statesman, July 2, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain; Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Meeker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.895567, 42.521367 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 835, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Weaver's strike saw crowd coersion used as a mob of 40 or 50 visited non-striking weavers along 8th ave and destroyed the Webbs of Alex, Knox, cotton manufacturer. Knox's son, Alex Jr., was accosted by the mob. They also threatened to destroy their house and manufacturing center.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 14, 1828", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alex Knox; Alex Knox jr.", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 836, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A young man stabbed a black woman and robbed her. He also stabbed her son, a cripple. The neighborhood was soon alarmed and a number of persons surrounded the house where the desperado had retreated for security, and after a good deal of (??), forced the door, pinioned, and stowed him in a wagon, in which he had a little gentle exercise to Bridewell.", "Source": "NYFreeman's Journal, July 11, 1828", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 837, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: James Moon, who kept a disorderly house, with a gang of men were in the street near the theater attacking everyone who went by. They were convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 11, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Moon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 838, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Dockworker's strike. Massive crowd action. Several ships attacked. Many indictments for riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1828", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Dockworker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 839, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Mohawk River", "Location": "NY Mohawk river", "Lat": 42.980527, "Long": -74.641517, "Description": "July: Between Troy and Albany the steamboat Matilda was disturbed by a fight which erupted into a riot when the captain and his crew attempted to separate the assailants. Six persons were arrested and it was noted that most of the passengers were foreigners.", "Source": "Statesman, July 26, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.641517, 42.980527 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 840, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Madame Johnson was supposed to ascend in balloon from Nibilio's Garden. However, technical difficulties prevented this and the balloon was sent aloft without her. About 20,000 spectators had gathered inside and outside the Garden. On hearing that no one was in the balloon, a part of the crowd outside the gate grew unruly and attempted to froce their way into the Garden. This was repulsed by the officers, several of whom were wounded in the endeavour. Hays was injured in the face. Brink bruised in several parts of his body.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 22, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Balloonist; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Johnson; Hays; Brink", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 841, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A race between two cartman's horses ended in a fight and probably riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Aug 13, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 842, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Theater riot. Towards the close of a play a fight erupted in the 3rd tier. 15 to 20 persons involved and the riot lasted 25 to 30 minutes. The police quelled the disturbance. The French company was playing.", "Source": "NYGazette, August 19, 1828", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 843, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "August: Disturbances at Yale College.", "Source": "NYGazette, August 20, 1828", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 844, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson River", "Location": "Hudson River", "Lat": 42.570786, "Long": -73.756873, "Description": "August: Steamboat Henry Eckford had its passage from NYC to Albany disturbed by a riot. The steamboat carried in tow a number of freight barges which also carried passages. A dispute between the captain and two Irishmen over the amount charged to a female passenger led to a riot as the barge was cut adrift by the riotors and an attempt was made to board the steamboat. Several of the rioters were arrested.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, August 5, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain; Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.756873, 42.570786 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 845, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Kensing weavers riot. Stephen Heimer, a watchman, was killed. Heimer was off duty. He entered an Irish tavern, made noise as he had in the street, 3rd street above Poplar Lowe, and called the owners \"bloody Irish transports.\" Hence he was attacked. He had been asked to be quiet because there was a dying woman in the house. Irish weavers riot, leaving one watchman dead. The rioters seized a building and hoisted a flag of the weaver's trade.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, I, p.623", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Heimer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 846, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Glamster Point", "Location": "Glamster Point, NJ", "Lat": 39.972164, "Long": -75.044147, "Description": "August: A camp (?) meeting of black people, which was held for several days, was broken up by white people. This was near Philadelphia.", "Source": "NYStatesman, August 23, 1828", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.044147, 39.972164 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 847, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Harrisburg", "Location": "Near Harrisburg", "Lat": 40.272046, "Long": -76.876657, "Description": "September: Canal workers for the NY Mamouth Company rioted as their wages were in arrears - for some working men it was as much as $400. There was another riot there a half year later.", "Source": "Sullivan.Ind. Worker of Penn., p.151-152", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.876657, 40.272046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 848, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: John Jameson was attacked by several persons. One man held his horse while another dumped him out of his cart. Others threw mud stones and brick bats which hit. This occurred in the evening.", "Source": "SC PC - 7440 15", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jameson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 849, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Two US soldiers were escorting a deserter through the city streets to the docks to transport him to West Point when a number of citizens interfered and freed him. The NYEP says this conduct was wrong and deserved to be punished.", "Source": "NYEP, September 17, 1828", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 850, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Murray, a black person, was arrested for being concerned in a riot in Five Points.", "Source": "NYGazette, September 20, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Murray", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 851, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Thomas Chick, a decent looking fellow, was taken up for promoting a riot in front of the Methodist church in Forsythe street. The chuch did not want him fined or imprisoned but only bound to keep the peace. He was fined $25 or put security up to keep the peace.", "Source": "NYGazette, September 20, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Chick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 852, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: About a dozen Irishmen were called up for being concerned in a mob at the foot of Oliver street. Some had black eyes, others bloody noses - lost hats, shirts, etc. Two were committed.", "Source": "NYGazette, September 20, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 853, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A large disturbance on the evening at Rector street called for the attention of the watch. When it arrived there was resistance. Two men were convicted of riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sesions, October 14, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 854, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A gang, led by butcher George Messerve came and disrupted John Betts tavern. They did this frequently.", "Source": "NYC General Sesions, November 14, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Messerve", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Betts", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 855, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A man was driven by a mob from Tammary Hall with his garments \"torn into tatters.\"", "Source": "Statesman, November 5, 1828", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 856, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: During Presidential election's second day, Adamsites claimed that the Jacksonians for hours prevented Adams supporters from voting. They removed the ballot boxes from the inspection of the inspectors and those Adamsites who challenged the right of certain Jacksonians to vote \"were knocked down and dragged out.\"", "Source": "Weinbaum.Mobs…, p.12", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; National Republican; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Political; National Republican; Democrat", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 857, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "November: Election riots were perennial and when the mayor and magistrates attempted to put a stop to the \"shoutings, burning tar barrels, firing crackers, throwing fireballs, etc.,\" they were greeted with derisions. In fact, their opposition made the riot worse and they were physically abused.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, November 11, 1828", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 858, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Riot against Binns, publisher of the coffin handbills.", "Source": "Matteson ms - notecards; Scharler III, p.438", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Political; National Republican", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Binns", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 859, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Butcher George is at it again, disrupting with several others, William Wrights house. (??) come there frequently.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 9, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Messerve", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Wright", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 860, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem, MA", "Lat": 42.521367, "Long": -70.895567, "Description": "November: Five boys arrested for disturbing the congregation of the Tabernacle church on Sunday evening.", "Source": "NYGazette, November 15, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Tabernacle", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.895567, 42.521367 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 861, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: John Mitchell with 40 or 50 others came to William Shaw's house twice, acting \"in a very disorderly and riotous manner\" breaking his windows, bursting his door, and taking down his decanters and dranking the liquors contrary to his express orders.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7440 18", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Mitchell", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Shaw", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 862, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: The pit of the Bowery theater was disturbed by a number of rowdies the night of the 20th. One was convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 12, 1828", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 863, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: A group of rioters led by William Smull and others entered Rachel Pruyne's house, broke and destroyed her proerty and beat and bruised her.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 16, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Smull", "Persons Named as Targets": "Rachel Pruyne", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 864, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: The estate of John B. Murray was vandalized by a gang of young men and a bell carried off. There were about 14 or 15 young men. Two gangs are reported as usually involved in this activity - the Holy Gang and Lafayette.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7441 1", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Gang; Holy Gang; Lafayette", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John B. Murray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 865, "year": 1828, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Mary Ann Coleman had her apartment invaded by a number of riotous men in the evening.", "Source": "SC PC 7440 14", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Ann Coleman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 866, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "January: Riot in south Boston. Two men arrested and bound to trial at $5,000 bond.", "Source": "NYFreedom's Journal, February 8, 1828", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 867, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Massive riotous New Years celebration. Perhaps 4,000 persons joined in the procession which began about 9:00pm on the 31st in the Bowery and marched with drums, tin kettles, rattles, horns, whistles, etc and a large Penn wagon. They pelted a public house with balls of lime flour and when some of their leaders were arrested by the watch in Hester street they attacked the watch and rescued them. They took a cross street to Courtland street. There they unsuccessfully attempted to knock down the iron railing. By then it was between 1 and 2:00am. Instead they overthrew a cart and broke some windows. They went up to the city Hotel where a ball was taking place. There the watch confronted them. But rather than making arrests and fighting with the crowd the watch gave way. The masses slowly dispersed.", "Source": "NYGazette, January 3, 1828", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Public House", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Prison Break", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 868, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: About 5:00am a gang of young men were in Roosevelt street pulling and throwing down boxes and barrels. When the watchman grabbed one of them the rest began to stone him.", "Source": "SC PC 7440 13", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 869, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "January: Andrew Jackson burnt in effigy and Howd bills were passed out with a picture of a gallows with the motto \"the hero's reward.\" A reward was offered for the offenders.", "Source": "NYFreedom's Journal, February 7, 1829", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 870, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnatti", "Location": "Cincinnatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: 3,000 free black people were forced to leave.", "Source": "Kerber. \"Abols…and Analysis,\" NYH p.28", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 871, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Mayor Bowne had issued a proclamation which \"together with the means taken to enforce it had the effect to prevent the riots and disturbances which have annoyed our citizens on New Year's eve for several years past.\"", "Source": "The Diary of Philip Howe, p.9", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 872, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Bedford", "Location": "Bedford, Me", "Lat": 43.490832, "Long": -70.452713, "Description": "January: Andrew Jackson executed in effigy by a local firing squad.", "Source": "NYFreedom's Journal, Feb. 7, 1829", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.452713, 43.490832 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 873, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Elizabeth Owen, had her house disrupted, with the front door broken by about 10-12 men.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7441 8", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elizabeth Owen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 874, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: In the evening several persons came to Hibbard's home, broke almost all the (??), mirror and burst open the back door, swearing that they would go through the house.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 10", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hibbard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 875, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Disturbances greeted Frances Wright's 1st lecture series in NYC.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.35", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Woman; Feminist; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frances Wright", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 876, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Jared Smith of Norfold street frequently was drunk and disorderly and raised a mob with all his noise. This he did on the night of the 16th when he kicked his wife and children out of the house. He was convicted of riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 11, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jared Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 877, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Michael Burke has a store the corner of Orange and Anthony streets and reports that a large mob of persons assembled there and insulted and abused persons who were passing along in sleighs and throwing stones. About 9 panes of glass were broken in Burke's store.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 2", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Michael Burke", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 878, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: JF Ritter, master of arms of the Fulton, lying at the Navy yard at Brooklyn, arrested a deserter that morning in Catharine market. He was opposed by two persons, both prisoners of the US Government, raised a large crowd, and enabled the prisoner to escape. One of the ringleaders, John Slaver, was later arrested and bound to the next sessions.", "Source": "NYEP, February 18, 1829", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Prisoner; Deserter", "Target Classification": "Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Slaver", "Persons Named as Targets": "JF Ritter", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 879, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Waynesburg", "Location": "Waynesburg, Pa", "Lat": 39.899473, "Long": -80.183602, "Description": "March: Riot over dispute between canal workers and locals. One person shot in the cheek.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.179, 288", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.183602, 39.899473 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 880, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Stone workers at Ferris Marble Manufacturers stood out for wages. They used threats, violence, and mob action to coerce non-strikers and scabs off the job.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 3+4", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Stone Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 881, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Two respectable young bakers were attacked and maltreated in Five Points by a gang called Forty Thieves or highbinders.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 2, 1829", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Highbinder; Forty Thieves", "Target Classification": "Baker; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 882, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Penn Canal", "Location": "Penn Canal", "Lat": 40.281137, "Long": -75.845769, "Description": "April: Workers use violence in strike concerning wages.", "Source": "Grinmsted. \"A L,\" p. 11, 23, 40", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.845769, 40.281137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 883, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Penn Canal", "Location": "Penn", "Lat": 40.281137, "Long": -75.845769, "Description": "April: Canal workers combine for higher wages. They not only refused to work but also used vioelnce to prevent others from working. They were put down and ringleaders arrested. Most of the strikers were foreigners.", "Source": "Niles.Weekly Register, April 11, 1829", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.845769, 40.281137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 884, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: In the forenoon Mary Ann Davis' place was invaded by a number of rowdy firemen, harassing her and others who were there.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 5", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Ann Davis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 885, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: There was a riot in Cross street. In the morning of the 19th. The mob was throwing brick bats, cutting hoses, etc.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 6", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 886, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Clark's Ferry", "Location": "Clark's Ferry, Pa", "Lat": 40.411313, "Long": -77.00939, "Description": "May: An Irishman refused to pay for his whiskey at a local saloon. After being kicked out he returned with a number of his countrymen to pull down the building and kill the innkeeper Martin. Finding the house secure they began pulling it down. Martin threatened to shoot them, and finally, in desperation, commenced firing. No one was killed, but several were wounded. The sheriff ordered out the posse to restore order.", "Source": "NYEP, May 9, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.00939, 40.411313 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 887, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: 1:30 the night of the 13th 20 or 30 men raised a great noise on Broadway near White street and abused Thomas Fenton and others. Four men were indicted for riot but acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 6, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Fenton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 888, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Nanticoke", "Location": "Nanticoke, Pa", "Lat": 41.203918, "Long": -76.00345, "Description": "May: Near the town \"foreigners\" employed on the North Branch canal rioted. One man was killed, several were beaten. Some of the ringleaders escaped, others were captured.", "Source": "Niles'Weekly Register, June 20, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.00345, 41.203918 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 889, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: James O'Connor was beaten outside his house on Christine street by William Rice and a number of others who were all charged with riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Rice", "Persons Named as Targets": "James O'Connor", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 890, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: When two officers entered a house in Augustus street to levy an execution on the goods of an Irishman, \"a general turn out of his countrymen took place.\" A riot was prevented by the timely arrival of the police. The goods were removed and the officers beat a hasty retreat.", "Source": "New York Statesman, June 2, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 891, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "July: About 60 to 80 persons paraded through town starting at 2:00am with \"Tin horns, conch shells, tin pans, drums and fife.\" They awoke the whole town, demolished garden fences, cut the halyards of various flag poles, hung a number of citizens in effigy an finally burnt those effigies in a bonfire.", "Source": "NYEP, July 13, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Effigy; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 892, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, Penn", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "July: When a masonic methodist preacher attempted to preach at a church in Erie, he was disrupted and forced to continue in a nearby barn.", "Source": "NYEP, July 24, 1829", "Type": "Religious; Anti-Masonic", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Masonic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Masonic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 893, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: The African church on 6th avenue was distubed during services by a number of boys - one of whom wore his jacked inside out. Stones were thrown and a cart ring was threatened to be ued in hitting someone. This kind of activity occurred frequently. Timothy Duffy and Michael Tweeny were indicted and convicted of riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 14, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Timothy Duffy; Michael Tweeny", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 894, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Allan Boupe was arrested at 9:30pm for rioting. Later that evening he stabbed a watchman. For this he was prosecuted in Gen. sessions August 13.", "Source": "NYEP, August 14, 1829", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Allan Boupe", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 895, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Sarah Thomas was harassed in the evening by 12 to 15 persons who came to her door, sung, dance, and made a great noise. The vestry lamp was broken and they threqa handkerchief full of frogs about her room. One has several times threatened to come to her house and throw flour about it.", "Source": "SC PC 7441, 9", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sarah Thomas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 896, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Religious assembly held at Christie street between Hester and Walker was disrupted by Jacob C. Cauldwell and others. Cauldwell plead guilty to riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1829", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob C. Cauldwell", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 897, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "New Bedford", "Location": "New Bedford", "Lat": 41.651401, "Long": -70.930255, "Description": "August: Citizens destroy a 2nd ship converted into a brothel.", "Source": "Ellis.History of New Bedford", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.930255, 41.651401 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 898, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Chambersburg", "Location": "Chambersburg, Penn", "Lat": 39.932651, "Long": -77.663306, "Description": "August: A demonstration was made upon the market house which resulted in the prostration of the Northwest pillar. \"This building has long been an eyesore to a portion of our inhabitants, but we had not supposed, that any of them were capable of convincing their displeasure to it.\"", "Source": "NYEP, August 8, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.663306, 39.932651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 899, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A number of rowdies refused to obey a watchman's order to behave about two thirty am in Amity street between Wooster and Green. The watchman was manhandled by two brothers.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 11, 1829", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 900, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Several disturbances by laborers at B+O railroad. On Friday Aug. 14 one man was killed near city, several wounded. On Sunday rioters ransacked the dwelling of Thomas Elliott, one of the contractors.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.441", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Elliott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 901, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A deputy sheriff levying an execution was resisted by a number of people who mobbed him. No \"personal violence was used\" but it was necessary for the high sheriff to come to disperse the crowd. This probably occurred in Chatham street. Those inolved, and 2 or 3 were apprehended and posted $1,000 and 500 bonds, were also ivolved with charging someone with swindling and they opposed the officer because they thought he was acting illegally.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, August 20, 1829", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 902, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "New Bedford", "Location": "New Bedford", "Lat": 41.651401, "Long": -70.930255, "Description": "August: A riot occurred as a crowd dismantled a renowned disorderly house, the Ark, after the occupants were legally forced to vacate. While doing so the building caught fire. Whether this was intentional or not is unclear.", "Source": "NYCommon Advertiser, August 26, 1829", "Type": "Moral Panic; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.930255, 41.651401 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 903, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnatti", "Location": "Cincinnatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: In an attempt to enforce an ordinance driving all black people out of town, a mob attacked the dwelling houses of black people, breaking windows and on Thursday and Friday night. On Saturday night a group of black residents armed themselves. When the white crowd attacked, a gun was fired, killing Ely Herricks, a young man. Ten black and seven white people were arrested that night and the mayor, on Sunday morning, issued a proclamation calling all good citizens to assist the constituted authorities in preserving the public peace.", "Source": "NYCommon Advertiser, August 26, 1829", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ely Herricks", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 904, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Perth Amboy", "Location": "Perth Amboy, NJ", "Lat": 40.512012, "Long": -74.272032, "Description": "September: Between 400 and 500 New Yorkers and Staten Islanders raided the oyster beds off Perth Amboy. To defend their crop a posse Comitats and the militia were ordered out in Perth Amboy. Shots were exchanged, but no one was killed.", "Source": "NYEP, Septebember 14, 1829", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Militia; Military", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.272032, 40.512012 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 905, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Marrieta", "Location": "Marrieta, Penn", "Lat": 40.056648, "Long": -76.559046, "Description": "September: Riots at the Banbridge Races between canal workers and the visitors to the races. A black person was killed, another man had his leg so battered by a musket shot that it had to be amputated. Others were wounded. A court case is to follow. Those workmen involved are to be dismissed from further employment on the line.", "Source": "NYEP, September 15, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.559046, 40.056648 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 906, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Ebenezer church in Elizabeth street, probably for black people, was disrupted during divine services. Some scuffle ensued. Two white men were in the church while more were outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 13, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 907, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Riotous meeting held at Park. Russel Clark, Cidorest (he sells porter tail) had called it and was the speaker. He favored national schools where black and white people would be taught together, a law for putting the wife on par with her husband, and a law for abolishing all debts. The crowd appeared to enjoy all this entertainment, but the police magistrate summoned Comstock, told him the meeting was riotous. It took some persuading but Comstock finally agreed to desist.", "Source": "NYEP, October 3, 1829", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Reformer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Russel Clark", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 908, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: 20 \"grown up boys\" came to Rebecca Hilton's house on PH street, made a great noise, threatened her, and threw stones at her windows. Probably occurred during the day. Result, 4 persons indicted were convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 12, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rebecca Hilton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 909, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "October: In the lower part of the city riot erupted when some Irish attempted to have a dance at a house. Neighbors through that this was not right and threw some stones at the windows. Duley insulted, the Irish counter-attacked with fist, clubs, and the like. Nearly 200 were engaged in the tumult. The police arrived, and with difficulty arrested 3 or 4 ringleaders and quelled the riot.", "Source": "NYEP, October 30, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 910, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Swartara", "Location": "Swartara, Lebanon Co., PA", "Lat": 40.246491, "Long": -76.811295, "Description": "November: Canal men at the great dam rioted. Shots were fired and shilelahs used. The riot is blamed on foreigners.", "Source": "Mniles'Wkly Register, November 28, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.811295, 40.246491 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 911, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, Pa", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "November: Two rival groups of democrats, Wolfites and Buchananites each decided to hold a victory declaration at the court house as soon as the court was adjourned. The Wolfites with the Sheriff at the lead, determined to break up the Buchanan celebration. As soon as the court was out they rushed in, had the sheriff elected chairman by a general howl. He was dragged from the bench, the mayor then being nominated. The discord was generating the orators of the day, GB Porter, James Buchanan and Benjamin Chonpaney making a general dirve for the tops of the Judges' desks. There was a general scramble for the high places, windows sills, pillars, tables, benches, and a general fisticuff ensued. The would-be speakers were shouted down and the target for flying inkstands, glasses and pitchers. This lasted for two hours.", "Source": "Klein.Penn. Politics, p.327-328", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Legal; Police; Sheriff; Elected Official; Mayor; Buchananite; Wolfite", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Legal; Police; Sheriff; Elected Official; Mayor; Buchananite; Wolfite", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "GB Porter; James Buchanan; Benjamin Chonpaney", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 912, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Harrisonburg", "Location": "Hourisonburg, VA", "Lat": 38.444348, "Long": -78.869919, "Description": "November: The effigy of BW Leigh, esq., was burnt in the public square for comments made disparaging west-Virginians and their militia at the state Conventions. The effigy was burnt with a piece of paper in hand, supposedly the comments.", "Source": "Niles'Weekly Register, December 5, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "BW Leigh", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.869919, 38.444348 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 913, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: The Masonic hall broken up by a number of rioters, attacked some of the persons there and beat Thomas Simmons, keeper of the Hall and the bartender. The watch was called and the group (??) those secured by the watch. This is the 3rd time this kind of disturbance has occurred.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 7", "Type": "Anti-Masonic", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Masonic", "Target Classification": "Masonic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Simmons", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 914, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Eliah Archer, with others disturbed the methodist meeting house near 3rd avenue during public worship. Archer has done this before. Result: convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 14, 1829", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Eliah Archer", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 915, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: White and black people fought in Cedar Ward following a loud and emotional religious service.", "Source": "Nash.Forging Freedom, p.275", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 916, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: \"A riot between blacks and whites arising out of some personal quarrel in which others than the original disputants became involved…; some persons were injured on both sides and some were arrested. This was the beginning of a series of riots in which white people generally the assailants upon the blacks. They were inflamed by prejudice and strong opposition to the doctrines of the friends of the abolition of slavery, which about this time were beginning to be boldly proclaimed.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott.History of Philadelphia, p.624", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 917, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., Penn", "Lat": 40.018342, "Long": -77.682709, "Description": "December: Journeymen shoemakers tried for conspiring to set prices and wages and compell owners to hire only members of their society. They also corresponded with like societies in Pittsburgh and elsewhere and drove an ex-member out of town. Two men convicted.", "Source": "Niles'Weekly Register, January 2, 1830", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Shoemaker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.682709, 40.018342 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 918, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: George Messerve and others harassed and rioted at Letitia Treadwell's in the morning.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 10", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Messerve", "Persons Named as Targets": "Letitia Treadwell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 919, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Bedford St. church was often harassed by groups of young boys who come there, run in and out and laugh, hallow and use indecent language. This occurred on Sunday, the 12th towards the end of the services.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 9", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 920, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/12", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Washington Turnpike", "Location": "Washington Turnpike, Maryland", "Lat": 39.036655, "Long": -76.955409, "Description": "December: Keeper of a turngate was assaulted after he refused passage to two travellers on horseback. The attack was made by the two men and a whole wagon load of men. The lock was broken and the house wrecked and the turnkeeper and his assistant badly beaten. A posse later did not attack the rioters for fear of their numbers. This occurred at 8:00am.", "Source": "NYEP, December 29, 1829", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Turnpike Keeper", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.955409, 39.036655 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 921, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Portsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, Ohio", "Lat": 38.750848, "Long": -82.984155, "Description": "January: \"Black Friday\" whites compell eighty black residents to leave town.", "Source": "Werner, p.230", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.984155, 38.750848 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 922, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Theater riot following a masquerade.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M+D, p.37", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 923, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Butcher Boys of center market frequently set their dogs on the students of the African free school in Mulberry street. On one occasion they had them attack the instructors son. On another occasion they seized a black girl and held her fast until the dogs had almost torn her clothes off.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, February 27, 1830", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Woman; School", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 924, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/03", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Williamsburg", "Location": "Williamsburg", "Lat": 37.275957, "Long": -76.710047, "Description": "March: Ritos at Wm. And Mary. A student had been suspended. Windows and papers were destroyed.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, March 16, 1830", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.710047, 37.275957 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 925, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rochester", "Location": "Rochester", "Lat": 43.184498, "Long": -77.597144, "Description": "March: Riot a 9 o'clock at Washington House. 15 men came in and demanded drnks without wanting to pay for them. They destroyed the bar and furniture. Some persons who tried to stop the riot were wounded. Four or five of them were arrested.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, March 11, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.597144, 43.184498 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 926, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: At least 80 sailors in a boarding on Jefferson street met and planned to attack the young man who shot Thomas Martin who was out on bail. A spy for the magistrates was found among them and severely ill-treated. The mayor then arrested the sailors releasing them wth a lecture the next morning.", "Source": "NYEP, March 26, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Spy; Magistrate; Legal", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 927, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/04", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "April: A mob attacked a masonic lodge at night, doing considerable damage.", "Source": "Vaughn.Anti-Masonic Party, p.167", "Type": "Anti-Masonic", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Masonic", "Target Classification": "Masonic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 928, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Easton", "Location": "Easton, PA", "Lat": 40.687964, "Long": -75.211394, "Description": "April: Saturday evening riot at Snufftown, opposite Easton between canal workers and raftsmen. Three raftsmen were injured. Unsure how many canal workers were injured.", "Source": "NYEP, April 16, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Raftsman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.211394, 40.687964 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 929, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Riot opposite the Franklin Institute. An escaped slave was to be returned to his master and a group of black people attempted to rescue him. They were not successful. A rioter was shot by a deputy.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, April 20, 1830", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 930, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/05", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Milledgeville", "Location": "Milledgeville, GA", "Lat": 33.076141, "Long": -83.234242, "Description": "May: Riot among diggers. 50 or 60 Carolinians attempted to drive off 20 or 30 Georgians from the area they were digging. The Carolinians were unsuccessful.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, May 12, 1830", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Digger; Carolinian", "Target Classification": "Digger; Georgian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.234242, 33.076141 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 931, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Turkeyfoot", "Location": "Turkeyfoot, PA", "Lat": 39.902413, "Long": -77.749907, "Description": "June: Riot of sorts as 3 brothers and 2 cousins attack commanding Major A. Hanna at a training camp for a volunteer brigade. Near Somerset.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, June 14, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Military; Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "A. Hanna", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.749907, 39.902413 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 932, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Meeting houe for religious services disrupted by several young men. Address - 245 Spring.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1830", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 933, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: There was fighting corner 86th street and 4th ave. The fighters threatened the spectators and John Daddy's, who lived nearby, house was stoned.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 14, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Daddy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 934, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Stonecutters objected to the use of granite pillars made in Sing Sing. In the forenoon they assembled in a large body in Broadway opposite construction site of the American Museum on the corner of Ann street. \"They ordered the workers to desist from going on with their work, and used threat to compel them to break off.\" The police office was notified and several of the most active were arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, June 22, 1830", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Stone Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 935, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Hog cart riot in the afternoon at 1st avenue and North street. \"Several hundred\" included, one hog officer severely injured, the other was dragged through the mud. After this, the mob dispersed. Ringleaders recognized and arrests expected.", "Source": "NYEP, July 2, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 936, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: After a dance at 17th street and 6th ave, early in the morning, a group of men broke into Patrick Lenor and James Scanlow's house, broke windows, etc. and did a lot of damage.", "Source": "NYC SC PC 7442 9, July 6 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrick Lenor; James Scanlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 937, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: About 3 o'clock at least 12 men came to Thomas Edgar's store and \"behaved in a riotous and disorderly manner.\" They assaulted and threatened Edgar.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7442, 7, August 29, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Edgar", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 938, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Dunnstown", "Location": "Dunnstown, Pa", "Lat": 41.14301, "Long": -77.423321, "Description": "September: Canal workers riot in dispute with local Germans over apple picking. One killed.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.288", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.423321, 41.14301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 939, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: 12 men arrested for rioting about 2 or 3 am in Water street near Moore street. They attacked a watchman with a club.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 9, 1830", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 940, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Renewal of oyster war between Staten Islanders and Jersyites over oyster beds.", "Source": "Com. Adv., September 15, 1830", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 941, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "September: Affray between white and black persons on Belkap street. Black people had frequently sassed white people there and this led to the riot. George Stearns suffered a broken leg and one black person was severely wounded. Reportedly \"Walker's Appeal\" had instilled in the African Americans a sense that they had extraordinary privileges.", "Source": "NYEP, September 24, 1830", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Stearns", "Persons Named as Targets": "George Stearns", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 942, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carbondale", "Location": "Carbondale, Pa", "Lat": 41.572129, "Long": -75.501808, "Description": "October: Irish workers fight with native born workers.", "Source": "Grimsted, \"Antebellum Labor\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.501808, 41.572129 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 943, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Disturbance at the Mosimer's Church in Roosevelt street. Some stone throwing.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 12, 1830", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mosimer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 944, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Great mob and riot in Walnut street between 11 and 12 o'clock at night. They refused to disperse when ordered.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 11, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 945, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "North Alabama", "Location": "North Alabama", "Lat": 34.392499, "Long": -86.749525, "Description": "October: Band of slicks come to Woody Martin's house, dragged him out of bed, took him into the woods and beat him severely.", "Source": "Bragg. \"Capt. Slick,\" p.125-126", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Gang; Slick", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Woody Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.749525, 34.392499 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 946, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Kennsington election riots. Rocks and brickbats involved. Women carried stones to the combatants in their aprons. The sheriff and a posse were driven off. Polls closed.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, October 14, 1830", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Woman", "Target Classification": "Political; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 947, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "New Bedford", "Location": "New Bedford", "Lat": 41.651401, "Long": -70.930255, "Description": "October: As militiamen were coming home from muster there was a quarrel with black people in their settlement at Portmouth, one mile east of NB. That was the 15th. On the night of the 16th a mob assembled and burnt two of the black houses on Saturday night.", "Source": "Com. Adv., October 26, 1830", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "White; Military; Militia", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.930255, 41.651401 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 948, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: African Methodist Union Church harassed by a large mob. Stones were thrown and the door was broken open. The church is located 7th avenue between 16 and 17th streets and the disturbance occurred during the services at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7442 8, October 18, 1830", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Black", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 949, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "North Alabama", "Location": "Northern Alabama", "Lat": 34.392499, "Long": -86.749525, "Description": "October: James Martin shot William Barton in dispute over slicks who had beaten James' father, Woody. This led to a riot at the market house.", "Source": "Bragg. \"Capt. Slick,\" p.26", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Martin", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Barton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.749525, 34.392499 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 950, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Disturbance at the Chatham theater. In attempting to control the unruly crowd, Marshall Joseph Thomas was assaulted. In the evening. The performance was disrupted.", "Source": "SC PC cases 11, December 21, 1830", "Type": "Theater; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Thomas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 951, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Disturbance at Porterhouse of John P. Signer, 14 Laurens involving at least 12 men.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Jan. 11, 1830", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John P. Signer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 952, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Methodist church in Forsythe street disrupted during evening services.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 6, 1831", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 953, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A gang of men attacked 157 Anthony street, residence of John Rollison. Stoop destroyed, windows broken, and everyone inside chased out. In the afternoon.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 7, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Rollison", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 954, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Disturbance concerning sculptured busts. Aaron Leggett went to pick up sone he ordered from John Brower. Brower didn't want to let him have it and ultimately appealed to the crowd in the street by calling Leggett \"a seducer, and a scoundrel; an oppressor of the poor and a damned rarkel!\"", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 17, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Merchant", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brower", "Persons Named as Targets": "Aaron Leggett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 955, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "February: Riot between American and British sailors. Started as a challenge to a fist fight. Americans drove the British off of the (??) at Kidlel's Wharf. Some damage to property aboard the ship.", "Source": "Spectator, March 8, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; British", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American; British", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 956, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A man disturbed the services at the Methodist Chruch in Allen street by walking up the aisle staring at the young women in the ladies section during the services. The officer in attendance asked him to leave and finally had to force him out. In the street a \"gang rushed forward\" and a cry for rescue was raised. The officer was knocked down and several dealt with. Watchmen came to his aid and the disturber was secured. None of his would-be rescuers, however, were taken.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, February 24, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Woman; Legal; Officer; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 957, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: The Sullivan street Methodist church was disturbed during services. When one of the disturbers was arrested he was rescued by others.", "Source": "NYC SC PC cases 7443 2, March 16, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 958, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "March: At night a group of \"blackguards\" attacked several people in the street. When a gentleman attempted to interfere he was assaulted. Some arrests weremade.", "Source": "Spectator, March 29, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Blackguard", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 959, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Geo Johnson and his house was attacked by 6 men and others. Stones were thrown and Johnson was knocked down.", "Source": "SC PC 7443, March 30 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Johnson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 960, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Disturbance at Chatham Theater, preventing the enjoyment of the show. Edward Ball, keeper of a public house, one of the principal disturbers.", "Source": "SC PC 7443, 7, April 13 1831", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Edward Ball", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 961, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Williamstown", "Location": "Williamston College", "Lat": 42.70558, "Long": -73.211621, "Description": "April: Students disrupted Methodist meeting at Daniel Ebon's house. They made noise inside and when they left they threw a barrel and brass kettle full of water through the window. The faculty were notified and promised to do something.", "Source": "NYEP, May 9, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Ebon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.211621, 42.70558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 962, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "April: race Riot. African Americans attacked a group of white people bothering several black girls. White people driven off, seven or eight injured.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 963, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co,. Alabama", "Lat": 34.910627, "Long": -85.852284, "Description": "April: About 20 slicks rode up to William Hall's house, took him to a swamp, held a mock trial for counterfeiting and sentenced him to 50 lashes on his back. Hall claimed personal emnity of his brother-in-law involved.", "Source": "Bragg. \"Capt. Slick,\" p.128-131", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Gang; Slick", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Hall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.852284, 34.910627 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 964, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "April: Mob of white people invade black district inflicting minor damage.", "Source": "Werner, p.230", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 965, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: A large crowd gather tumultuously outside John Heart's shop at Chatham street in the late afternoon. Brown challenged him to a fight.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 7, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": "John Heart", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 966, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "May: Riot among canal workers.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.288", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 967, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: J. cabinetmakers and\/or coachmakers strike lasts for over a month. Intimidate non-strikers. Beat one man up after he had gone to the police office.", "Source": "Weinbaum,Mobs, p.64", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cabinetmaker; Coachmaker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph M. Burger", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 968, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Journeymen cabinetmakers strike lasted over a month. The strikers attmpted to persuade and intimidate journeymen working for less wages for about a month. In the evening of May 3, they beat up Joseph M. Burger after he returned from the police office to notify the police. A dozen journeymen named in court records, four were arrested. The issue was later dropped.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.64", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cabinetmaker; Coachmaker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph M. Burger", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 969, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "May: Riot between Irish and Americans. Irish went from shop to shop collecting wood and metal chips. Occassionally, words were exchanged between the native American laborers and Irish. When an American decided to chastise an Irishman on the 17th and probably beat him, the conflict escalated into a general melee on Tuesday night. On Wednesday, the Americans attacked the Irish huts. Several Irishmen were injured. One infant accidently killed. Magistrates interfered but refused to prosecute because no serious damage done.", "Source": "NYEP, May 24, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 970, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Turnout by journeymen carpenters on Thursday morning they formed a procession and invited other carpenters to join them. They wanted a raise from 11 shillings to 12 shillings a day. No violence.", "Source": "Spectator, May 31, 1831", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Carpenter", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 971, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "June: Strikers riot over cut in wages and probably contractor absconding or taking wages.", "Source": "Grimsted, p.10-11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 972, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Printers demanding higher wages.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, June 24, 1831", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 973, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/06", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Walingford", "Location": "Walingford, ct", "Lat": 41.454559, "Long": -72.817548, "Description": "June: a group of men enter a man named Wheeler's house with the purpose of \"mobbing\" him. He and his family were in bed, but he pulled a knife and stabbed three of the men. One died instantly, another a little later. The rest ran.", "Source": "Spectator, June 10, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Wheeler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.817548, 41.454559 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 974, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Peter Braisted's place, 118 North, was frequently harassed by Jacob Somerindyke and his gang of followers. They did this on the night of the 7th, when the watch was called the men battled the watch and escaped.", "Source": "SC PC 7443 4m June 8 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob Somerindyke", "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Braisted", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 975, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "June: Railroad riot - A contractor cheated the laborers out of their pay. The company wanted to settle by dividing up the remaining money due the contractors. This was less than the money owed to the workers. Some laborers agreed to this, others did not. When the company tried to pay off the laborers objections were made and the agent was prevented from dispersing money. The workers started to tear up the line, 26 mile below Baltimore. No rioters arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, July 5, 1831", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Contractor", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 976, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co., Alabama", "Lat": 34.910627, "Long": -85.852284, "Description": "July: Slicks seize Alanson Huff, tied him to a tree and flogged him. Huff reported that 500 or 600 men belonged to the Slick company.", "Source": "Bragg. \"Capt. Slick,\" p.128-129", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Gang; Slick", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alanson Huff", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.852284, 34.910627 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 977, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Battle of the Bogue celebration riot. Protestant Irish Gideon society held a procession in the southern part of the city, going to a large hall in 5th street. Near Walnut. Irish catholics resented shi and attacked the procession. The mayor and the police broke it up. When the Protestants left the hall the violence renewed. Some prominent people, including a (??) magistrate involved. One man stabbed.", "Source": "Spectator, July 19, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Irish; Protestant; Orangeman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 978, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Riot at the wharf where the steamboat President lies. Four men and others were extremely hostile to the crew of the President.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 6, July 23, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Steamboat", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 979, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Samuel Adams' door broken by Verry and others in the morning.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 8 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Verry", "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Adams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 980, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "New Market", "Location": "New Market, Maryland", "Lat": 39.382025, "Long": -77.268418, "Description": "August: White (Irish) and black railroad workers began fighting Sunday evening. The disturbance was easily quelled. At 3:00pm rioting broke out again. Local citizens interfered, dispersing the Irish, capturing 20. About 400 Irish regrouped and marched into town to rescue the prisoners. Further violence prevented by intercession of Rev. M. Elroy and CW Weaver, Esq. M Elroy bailed the imprisoned rioters, talked the Irish mob down and led them out of town. Several persons injured.", "Source": "NYEP, August 22, 1831", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Prison Break; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.268418, 39.382025 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 981, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Threats (maybe violence) following NY Magdaline Society's charge that the city was the home of 10,000 prostitutes. Aimed against the society.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.35", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Reformer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 982, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Great Row at 8 Albany street, 5 persons arrested but others were also involved in the fighting and quarrelling. At 4:00pm.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 8, August 15, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 983, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Great noise and disturbance between 8+9 at night at corner of 8th ave and 20th st. There was fighting, quarrelling, and disorderly conduct by a gang of weavers and others who wanted to \"flog the damn yankee watchmen.\" Four men arrested.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 9, August 28, 1831", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 984, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, MA", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Riot started by \"drunken truckmen and handcartmen from Boston.\" Few details. While attempting to quell the disturbance, Dr. Hard and Mr. Audstin, Paseaster, were injured. Sunday evening.", "Source": "NYEP, September 2, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hard; Audstin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 985, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Disturbance in Broadway as three defendants and others were in the street at 1:00am making a great noise \"beating and hallowing in the most vociferous manner.\" In Broadway.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 7, August 28, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 986, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/09", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "September: Olney street riot - Began as a fight in a dance hall in which one black person beat 5 white people. Spilled out into street as black and white sailors fought one another with the African Americans driving the white people out of the neighborhood on the 21st. Next night white crowd returned, destroying two houses. A black person fired on the white people, killing one. The rioting continued. On the 23rd, 25 militiamen were routed by rioters. On the 24th, two militia companies fired on rioters, killing 4.", "Source": "Coftrol.Afro-Yankees, p.56-57", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Sailor", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Sailor; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 987, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: At least 2 rioters and others harassed Elizah Smith. They did so in the evening, breaking a lamp and spilling oil on a carpet. One, at least, was a butcher.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 16, October 6, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elizah Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 988, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Pheoebe Doty, says her house was attacked by a gang of men, led by Butcher Harry Hartwell. In the evening. They do this often.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 12, October 7, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Harry Hartwell", "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Dotty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 989, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Riot started in afternoon and lasted until evening. A dispute between cartmen moving paving stones blew up into a fight. Spectarors gathered and some joined the fray. About 40 persons involved in the fighting. No police ever broke it up.", "Source": "NYEP, October 4, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 990, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A mob pulled down James Kinseng's new house. They removed the building materials. He was hurt trying to stop them.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 16, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Kinseng", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 991, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "October: Mob stoned Arthur Tuppon's house on Temple street.", "Source": "Richards, p.38", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Arthur Tappan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 992, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Theater riot- against English actor Joshua Anderson for having allegedly spoken against US in an argument with an American citizen. On the night of the 13th the audience shouted so loudly as to prevent Anderson from acting. Oranges, etc., were thrown too. On the 15th the audience refused to allow Anderson to act. He didn't still the second half of the performance was marred by the throwing of oranges, apples, etc. The crowd remained for 2hours. When 100 watchmen appeared, (??) and other property were destroyed. The watch ws withdrawn. The next night 1000 people gathered outside. At 9:00pm, stones were thrown and windows broken. The mayor and high constable arrived the but mob dispersed only when the theater displayed an American flag, American Eagle and tricolor.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M+D, p.38-39", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "Actor; British; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Theater", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joshua Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 993, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "October: A mob tore down a black individual's shanty on \"Sodom Hill.\"", "Source": "Richards, p.38", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 994, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson", "Location": "Hudson, NY", "Lat": 42.251656, "Long": -73.792289, "Description": "October: Mob harassment of revivalist Rev. John Moffat, Methodist. Mob surrounded church on two evenings. But no real violence reported. Later story minimalized disturbance.", "Source": "NYEP, October 28, November 17, 1831", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Revivalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Moffat", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.792289, 42.251656 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 995, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Two shoemakers were assaulted on their way home from work by 4 men and others. Bleeker and Minetta.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 11, November 5, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Worker; Shoemaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 996, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/11", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "November: Theater riot in Tremont Theater. 5 persons tried - all acquitted.", "Source": "NYEP, November 16, 1831", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 997, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: William Mott was obstructed by a mob from doing his duty as a peace officer (unclear what). When Mott arrested one of the rioters, the man was arrested.", "Source": "SC PC 7443 17, November 14, 1831", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Mott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 998, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Disturbance at Richmond Hill Theater. Five persons arrested. Attempted rescue of prisoners. Interrupted performance.", "Source": "SC PC 7443 16, November 28, 1831", "Type": "Theater; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 999, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/12", "State": "Florida", "Sublocation": "Key West", "Location": "Key West, Florida", "Lat": 24.563977, "Long": -81.724009, "Description": "December: Riot among shipwrecked passengers who objected to a contractor illicitly taking money from them.", "Source": "NYEP, December 29, 1831", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Shipwrecked Passengers", "Target Classification": "Contractor; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.724009, 24.563977 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1000, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Auction of furniture made outside of the city disrupted by journeymen cabinetmakers in the morning. They shouted down the auctioneer. Some defaced the furniture. They believed the competition would lower wages.", "Source": "NYEP, December 21, 1831", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cabinetmaker", "Target Classification": "Auction", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1001, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/12", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "December: Theater riot when stage manager refused to allow the afterpiece to proceed. Lamps broken, seats torn up and property destroyed. He promised to pay refunds later.", "Source": "NYEP, December 31, 1831", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1002, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: In Green street, between Brown and Spring, there was a general fight with flats, sticks, shovels, etc. Five persons arrested.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7443 17, December 26, 1831", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1003, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Madison", "Location": "Madison, NY", "Lat": 42.900193, "Long": -75.511172, "Description": "March: \"A large collection of men and boys\" attack a house. \"The cause of the disturbance was the marriage of a female of more than exceptionable character.\" Shots were fired from the house and several were wounded.", "Source": "Bruegel.Farm, Shop, Laundry, p.187-188", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Men", "Target Classification": "Woman; Married Couple", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.511172, 42.900193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1004, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A gang of boys, headed by Peter Hardy (a black boy) come into the neighborhood of Washington and Cedar streets in the afternoon. They attacked James Moore, sone of James F Moore, giving the boy a black eye. They were trying to drive Moore's boys out of the neighborhood.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7444, January 21, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Black", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Hardy", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Moore", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1005, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Theater disturbance in Chathtam Garden Theater. Stephen Hendricks and Charles Archer and others were fowdy, insluting, and threatening.", "Source": "SC PC cases February 8, 1832", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Stephen Hendricks; Charles Archer", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1006, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Ohio", "Location": "Ohio", "Lat": 40.427722, "Long": -82.719194, "Description": "March: Mob of 30 to 40 instigated by (??), tarred and feathered Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon.", "Source": "Winn.Exiles, p.63,70,83", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Smith; Sidney Rigdon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.719194, 40.427722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1007, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: John Baker, Samuel Austin, and James Dueren and others were part of a gang prowling about the streets at 5am Hallowing, knocking over cusks, breaking crockery etc., in the Bowery.", "Source": "Johnson and Baker et. Al., March 4 1832, SC PC 7444", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Baker; Samuel Austin; James Dueren", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1008, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A gang of boys came to John Wines Sheriff and Delaney and beat him and two others about 9 o'clock. The watch came up. Smith Henderson, Silvester Daniel, and Burkes Shaft were part of the gang and were arrested.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7444, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Smith Henderson; Silvester Daniel; Burkes Shaft", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1009, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Theater riot against English actor (??) Anderson. The manager asked the audience if they would let him act. They agreed, but a crowd of 5,000 objected and broke in, overrunning the stage and doing enough damage to keep the theater closed the next day.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.38-39", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1010, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: 12-14 people, including Patrick Kelly, his wife, William McLaughlin and wife, beat Francis Dillan in the 12th ward. No reasons given.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, April 19 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Man; Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Kelly; William McLaughlin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Francis Dillan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1011, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Minor riot at New York Protestant association meeting as Catholics and Protestant debate religion.", "Source": "Billingham, p.59", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1012, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany, NY", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "May: residents living near a house on Lodge street, between Beaver and Howard became tired of the noise and disturbances there. Both black and white families resided in the house. The locals tore down the house. The mayor, the high constable, and several watchmen were at the scene, but were unable to stop the riot.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.98", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1013, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Disturbance at Broadway house, Grand and Broadway. A gang of boys threw stones etc., at building. They attacked a cartman. When the watchmen attempted to interfere they attacked them too.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1014, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Great disturbance on Greenwich street. Started with fighting between Thomas Magrath, John Folon, Dine Hays and many others. Probably near 362 Greenwich. John Warwick was also in the fray.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7444, July 1 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Magrath; John Folon; Dine Hays; John Warwick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1015, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: Affray between NY sailors and Spanish stevedores. The stevedores had knives, but the sailors won.", "Source": "NYEP, August 4, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1016, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: On the previous Saturday night several men came to Hall's house, broke glasses, were rowdy etc. They left, came back, tore down a fence, broke glass in the windows and did other damage. This about 11 or 12 o'clock.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, July 31, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1017, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: John Arthur Stephenson, asst. Health Warden for 8th ward, was obstructed from doing his duty by several people. One put a pitchfork to his chest and threatened to stab him.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 16, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Health Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Arthur Stephenson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1018, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: About 50 persons attacked John Eldred and his workers in 12 ward, compelling them to leave off work on the Public Roads and threatening to break his cub if he did not quit.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 10, 1832", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Eldred", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1019, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Hog cart disturbance in the 8th ward. Dennis Dougherty and wife threatened John P. Hall, a Health Officer, becase the latter attempted to collect hog.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, August 15, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Hog Cart", "Target Classification": "Health Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Dennis Dougherty", "Persons Named as Targets": "John P. Hall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1020, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Disorderly house kept by Hannah Corvass. Lots of noise, fighting, etc., for which 12 persons were arrested the night of the 16th.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7444, August 17, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1021, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Hog car riot. Probably 8th ward. 16 hogs released from hog cart and threats uttered.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 16, 1832; SC PC 7444, August 21, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Hog Cart", "Target Classification": "Health Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1022, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Benjamin Robinson, constable, attempted to arrest James (??), resisted and collected a large number of persons who behaved riotously and threatened Robinson.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 16, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Robinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1023, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Azel Conklin, Marshall, went to arrest John Mewerring. However, when he tried to do this several people came and rescued him.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 5, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Mewerring", "Persons Named as Targets": "Azel Conklin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1024, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Fight in Walnut street involving unspecified numbers. When the watch interfered, Michael Lynch claimed that if the watch took one man they would have to take everyone. After Lynch was arrested, the crowd followed the watchmen and stoned them.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, September 2, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Michael Lynch", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1025, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: 12 men, at least, disturb widow Catherin Haviland. Not much on details except disorderly.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, September 10, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Catherin Haviland", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1026, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Herman Howlett ran a school in the basement of the church in Forsythe and Walker street. On the 11th and other days a gang of boys harrassed him and his school. They broke some windows. They do this sort of thing often.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, September 11, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Educator; School; Church", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Herman Howlett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1027, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Watchman Longhorn had a prisoner, Robert Rerkill, encouraged a mob to attempt a rescue. No location given.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, September 24, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Robert Rerkill", "Persons Named as Targets": "Longhorn", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1028, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Black Bob's Tavern uptown was disrupted by several men who had pissed on the floor, broke windows, etc.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 12, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Black Bob", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1029, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Riot in the evening on the corner of 17th st and 6th ave. No numbers given. Marshall John P. Raymond attempted to arrest one rioter when another pulled out a knife and threatened him.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, September 29, 1832", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John P. Raymond", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1030, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Disturbance outside of the Park theater around Chatham street. People shouting and acting riotously. Four persons arrested for riot as a part of the mob.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, October 7 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1031, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "October: Oyster Wars on the Eastern shore as local oystermen and officials fight off interlopers from PA and NJ.", "Source": "NYEP, October 26, 1832", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1032, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: A crowd of men attack Eliza Granger's dwelling, between 8 and 9 o'clock at night. Entering the house they broke windows out.", "Source": "SC PC 7444, October 22, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Eliza Granger", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1033, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Election rioting. Brawls at the 7th and 14th ward. On the 1st day of the election a landlord evicted a member of the 5th ward Nat. Rep. Comm. With the help of bullies. During the disturbances at least 50 political toughs involved. The riots occurred at the polls. Several persons prevented from voting.", "Source": "NYEP, November 8, 1832; SC PC 7445 3, November 10, 1832", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1034, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A large number of persons rioted at Patrick McCafferty's, corner of Elizabeth and Grand. Not sure if connected to Election. Two persons named. Harrington was involved in election rioting.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 4, November 8, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Harrington", "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrick McCafferty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1035, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A large body of men came to Peter Brower's home, he was an innkeeper, and acted in a riotous and disorderly manner. 5 persons named in deposition.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 2, November 14, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Brower", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1036, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Two black people arrested as escaped slaves. While being taken between City Hall and Bridewell - their case still pending, there was an attempt to rescue them. The two officers escorting them were struck and pushed aside, but several officers came to their assistance and the mob was soon repulsed. Four ringleaders arrested. No white persons involved.", "Source": "NYEP, November 14, 1832; SC PC 7445, November 15, 1832", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1037, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: In Chatham street, John Edwards set up the Spectaculum, which was some kind of transparency show. At about 8 o'clock in the evening there was a disturbance outside. Over 50 stones were thrown at the building, damaging transparencies, breaking windows, and injuring two persons.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 1, November 29, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Edwards", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1038, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Camden", "Location": "Camden, NJ", "Lat": 39.944731, "Long": -75.116344, "Description": "December: Nearby an attempt to recapture 3 escaped slaves was opposed by a crowd of both blacks and whites. The slaveowner from Havre de Grace and a friend driven off. At Camden they got reinforcements and returned to arrest several of the assailants. Not sure what happened to the slave.", "Source": "NYEP, December 11, 1832", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.116344, 39.944731 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1039, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: At least 15 men came to Mary Brown's and demanded drinks etc., between 10 and 11 o'clock at night. They were armed with bludgeons and came with a pot of tar to threaten Brown with tar and feathering. The watch arrived and prevented the destruction of too much furniture.", "Source": "SC PC 7445, December 18, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1040, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Broad stret riot. No real details.", "Source": "NYEP, December 31, 1832", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1041, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Approximately 40 to 50 persons rioted between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon on Christmas day. Most seem to have been Irish. Several stones were thrown and some fighting. There may have been an attack against a black person. Occurred on 3rd avenue.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 6, December 26, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1042, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Riot in Harlem. Two men arreste for a Sunday afternoon frolic in Yorkville and Harlem. Several houses were attacked and a number of gentlemen were beaten. Along 2nd ave.", "Source": "NYEP, August 1, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1043, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Laborers and gentlemen mix it up in the evening at 3rd ave and 19th. Two carriages going downtown came a bit too close to a line of cart taking dirt to be dumped. The Irish laborers driving the cart and others drinking in a nearby grocer objected. A scuffle ensued which had to be broken up by the police.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, CC - 6", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Class", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1044, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pennsylvania", "Location": "Pennsylvania", "Lat": 40.932085, "Long": -77.601813, "Description": "August: German canal worker, Charles Hickenbottom, murdered by about 20 other canal workers. One worker had been dismissed, 20 of his fellow workers quit in sympathy. They then went down to the canal about one mile and attacked Hickenbottom. 11 arrested and charged with murder. Five charged with A+B and riot.", "Source": "NYEP, August 6, 1833", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.601813, 40.932085 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1045, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Peter Kusick convicted of an assault on a watchman in a riot in East Broadway. The police had to quell it. Kusick used an ax. Tried for assault.", "Source": "The Court and NY Enquirer, Dec 10, 1833", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Kusick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1046, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Church on 2nd street harassed. Young men shouting \"hot corn\" and acting disorderly. A watchman arrested three persons, but the rest continued the disturbance.", "Source": "NYCSCPCC 7445 13", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1047, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Hog cart riot - supposedly a \"gang of half naked, whooping and barbarous negroes.\" In evening the hog collectors were surrounded by an indignant mob, pelted with stones, and escaped only with great difficulty.", "Source": "NYEP, August 23, 1833", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1048, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: The collectors of fines for a militia regiment was assaulted with rotten eggs while collecting fines. He had to save himself by jumping several fences.", "Source": "NYEP, August 23, 1833", "Type": "Tax", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax", "Target Classification": "Tax Collector; Militia", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1049, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Two or three rows occurred when the books for subscription were opened for certain banks", "Source": "NYEP, August 23, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1050, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Dunnsburg", "Location": "Dunnsburg, PA", "Lat": 41.247361, "Long": -76.979092, "Description": "August: Riot between laborers working on the Great Island Dam and a number of boatmen. On Saturday morning a dispute over a boatload of stone, the laborers wanted it placed on the dam, led to a riot which continued until Sunday evening. One Irish laborer was killed. Several people were wounded. The militia was called out Sunday to quell the disturbance.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, August 30, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.979092, 41.247361 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1051, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, NY", "Lat": 42.970008, "Long": -77.228299, "Description": "September: A peace officer was killed while attempting to quell a disturbance among some drunken rioters.", "Source": "Com. Adv., Sep. 17, 1833", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.228299, 42.970008 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1052, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "New Brunswick", "Location": "New Brunswick, NJ", "Lat": 40.495172, "Long": -74.4311, "Description": "September: Riot at the race course between workers on the Delaware and Rariton cancal and local citizens. 8 or 10 rioters injured. One, a physician from New Brunswick, was so seriously injured his life was in danger.", "Source": "NYEP, Sep. 23, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.4311, 40.495172 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1053, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/09", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "CT", "Lat": 41.538474, "Long": -72.622898, "Description": "September: Assault made on Miss Crandall's house while a clergyman held a meeting there. Rotten eggs and other missiles thrown at windows. Offal dumped into well on another occasion.", "Source": "31 Cong., 1 sess., App. 1059", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.622898, 41.538474 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1054, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Anti-abolitionists gather outisde Clinton Hall where an abolitionist meeting had been scheduled. Garrison was supposed to attend. The meeting had been shifted to the Chatton street chapel. The antis went to Tammary hall and then marched to the chapel, arriving after the abolitionists left. The antis broke in, dressed a black \"Arthur Tappon\" and mockingly passed resolutions for immediate emancipation.", "Source": "Richards, p.27-30", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church", "Actions": "Effigy; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Arthur Tappan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1055, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Disturbance at Jewish synagogue. Internal problem over the correct rituals. Ordinarily two leaders from the congregation read passages from the Penta (??). But they usually were not from the same family. When a father attempted to read after his son, the congregation objected and had to physically throw him out.", "Source": "Com. Adv., October 9, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Jewish", "Target Classification": "Religious; Jewish", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1056, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.074342, "Long": -94.468339, "Description": "Oct-Nov: Missourian expell Mormons, burning houses, demolishing furniture, cornfields, horsewhipping men.", "Source": "Baily, p.8", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.468339, 39.074342 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1057, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "December: A group of drunken Irish beat a native American (WASP?) to death. Next night 500 activists marched on Irish. Troops called, but stood helplessly as several houses were destroyed.", "Source": "Bisson,Countdown to Violence, p.87-89", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1058, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Tumultuous meeting at Tammary Hall between Bowne supporters and G. Wells supporters. Both supported Jackson. Unsure of how much violence there was.", "Source": "Howe,DiaryVII, November 1, 1833", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1059, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Riot on Chestnut street wharf. Some of the passengers in the Balta Steamboat, laborers, started fighting. The stores they threw hit others and the peace officers were forced to interfere, beating the rioters.", "Source": "NYEP, November 5, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1060, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Some violence at meetings of journeymen tailors on strike to maintain meetings. With over 2,000 tailors there were difficulties in maintaing solidarity. Some workers returned to shops for below standard wages.", "Source": "Morning CourierNovember 16, 1833", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1061, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Piano Forte workers on strike harassed Benjamin Eastmond because of his refusal to join the strike. They followed him about the street, even into the shop, threatening him. On the evening of the 20th they assaulted him, tearing his court. Twelve men are named. Maybe more involved.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - 7446", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Eastmond", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1062, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Piano makers on strike for wages. Hassle non-strikers, threatening them and on the 20th assaulting them. Lasted several days at least.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - 7446", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1063, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Threater riot at Richmond Hill theater interrupted performance. Police were attacked as was the door keeper. 11 persons named.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - 7446 3. Howes v Raulet et al, Nov 26,1833", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1064, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Chesapeake Bay", "Location": "Chesapeake Bay", "Lat": 39.460764, "Long": -76.095696, "Description": "November: Maryland\/Penn oyster war.", "Source": "NY Eng, November 25, 1833", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.095696, 39.460764 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1065, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: Irish and protestant Americans fight during Thanksgiving celebration at Roger McGowan's restaurant. One yankee died in the fight.", "Source": "Hammet, \"Two mobs…,\" p.899", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1066, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: When Benjamin Daniels looked into an Irish dancing party through a window, his gaping was greeted by an attack. So terrific was the beating that Daniels died the next day. Engraged by Daniels' death, a mob formed the next evening and attempted to demolish Roger McGowan's house, the site of the Irish dance. The navy sent some men who temporarily halted the destruction, but as soon as they left, the mob finished its work.", "Source": "Com. Adv., December 2, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Daniels", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1067, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Utica", "Location": "Utica, NY", "Lat": 43.103722, "Long": -75.241196, "Description": "December: After a week of popular agitation about colonization, a mob burned Beriah Green, Pres. Of Oneida Institute and against colonization and Alvin Stewart, another anti-slavery man, in effigy.", "Source": "Richards, p.86", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Colonization; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Anti-Coloniztion", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beriah Green; Alvin Stewart", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.241196, 43.103722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1068, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "Missouri", "Lat": 39.135667, "Long": -92.776356, "Description": "December: Notice of Mormon war.", "Source": "Com. Adv., December 17, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.776356, 39.135667 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1069, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, Md", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "December: From Boston Journal comes a report of an anti-Avery mob in which an effigy of Avery shot and burnt because he preached at the Methodist church on Chapel Hill.", "Source": "Court NYC, Dec 27, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1070, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: For over two hours the Bowers Theater was disturbed by several persons. The theater manager had recently dismissed Samuel \"Treat\" McKinney. Apparently his supporters were going to create a ruckus until he was reinstated.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions People vs. McKinney et al., January 16, 1834", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1071, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: About 20 men acted riotously and turbulently at Phoebe Duty's house, destroying furniture, etc.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, People vs O'Mera, Jan 15, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Dotty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1072, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: There was a disturbance during services at the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Chambers street, under Rev. McLeod. Eight persons are named by others were involved. Because of the clamor and noise the services were stopped.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7445, 9, January 14, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "McLeod", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1073, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: 20 to 40 ruffians entered at least 4 inns along a sleighing road and disrupted them. They beat proprietors and injured at least 6 persons.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.65-66", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1074, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Riot at the Park Theater in the evening. Rioters accompanied by Prostitutes very disorderly and theeatened Marshall.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 13, 1833", "Type": "Law; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1075, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Theater riot for un-ascertainable reasons.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.37", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1076, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Election riot at the 6th ward poll. David Gilmartin identified as a ringleader who assaulted several people.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 11, April 10, 1833", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Gilmartin", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1077, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Strike by journeymen carpenters for higher wages. Parades through the streets to get support for the strike from some strikers. Wanted a raise from $1.32 to $1.50.", "Source": "P. Howe Diary VI, May 17, 1833", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Carpenter", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1078, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/06", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "June: A mob of about 40 black people rescued an escaped slave from his owner. They surronded and beat the sherriff. A posse chased the black people into the countryside and managed to arrest a few but the (??) escaped. A committee was formed to investigate the riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit 1824-1847,\"Michigan History, p.263-265", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1079, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Riot in the 1st ward. Watchman hit by cart ring while rioters attampt rescue. Rioters from 6th ward.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 8, 1833", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1080, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Turnout of ropemakers objecting to the introduction of labor saving machinery. On the 17th abuot 200 ropemakers from NYC and Bklyn marched to Lewis' ropewalk at the Walkabout to seize rope manufactured there with the new marhcinery. They talked it over with the owner and bought it from him. They then paraded through Bklyn, with drum and fife and burnt it in a bon fire at Fort Green.", "Source": "NYEP, June 19, 1833", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Ropemaker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lewis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1081, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Independence", "Location": "Independence, Missouri", "Lat": 39.084331, "Long": -94.427416, "Description": "July: Missourians drive Mormons out. Destroyed press and office of Mormon Star, attacked mercantile property owned by Mormons and tarred and feathered two church elders who refused to renounce the book of Mormon.", "Source": "Baily, p.6-7", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon; Merchant; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.427416, 39.084331 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1082, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Several men attacked John Dougherty, master of steamboat Fairhour, aboard the boat.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 12, July 25, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Steamboat Master", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Dougherty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1083, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Watchman Henry Hinson responded to a cry of distress from a house, corner of Pelham and Cherry streets. He and two other watchmen were assaulted by at least 11 men and coomen. This between 11 and 12 o'clock at night.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 8, 1833", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Hinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1084, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: On Sunday morning a number of men rushed into Silvester D. Judson's porter room and acted \"in a riotous fashion.\" Judson had to sseek safety by going to the police. Three persons named.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 12, July 29, 1833", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Silvester D. Judson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1085, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, Penn", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "January: Workers use col (??) violence during strike concerning wages. Pennsylvania canal workers involved.", "Source": "Geinstel, \"A-C,\" 11,23,40", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1086, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/01", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Williamsport", "Location": "Williamsport, Md", "Lat": 39.595218, "Long": -77.821478, "Description": "January-Feb: Canal workers from Cork fight with workers from Longford in an effort to protect their jobs. Several battles fought, resulting in 6 deaths.", "Source": "Grinsted. \"Ante-Bellum Labor,\" JSH (1965), p.9", "Type": "Labor; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker; Irish; Catholic; Gang", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker; Irish; Catholic; Gang", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.821478, 39.595218 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1087, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Three Kelsos with several others broke into Mary James' 448 Water street house, Screwdock hotel, set fire to her greens, broke and destroyed several articles of clothing and acted riotously. In the evening.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - cases 7446 9, James v Kelso et al., Jan 24, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary James", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1088, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: \"A number of boys and men\" disturbed and disquited the congregation of the Chatham street chapel on their way to and from services. Such crowds had collected there recently on several occasions.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - cases 7446 6, Smith v. Brooks et al, Feb. 3, 1834", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Men", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1089, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Public meeting at the Park, called by the Whigs, somewhat disorderly, as pro-Bank whigs and anti-Bank Jacksonians struggled to gain control over the platform and chairmanship. Some pushing and shoving. Eventually anti-bank men controlled the platform, tore it down, and paraded through the streets with it. Standard political meeting disorder. NYEP symptathetic to anti-bank.", "Source": "NYEP, Feb. 8 and 10, 1834", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1090, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Riotous attack on Michael Farrel's sailor's boarding house at 350 Water street. Furniture was broken, propery injured, he was robbed of $150 and threatened with further action. There had earlier been a meeting at Harmony Hall to discuss the sailor's interests. Those in the mob are identified by testimony as sailors or other boarding housekeepers. Might be some kind of worker's action.", "Source": "NYC SC PC 7446 6, Farrel v. Roe et al., F. 15, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Merchant", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Boardinghouse", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Michael Farrel", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1091, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: A group of Catholics attacked Samuel B. Smith as he addressed a Baptist group. He escaped bodily injury.", "Source": "Billington, p.60", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel B. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1092, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: Faction fight among canal workers. Several killed. (??) guards ordered out.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.195,289", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1093, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "March: Pro Jackson, anti-bank meeting of Democrats at Faneuil Hall attacked by pro-bank whig mob. Democrats held their ground and drove Whigs out.", "Source": "Bisson.Countdown to Violence, p.93", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1094, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Election riots on two days between the anti-Bank Jacksonians and the Whigs. There was a strong ehtnic content to the disturbance as the 1st days dioting started when Whigs visiting the 6th ward polls harassed the Irish. The second day saw fighting in the 6th ward, by the Masonic hall and elsewhere. The Whig even attempted to get weapons from the armory but were persuaded not to by officials. The militia was called out.", "Source": "Weinbaum.Mobs and Demagogues, p.3-10", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1095, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: A crowd guts the Lalaurie Mansion. Earlier, when there was a fire at the place, it was discovered that Madame Lalaurie had tortured her slaves and then chained several in the attic. That night, when it appeared officials were not going to do anything about it, the crowd outside the mansion becamse threatening. The Lalauries escaped and the house was gutted thereafter. Supposedly, the black butler who drove the carriage holding the escaping was caught by a mob and killed.", "Source": "Ashara.French Quarter, p.247-252", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; White; Black; French", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lalaurie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1096, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "April: News of NY election sent pro-Bank forces into the streets celebrating victory. A lot of singing, carousing, and a few fights. In the streets until 3:00pm.", "Source": "no source given", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1097, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Porstsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, NH", "Lat": 43.077091, "Long": -70.751494, "Description": "April: Election riot. Whigs celebrated success in NY during the day. That evening Democrats set fire to tar barrels and rolled them in streets; then they burnt Henry Clay and Daniel Webster in effigy. They stole and smashed a fire engine to prevent its being used. Then they went to the branch office of the Bus and ripped down the eagle and sign and thew them into the bonfire. Police efforts to interrupt failed. Earlier news article.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, April 29, 1834", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank", "Actions": "Effigy; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Clay; Daniel Webster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.751494, 43.077091 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1098, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Mansfield", "Location": "Mansfield, MA", "Lat": 42.023918, "Long": -71.216477, "Description": "April: 400 R.R. laborers struck for higher wages and armed with clubs, assaulted one of the contractors. The High Sheriff of Norfolk called out the militia, and arrested nine ringleaders. The deputy sheriff also caleld on the militia and arrested six.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, April 25, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Railroad", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.216477, 42.023918 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1099, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Sailor's riot at Munson's boarding house, Number 62 Cherry street. Conflicting stories. One says Munson shipped sailors out with less than the standard advance. As a result, 100 sailors attacked his house and abused his barkeeper. Another report says that Munson was head of a sailor's organization. After a meeting some sailors were misled by a Munson rival and then engaged in the destruction.", "Source": "M. Court. NY Eng, April 25, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Munson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1100, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: On the 23rd large anti-Jackson rally at Monument square. Some violence with pro-Jackson people. Following evenign young whigs \"attacked on South street, by democrats, but Mayor and posse interfered and restored peace.\" NYEP calls this a small disturbance over pro-Bank meeting. Some windows broken.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.468-469;NYEP, April 28, 1834", "Type": "Political; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Pro-Bank; Youth", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Bank", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1101, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Engine 24 attacked in the afternoon while putting out a fire in Oliver street. Later, 18 men were arrested at an unlicensed tippling house run by a French man named Bentig. Others arrested Monday morning. Original fight at fire was between rival fire companies. Fighting also occurred at engine house in Wooster street.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, April 29, 1834", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1102, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Mansfield", "Location": "Mansfield, MA", "Lat": 42.023918, "Long": -71.216477, "Description": "April: Irish workers demand higher wages and more grog. They beat contractor when he refused to comply immediately.", "Source": "Grimsted, \"Ante-bellum Labor,\" p.10,11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Contractor", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.216477, 42.023918 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1103, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: Madame LaFaurie's house destroyed by a mob. Reason unsure. Other houses also threatened. Two black persons saved from the fire at Lafaurie's house later died. In the yard and in the old well bodies found. The civil military authorities prevented any further damage.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, May 2, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "LaFaurie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1104, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Anti-abolitionist disturbance.", "Source": "Richards, p.113", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1105, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Cambridge", "Location": "Cambridge, MA", "Lat": 42.372862, "Long": -71.122044, "Description": "May: Disorder at Harvard began as a confrontation between a student and an instructor. Students wrecked the instructor's room and furniture when he reported the student. Disturbances continued with more attacks on property and even battles with the watch. Ultimately entire sophomore class dismissed.", "Source": "Bisson.Countdown to Violence, p.95-99", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.122044, 42.372862 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1106, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Black people riot to protect an ex-slave. A Virginia gentleman claimed a black man as a runaway. Black people attempted to rescue him. But they were unsuccessful. Some were arrested. Six were convicted and sent to jail for 8 or 9 months.", "Source": "Mor. Court and NY Eng, May 5, 1834", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; White", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1107, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.074342, "Long": -94.468339, "Description": "June: News of the approach of Joseph Smith and armed Mormons triggered a violence Missouri response. The Missourans stormed the jail, took every fighting weapon Mormons had, and burnt down all remaining Mormon property.", "Source": "Baily.Armres, p.19-20", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.468339, 39.074342 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1108, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Three individual cases of riot reported in the Court of S. S. listing of offenses.", "Source": "NYEP, July 9, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1109, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: J. Bakers strikes for higher wages. Strike sanctioned by the Trades Union. They want $1.00 per barrel for baking and a 9 barrel week…some bakers willing to comply. Fear of outside workers expressed.", "Source": "MC and NYE, June 9 and 19, 1834;NYEP, June 9, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Baker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1110, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "June: Theater riot. A visint Irish actor, Power, refused to perform one night because the audience was not big enough. The nex ttheater was crowded and booed and hissed his performance. Not too much was thrown.", "Source": "M. Court. And NY Eng, June 14, 1834", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Power", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1111, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Turnout among J. cordwainers of ladies shoes. Not industry-wide; confined to those employees who were trying to lower wages.", "Source": "NYEP, June 14, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cordwainer", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1112, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.109037, "Long": -76.88685, "Description": "June: Laborers on Washington railroad rioted. Fight was between Irish factions and four persons were killed. 30 or 40 rioters arrested. Militia from Baltimore ordered out to quell riot. Factions: Fardowns and Corkeans - one of those killed was a woman.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, June 19, 20, 1834", "Type": "Labor; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Railroad Worker; Gang", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Railroad Worker; Woman; Gang", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.88685, 39.109037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1113, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.109037, "Long": -76.88685, "Description": "June: Railroad workers again rioted in the evening. One man killed, two others seriously injured. Some Gerrons and oe Native American attacked.", "Source": "NYEP, June 28, 1834", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "German; Native", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.88685, 39.109037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1114, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Authorities arrested a woman for stealing a pair of shoes. About 200 rioters shouting \"State Prison monopoly!\" attacked the shoe store, destroyed the awning, smashed the windows, and rescued some of the arrested rioters after the watch attempted to intervene. 2000 persons watched this scene.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M + D, p.66", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1115, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Dubuque", "Location": "Dubuque, Iowa", "Lat": 42.518756, "Long": -90.684951, "Description": "July: Mob whipped William Hoffman because his friend accused him of keeping the friend's money. Punishment stopped when friend found the money.", "Source": "Block. \"Lynchings…,\" Iowa JH+P, p.170-171", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Hoffman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.684951, 42.518756 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1116, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Camden", "Location": "Camden, NJ", "Lat": 39.944731, "Long": -75.116344, "Description": "July: Race riot concerning self-improvement. About 50 white people fought with some black people returning from a Sunday afternoon church service.", "Source": "Werner, p.273-239", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.116344, 39.944731 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1117, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Black eel-skinner beaten because he did his job cheaper than his fellow workers.", "Source": "Grinsted.Antebellum Labor, p.11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; White", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1118, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinois", "Location": "Illinois", "Lat": 40.608425, "Long": -89.05011, "Description": "July: More Mormon troubles.", "Source": "NYEP, July 9,17,25,1834", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.05011, 40.608425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1119, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A great mob of sailors attacked and pulled down James Moore's house at No. 6 James Slip.", "Source": "NYC GS SC PC - cases CC88 (7), People v. Thatcher et al., July 11, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Moore", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1120, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Disruption of anti-slavery meeting in Chatham street chapal.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.38-39", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1121, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Anti-abolitionists - July 7 disruption of black meeting in Chatham street chapel; July 8 disruption of Morally (??) meeting in Clinton hall; July 9 attack on L. Toppman's house, forced entry into Chatham st. chapel, riot at Bowery Theater; July 10, assault on Rev. Sam. Cox's house and church; July 11, attack on A. toppman and Co. store, Cox's church, Rev. Henry Ludlow's church; rampage against stp. black people.", "Source": "Richards, p.113-120", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church; Black; Religious; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "L. Toppman; Sam Cox; Henry Ludlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1122, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: After putting out a fire onPearl street, several firemen went down to the river to bathe. After that they climbed aboard the Herald. The captain told them to get off, believing that their nudity would offend female passengers. Blows were exchanged and there was a small affray.", "Source": "NYEP, July 9, 1834", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1123, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "July: Presbyterean minister preached a sermon on Friday evening entitled, \"Sin of Slavery,\" and planned to take a collection for the anti-slavery society. Large crowd formed outisde, some charge and drove minister and congregation out. Crowd then demolish the interior and smashed windows. They went to the minister's house but he wasn't there. Next night a mob attacked a black own barber shop. One black man had attended the meeting.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 16, 1834", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Presbyterian; Black; Religious; Church; Abolitionist; Merchant; Ant-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1124, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Bufallo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: At night at least a dozen black people rioted, attacking several houses including: the the house used by the Bd of Health for smallpox hospital and the house of a respectable Frenchman. Constable Furmen with friends quelled the disturbance. There was some resistance. One black man drowned when he tried to escape by jumping into the canal.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White; French; Hospital", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1125, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Seamen and boardinghouse keepers had agreed that no sailors should ship out across the Atlantic for less than $15 a month. Aat No.15 Burling slip a crew had signed on for $13 a month aboard the packet John Jay. A group of sailors threatened to strip the ship, if its papers were not surrendered. The captain said the papers were at the shipping office. Before the sailors could get there, police intervened and arrested 6 o 7.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 23, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain; Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1126, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Bloomfield", "Location": "Bloomfield, NJ", "Lat": 40.791803, "Long": -74.195897, "Description": "August: Mob of distinguished men cut in temperance cause. They attacked a tavern, destroyed its stock of liquor and then beat up the owner.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.42", "Type": "Temperance", "Rioter Classification": "Temperance; Reformer", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.195897, 40.791803 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1127, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A gang of young men attacked Phoebe Doty's house, threatening her, etc. Two named.", "Source": "SC PC 7446 1, Doty v Granger et al., August 8, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Phoebe Dotty", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1128, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: A gang of about 50 men assaulted son of James Forton, one of the wealthiest black residents in town.", "Source": "Werner, p.188", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Forton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1129, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra, NY", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "August: Charles Williams, working as a clerk in Washington, returned hom to visit his mother. He brought an enslaved girl servant with him. Local black people talked her into running away. They also attacked Mrs. Williams house on Sunday breaking some windows. Shots exchanged and with the town alerted, a dozen black people were arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, August 18, 1834", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Williams; Williams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1130, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Burning of Ursuline Convent. Large crowd outside, disperses, but then reassembles around midnight. 40-50 organized men burst in. Nuns and students escape and convent burnt. Next night mob of men and boys burn fences and trees and all else left on convent ground. Next night over 1,000 men roamed city but did little damage. On night of August 15 rioters burned a shanty in Charleston occupied by about 35 Irish laborers", "Source": "Billingston. \"Burning the Convent,\" p.4-24", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Youth", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Woman; Religious; Nun; Student; Irish; Convent", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1131, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: White mob begins by attacking \"flying horses\" amusement establishment that had been used by black and white people. But then turned to assaults on black people and their property for three nights. Two churches and over 30 houses destroyed, damaged, or looted. One black person died from the wounds inflicted during beating. 100s flee. Authorities use militia, etc., to quell the riot along Philadelphia.", "Source": "Curray, p.106-7", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1132, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Bloomfield", "Location": "Bloomfield, NJ", "Lat": 40.791803, "Long": -74.195897, "Description": "August: Saturday night 20 or 30 men \"with faces blackened, painted with various colors, or veiled\" entered William Iles' porter house, tied his hands and took him to a field. There they stripped him and treated him in a shameful manner. Others dumped the contents of his shop in the stream. Iles is an immigrant.", "Source": "NYEP, August 21, 1834", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Iles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.195897, 40.791803 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1133, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "August: Racial rioting. 1st two days minor skirmishes between black and white people. One 3rd day, black persons attacked a white man in an attempt to protect their property. About 30 white people then marched into the black section and attacked several houses and fired off some guns.", "Source": "NYEP, August 27, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1134, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "August: For several nights whites break windows, etc, of black homes. On the 19th a crowd of 50 or 60 marched into the black area of town, stoned houses and fired guns.", "Source": "Werner. \"Columbia Race Riots,\" p.177-178", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1135, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Pa", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "August: Race riot concerning job competition, amalgamation fears and desire to drive black residents out of community. Windows broken by roving gangs of whites followed by attacks on black homes. Labor competition a big issue here. African Americans beaten in off-again on-again violence.", "Source": "Werner, p.198-202, 273", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1136, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Saturday night, about 12:30, about 20 persons started an uproar by shouting fire, etc., in Broadway. About 150 persons collecte and were disorderly for several hours. They stoned several houses including Nos. 22, 18, 10, and 2. Signs and windows were destroyed. When the watch arrived there was a scuffle; one watchman and one citizen were injured. The rioters didn't seem to have any objective and dispersed at 3:00am.", "Source": "NYEP, August 25, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1137, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Sailors' strike in opposition to a reduction in wages.", "Source": "Commons J, p.478", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1138, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A \"mob of persons\" attack Conrad Sebring's 102 Anthony street home, tearing down his privy and threatening him. Two were identified.", "Source": "SC PC 7446 13, Sebring Van Winkle et al., August 28, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Conrad Sebring", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1139, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit, Michigan", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "September: Minor race riot.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1140, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "September: Mob tore down home of a black family that had somehow offended whites.", "Source": "Werner, p.239, 270", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1141, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Trenton", "Location": "Trenton, NJ", "Lat": 40.216086, "Long": -74.757715, "Description": "September: Race riot, probably over self-improvement. Crowd outside African Methodist church then threw rocks and broke windows. Congregation fled.", "Source": "Werner, p.273, 178", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; African Methodist", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.757715, 40.216086 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1142, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Cantebury", "Location": "Cantebury, CT", "Lat": 41.697139, "Long": -71.990091, "Description": "September: Mob physically dismantled Pedence Crandall's school.", "Source": "Richards, p.38-40", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "School", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pedence Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.990091, 41.697139 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1143, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "September: Crowd of white workers destroy property - porch, windows, entered house and rifled papers - of affluent black people - especially lumber merchant Stephen Smith.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.174-175", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1144, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Carpet weavers strike in opposition to a reduction in wages.", "Source": "Commons I, p.479; National Traders' Union, September 6, 1834", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1145, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "South Carolina", "Location": "South Carolina", "Lat": 33.93198, "Long": -80.507899, "Description": "September: Affray between union men and nullifiers. Union men head off a nullifying county meeting. Blows were exchanged.", "Source": "NYEP, September 12, 1834", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Unionist", "Target Classification": "Political; Nullifier", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.507899, 33.93198 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1146, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: A rumor spread that a \"respectable\" girl had been seduced and then, when she came down with cholera, turned out to die by a brothel. 200 to 300 persons marched on the place and, encouraged by the rest about a dozen entered and destroyed the premises.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.66", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1147, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Every black person on the Battery was compelled by a mob to run for shelter in the nearest building. Few black people showed up the next day. In the afternoon, the rioters numbered \"hundreds\". Most were young men about 20 years old.", "Source": "NYEP, September 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1148, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: In the afternoon a barouche was attacked by a mob because the servant driver was black. A lady and her daughter in the coach were in danger.", "Source": "NYEP, September 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Woman; White; Black; Worker; Driver", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1149, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Irishmen and nativists fought one another. In Sept. there was a brawl involving almost 1,000 persons. Some of the fighting was between Protestant and Catholic Irish.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.55,66", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1150, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Large crowd gathered at the Battery to watch a balloon ascension; amused themselves by taunting and beating some African Americans in the crowd.", "Source": "Werner, p.178", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1151, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "October: White crowd attacks homes of four property belonging to African Americans. Stealing and looting proprerty for at least one and destroying property. One black person injured.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.176-177", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1152, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Locksmith strike opposing a reduction in wages.", "Source": "Commons I, p.479", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Locksmith", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1153, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Election riots. Jackson men in Moganensing driven from polls. Then whigs took Jackson headquarters, destroying two tents and cutting Jackson hickory tree. Later reinforced, Jackson men attack whig HQ on NE corner of Christian and Mostcalm sts. Whigs fired upon them wounding 15 or 20 - one later died. Enraged, Jackson men stormed the building and drove the whigs out. They set fire to the whig pole - iron bends prevented efforts to drop it down, and the fire spread to nearby houses. When firemen arrived, Jackson men beat them and prevented them from downing the flames.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.639", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig; Democrat; Firefighter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1154, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Several hundred stonecutters march up Broadway attacking buildings erected by Mr. Bloomer because of his use of prison stone. They smashed windows and doors and battered marble pillars. A \"strong posse\" of watchmen prevented more serious damage.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.63-64", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Stone Worker", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bloomer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1155, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Fort Wayne", "Location": "Fort Wayne, Indiana", "Lat": 41.094619, "Long": -85.144882, "Description": "November: Canal workers riot in dispute with locals.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.289", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.144882, 41.094619 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1156, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Between 1 and 2 o'clock in the morning there was a disturbance in Prince street. A door of a dwelling was broken. At least 13 men were involved.", "Source": "SC PC 7447 2, November 7, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1157, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: At least 10 men came to Mary Adam's house at night, acted disorderly and abused the people there.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 10, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mary Adam", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1158, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "November: Baltimore and Ohio railroad workers - mainly Catholic Irish - riot. Troops called in from Washington DC. Grimsted says this riot included battle between Protestants and Catholics.Scharf says attack focused on contractor. Indeed, contractor's house attacked and he was beaten. Next day superintendent John Watson and two others killed. 300 Irish laborers arrested.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Watson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1159, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: About 20 or 30 boys came to home of Elizabeth Post, and acted in a riotous manner. They broke windows, a lock, and threw stones into the basement room, injuring persons there. The mob also harassed Mrs. Weldon's house in the neighborhood.", "Source": "SC PC 7447 1, November 26, 1834", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elizabeth Post; Weldon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1160, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Hatters strike against reduction in wages.", "Source": "Commons I, p.479", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Hatter", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1161, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/12", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "August: Dr. Reuben Crandall was to give lectures at Georgetown Univ., brought some antislavery publications with him. He lft some in a store. A large mob formed to injure him. He was protected by being arrested. Also strike and Snow and race riot.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.359", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Mechanic", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Employer; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beverly Snow; Reuban Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1162, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Plainsville", "Location": "Plainsville, OH", "Lat": 41.727685, "Long": -81.255401, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.255401, 41.727685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1163, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Zowesville", "Location": "Zowesville, OH", "Lat": 39.94081, "Long": -82.010034, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.010034, 39.94081 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1164, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "St. Albans", "Location": "St. Albans, OH", "Lat": 40.080166, "Long": -82.788578, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.788578, 40.080166 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1165, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marietta", "Location": "Marietta, OH", "Lat": 39.425045, "Long": -81.455528, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot. Religious meeting attacked.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.455528, 39.425045 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1166, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Mt. Pleasant", "Location": "Mt. Pleasant, OH", "Lat": 40.180508, "Long": -80.814278, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.814278, 40.180508 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1167, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "New London", "Location": "New London, OH", "Lat": 41.085244, "Long": -82.401028, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.401028, 41.085244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1168, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/01", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Augusta", "Location": "Auguste, Me", "Lat": 44.309887, "Long": -69.780243, "Description": "January: Public hanging led to a riot.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.111", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.780243, 44.309887 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1169, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Fight between Irishmen and nativists. While fighting a fire, the firemen had built a fire on property belonging to a nearby gas company to keep themselves warm. The Irish workers objected. A scuffle ensued that included an attack on chief engineer James Crulick. In the melee that followed 10 to 20 arrested.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55, 62-63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Crulick", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Crulick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1170, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/02", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "February: Canal workers on Ohio canal strike put down by militia.", "Source": "Morris AJ Strikebreaker AHR 1949", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1171, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, PA", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "February: White mob attacks (??) black person, freezing cattle and threatening to pull down his house.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.179-180", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1172, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Circleville", "Location": "Circleville, OH", "Lat": 39.6027, "Long": -82.942462, "Description": "March: Mob pelted Theodore Dwight Weld with stones through open windows, etc.", "Source": "Abzug.Passionate Lib., p.125", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Dwight Weld", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.942462, 39.6027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1173, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington, DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "March: Labor disturbance along railroad.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1174, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broadway Hall riots between immigrant Catholics and Native Americans. Meeting of Protestant Assoc. broken up by Irish. Debate at hall over \"Is Popery compatible with Civil liberty?\" by both Cathlics and Protestants. Mob broke in, drove off speakers and destroyed furniture and fixtures.", "Source": "Headley, p.309; Billington, p.60, 63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1175, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Granville", "Location": "Granville, OH", "Lat": 40.067513, "Long": -82.517828, "Description": "April: Mob harrassed abolitionist Theodore Weld. They shaved his horse's tail and pelted him with eggs and stones.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.173-74", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Dwight Weld", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.517828, 40.067513 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1176, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Church sells part of its graveyard. Laborers being excavation and treat remaining bodies poorly. About 100 outraged persons assembled, threatened minister and vestrymen, chased the laborers away and then filled in the excavation.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.43", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Church; Religious; Minister; Laborer; Worker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1177, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/05", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "May: Several street battles between striking printers from Green's shop - \"terriers\" and scabs or \"rats.\" Boarding houses containing scabs harrassed and threats of tearing down the Telegraph's office. Two men subsequently convicted of assault. 4 of riot. As many as 40 may have rioted.", "Source": "Pretzer. \"The British Duff Green…\"", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Printer", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Strikebreaker; Printer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Duff Green", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1178, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/05", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mobile", "Location": "Mobile, AL", "Lat": 30.752871, "Long": -88.018008, "Description": "May: Burning of Black man for allegedly murdering children", "Source": "James Elbert Cutler, Lynch-Law and Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States (New York: Longman, Green, and Co., 1905), 108 from Michael J. Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice: Origins of American Lynching (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2011).", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.018008, 30.752871 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1179, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Workers use violence during strike. Coal heavers involved. Possibly no violence, but intimidation for sure.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"A C,\" p.11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1180, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "June: Some sort of anti-black riot. Whites harrassed a black church the 9th and attacked the black people on their way home from services. One black man got a gun and shot two white people. The white mob then went to his house and tore it down. The next evening a large white crowd invaded the black neighborhood called \"Sinking Fund\" and demolished two more houses.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1181, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: An elderly black woman gave allegedly false testimony about Mary Gilmore, a very white mulatto who had been seized as a fugitive slave. A crowd of black people broke into her house the evening of the 16th and violently beat the woman and her daughter. Police interefered and broke up the disturbance.", "Source": "Werner, p.201", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1182, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: A large group of black people unsuccessfully attempted to liberate two men seized as fugitive slaves. This occurred in the afternoon.", "Source": "Werner, p.201", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1183, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Five Point riot between \"Americans\" and foreigners. Police quell. Dr. W.M. Caffrey killed and Justice Lowdnes wounded. Foreigners the Irish - if this is the same riot reported by Billington. Rioters gutted a tavern. Shots fired.", "Source": "Headly, p.95; Weinbaum, p.55; Billington, p.196; Werner, p.38", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "W.M. Caffrey; Lowdnes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1184, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: When an Irishman beat up a boy a mob formed that entailed special action by the Common Council before peace could be restored.", "Source": "Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1185, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "June: Fearing a slave insurrection, whites held a meeting, seized several African Americans, tortured them and elicited confessions of a slave insurrection.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection…,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1186, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indiana", "Location": "Indiana", "Lat": 40.206619, "Long": -86.141541, "Description": "July: Faction fight among canal workers o nthe Wabash and Erie. Militia ordered in.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.289", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.141541, 40.206619 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1187, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Minor race riot over slave rescue. Slave catcher had gone into Canada to capture escaped slave and family. Black people from Buffalo pursued him and liberated the captives in Hamburgh, NY. But upon returning to Buffalo they ran into police and citizens at the ferry. A fight ensued. Injuries on both sides. 8 to 10 black people arrested, but family escaped.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Slave Catcher; White", "Actions": "Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1188, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Mob summarily hanged the slaves who had been suspected of organizing a conspiracy. Also seized two white \"steam doctors\" and organized a committee to deal with insurrection. They elicited a confession from one of the whites.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; White; Steam Doctor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1189, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Fear of slave insurrection swept the state. The Livingston vigilance committee seized a poor man who had brought a load of corn to sell in Yazoo. Despite the efforts of Henry Foote, the comm. Hanged the man on the testimony of 3 secured black people.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.361", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1190, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Two white people seized, sentenced by committee to be hanged. Both were executed.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1191, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "July: Irishmen attacked citizens on principle streets, in turn were disbanded by mobs of natives. The Irishmen numbered 30 or 40 and were laborers employed in grading streets along the river. The assaulted sailors, local citizens and other \"damned Yankees\" A hastily formed posse of \"worthy citizens\" was bloodied in attempt to arrest the mob, which dispersed of its own accord.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit,\" p.267; Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1192, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1193, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Vicksburg", "Location": "Vicksburg, Miss", "Lat": 32.348425, "Long": -90.878273, "Description": "July: Argument between gambler and citizen triggered action against gamblers. When the gambler returned armed, apparently to kill the citizen, the crowd seized the gambler, tied him to a tree, whipped him, tarred and feathered him, and banished him. Next day citizens ordered all gamblers out of town. A search of gambling houses on the 6th led to more rioting. Besides destroying tables etc., some gamblers defended one house - rest had been abandoned. During the gun battle one citizen was shot and killed. The five gamblers were seized and hanged by the crowd.", "Source": "H+W p.450-453", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Gambler", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.878273, 32.348425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1194, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Hinds Co.", "Location": "Hinds Co., Miss", "Lat": 32.29319, "Long": -90.261495, "Description": "July: Slave insurrection scare infects county and several committees form. When two leading committeemen allowed suspects to go free because of lack of evidence, one, William L. Sharken, came under mob attack. On night of July 6 an armed band from Madison Co. attempted to capture Sharkey. They tried again, but Sharkey defended himself, killing one.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.53-55", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William L. Sharken", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.261495, 32.29319 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1195, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: An enslaved boy named Juan attempted to kill his slaveholder. In response, a mob of \"the very lowest classes, with apprentices and half-grown boy\" rioted. Violence began at around nine at night. The mob attacked several black homes between Sixth and Seventh street, beating the occupants severely. The mob then targeted a house occupied by a black barber and several white women, but, finding it empty, left without destorying any property. The riot spread to \"Red Row\" and the mob attacked more black property and persons, including a youth who was beaten. On Christian and Ninth Streets, the mob attacked more black homes, but these were defended and fire was exchanged. Fireman arrived to put out a fire that had been started in Red Row, and the mob attempted to intimidate the firemen away. Some violence against the firemen and their equipment followed, but the troop put out the fire. Several more black people and residences attacked throughout the night. One black man attempted to defend himself with an axe, and rioters beat him harshly as a result. Several white residences attacked as well, either by accident or as a result of companionship with black people. The rioting continued the next night. A group of fifty or sixty black residents had armed themselves and resolved to defend a building if attacked. The incensed the white mob. Eventually, authorities convinced the black fighters to retreat. Meanwhile, in Moyamensing, about two hundred armed black residents reportedly gathered. This group disbanded without violence. Many black families fled the city in fear. ", "Source": "Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania 14, 34-38.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Conover; Johnson; James M'Dermott", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1196, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Bank riot. On the evening of the 6th only a few windows broken as crowd was angry at rich investors because of the apparent failure of the bank of Maryland. Similar actions occurred on the night of the 7th. More serious rioting broke out on Saturday the 8th and mayor's guard, after fighting with clubs, fired into the crowd, killing five and wounding many more. But the rioting continued and the Mayor's guard left town. Six houses sacked between Saturday and Sunday. Voluntary guard under Samuel Smith finally gains control on Monday.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Democratic Rioting,\"", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Bank", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1197, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/10", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Vergennes", "Location": "Vergennes, VT", "Lat": 44.16719, "Long": -73.253311, "Description": "October: Bawdy-house riot. 20-30 men break into house run by local madame. She had been charged with keeping a house of prostitution and wanred to leave several times. As the mob was breaking down the door, someone shot a gun from inside. One man was killed. No other resistance. House quickly leveled. Madame and male employee arrested.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.42-43", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Woman; Prostitute; Madame", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.253311, 44.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1198, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/10", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "New Hampshire", "Location": "New Hampshire", "Lat": 43.389133, "Long": -71.509954, "Description": "October: John H. Tyler owed a man some \"large sum.\" Deputy Sheriff William M. Smith arrested Tyler, who was rescured by a group of people and subsequently escaped. ", "Source": "Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Superior Court of Judicature for the State of New-Hampshire, 539-549.", "Type": "Law; Debt", "Rioter Classification": "Debtor", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John H. Tyler; Applebee", "Persons Named as Targets": "William M. Smith", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.509954, 43.389133 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1199, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1200, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1201, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/08", "State": "Washington, D.C.", "Sublocation": "Washington, D.C.", "Location": "Washington, D.C.", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "August: Beverly Snow attempted to return to DC. White youths assualted him, but he was rescurd by a constable. Snow was placed in jail and was examined by the mayor before being released. Snow left, and swore never to return.", "Source": "New-York Spectator, August 22, 1836.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Multiracial; Merchant", "Target Classification": "White; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beverly Snow", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1202, "year": 1836, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Hot Springs Co.", "Location": "Hot Springs Co.", "Lat": 34.3067, "Long": -92.98964, "Description": "Burning of William, an enslaved man, for allegedly murdering master, another white, and five slaves.", "Source": "Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas, 235-236 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.98964, 34.3067 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1203, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Francis L. McIntosh, a black steamboat hand from Pittsburgh, killed a deputy sheriff and wounded another peace officer in resisting arrest. Overpowered McIntosh was placed in jail. But a mob took him from jail and burned him alive. A judge excused those arrested saying that they had been caught up in the \"electric frenzy\" of abolitionism.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.98;Memoir of Lovejoy, p.165-178", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Legal; Sheriff; Police; Vigilante; Judge", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Steamboat Hand", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francis L. McIntosh", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1204, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Fist fight between black and white boys triggered riot. White mobs invaded black neighborhood, set fire to houses, beat black people and forced some to flee. Governor declared martial law, but not before several African Americans killed.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.105-106", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1205, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/08", "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Helena", "Location": "Helena, Arkansas", "Lat": 34.528041, "Long": -90.590919, "Description": "August: Mob hangs an African American for stabbing a white during a fight.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.590919, 34.528041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1206, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/10", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Vicksburg", "Location": "Vicksburg, Miss", "Lat": 32.348425, "Long": -90.878273, "Description": "October: Lynch law - \"One man has been dragged from the bosom of his family and so maimed and mutilated as to become an object of horror and pity; another was forced from his house and hung pon the next tree; and on Sunday the 24th an old man named Grace, formerly of Warrington, Va, was tried and acquitted before a magistrate, charged wtih giving free passes to negroes. The lawful decision did not satisfy the mob. He was stripped and flogged within hearing of the shrieks of his wife and children.\"", "Source": "Raleigh (NC)Standard, November 1, 1837", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Grace", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.878273, 32.348425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1207, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Ill", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "November: Elisha Lovejoy killed while defending his press for a 4th time.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.283-295; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1208, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Broad Street Riot. A fire engine ran into an Irish funeral procession. The resulting fight, estimates suggest, included 15,000. Irish taken out of the tennements and beaten. 800 horsemen helped to quell riot.", "Source": "Lame.Policing the City, p.33; Beals.Brass-Knuckle Crusade, p.73; Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1209, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "August: Collective violence prevents Lovejoy from printing a second time. At night a group of men of about 15 or 20 entered the office after throwing stones, drove off the hands there and destroyed the office. A large crowd watched. Some of the mob had met Lovejoy in the street, but after harassing him, let him go.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.187, 231-234; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1210, "year": 1837, "date": null, "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Meriden", "Location": "Meriden, CT", "Lat": 41.53722, "Long": -72.80655, "Description": "Fall: During a talk by abolitionist preacher Mr. Ludlow in the long regational church, part of the crowd showered Ludlow with rotten eggs and other missiles.", "Source": "Noonan.Nativism, p.137", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Minister", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ludlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.80655, 41.53722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1211, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Upstate NY", "Location": "Upstate NY", "Lat": 43.06203, "Long": -73.94074, "Description": "September: Irishman stopped passerby and after finding if they were Catholic or Protestant, beat the Protestants.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.94074, 43.06203 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1212, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Illinois", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "September: Mob destroys Lovejoy's press a third time. About 12 men with handkerchiefs over their faces did this. The mayor had placed a constable to protect the press and even his own entreaties were to no avail.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.250; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141; Feldberg.TE, p.48", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1213, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Charles", "Location": "St. Charles, Missouri", "Lat": 38.79025, "Long": -90.51698, "Description": "October: While visiting St. Charles where his in-laws lived, and presenting a guest sermon, Lovejoy was harassed by a mob repeatedly. Indeed a mob visited him at his in-laws' several times one night, and compelled him to flee the town and return to Alton.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.251-260", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.51698, 38.79025 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1214, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Illinois", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "November: Mob attacked Lovejoy's house, throwing brickbats, etc.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.283", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1215, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Michigan Canal", "Location": "Illinois, Michigan Canal", "Lat": 41.758005, "Long": -87.852353, "Description": "March: Dispute over firing workers leads to riot. Militia ordered in. Ten killed.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.290", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Military; Miltia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "10", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.852353, 41.758005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1216, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Insane black man killed a watchman. After the funeral a crowd gathered and threatened black neighborhood. Mayor successfully discouraged them. But that evening black homes were attacked. During fighting another white man stabbed to death.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescot,. p.654-655; Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1217, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Crooked River", "Location": "Crooked River, Missouri", "Lat": 39.25848, "Long": -93.833837, "Description": "October: Mormons attack party of Missourians who had captured three Mormons. Mormons charged and routed opponents. But lost three dead - including leader David Patten and several wounded. Missourians lost 1 dead.", "Source": "Baily. Armies, p.63-64", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Patten", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.833837, 39.25848 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1218, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Haun's Mill", "Location": "Haun's Mill, Missouri", "Lat": 39.651599, "Long": -93.822182, "Description": "October: Approximately 240 men from several counties, including several big shots, attacked a Mormon community, killing 18 or 19 people - largely men and boys. Missourians in state militia. Baily says out of 38 men and boys, 17 killed and wounded. Several of the dead were killed after - caputre and were wounded already.", "Source": "H+W p.301-304; Baily, p.67-69", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Military; Militia", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.822182, 39.651599 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1219, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Texas-Louisiana Border", "Location": "Texas-Louisiana Border", "Lat": 30.54036, "Long": -93.72109, "Description": "Regulator or Moderator movement to capture criminals.", "Source": "Bruce.Violence and Culture, p.109-110", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.72109, 30.54036 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1220, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Ohio", "Location": "Ohio", "Lat": 41.22709, "Long": -84.63925, "Description": "Canal workers on the Wabash and Erie at Hyunter's Falls burnt a shanty and stable belonging to their employers and then clashed with the law.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.169", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Law Officer; Legal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.63925, 41.22709 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1221, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "Large riot between fire companies.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.548", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1222, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Louise County", "Location": "Louise County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.23702, "Long": -91.29701, "Description": "Mob whipped James Irwin, an Irishman, acused of claim jumping.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" IJHP, 10 (1972), p.170-171", "Type": "Land; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.29701, 41.23702 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1223, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/01", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "January: Canalworkers fight off English workers and scuffle with militia.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.219, 290", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Target Classification": "English; Miltia", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1224, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "May: Militia and Irish workers scuffle again as Irish workers threaten to blow up the canal because of non-payment.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.290", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Miltia", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1225, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Hagerstown", "Location": "Hagerstown, MD", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "May: Ethnic labor riot. No Irish involved.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9, 21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1226, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinois and Michigan Canal", "Location": "Illinois and Michigan Canal", "Lat": 41.43133, "Long": -88.21143, "Description": "May: Faction fight between canal workers. Militia ordered in.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.290", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.21143, 41.43133 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1227, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Burning of Philadelphia Hall. The hall had only been opened three days and the meeting that night had been cancelled to avoid a riot. The mayor appeared, attempted to dissuade the move, but he gave up in the face of the onslaught of the mob. On the 18th a mob attempted to burn the shelter for colored orphans but were beat back by firemen and others. On the 19th, a group of men attacked a black church, but were prevented from destroying it by officials and militia. Some fighting between black and white people.", "Source": "Warner, p.132-133; Feldberg, p.51-53", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Religious; Church; Firefighter; Law Officer; Militia", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1228, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Paterson", "Location": "Paterson, NJ", "Lat": 40.90163, "Long": -74.16482, "Description": "May: Mob disrupts abolitionist meeting in wake of destruction of Philadelphia Hall. Mob attacked a church during abolitionist meeting, smashed doors and windows and scattered the audience.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.16482, 40.90163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1229, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Elmira", "Location": "Elmira, NY", "Lat": 42.08827, "Long": -76.80705, "Description": "May: Mob broke up meeting of preachers Anti-Slavery society and Genesse Conference.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.80705, 42.08827 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1230, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/06", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Caldwell County", "Location": "Caldwell County, Missouri", "Lat": 39.56325, "Long": -94.02543, "Description": "June: Mormons expell the settlers that they had excommunicated, forcing families to leave homes with only minimal household goods.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.51", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Religious", "Target Classification": "Excommunicated Mormon", "Actions": "Threat; Expulsion; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.02543, 39.56325 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1231, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "August: Mormons attempt to vote in elections. Efforts to stop them lead to serious brawl involving approximately eight Mormons and many more Missourians.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.56-57", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Missourian", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Missourian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1232, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "August: Joseph Smith and Mormon militia coerce local judge into promising to avoid further mob violence on the part of Missourians.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.57", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia; Religious", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1233, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "DeWitt", "Location": "DeWitt, Missouri", "Lat": 39.38503, "Long": -93.22106, "Description": "October: Missourians lay siege to town holding Mormons, forcing them to surrender and leave.", "Source": "Baily, p.59-60", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Expulsion", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.22106, 39.38503 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1234, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Adam-ondi-Ahman", "Location": "Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri", "Lat": 39.98276, "Long": -93.97922, "Description": "October: Missourians lay siege to Mormons. Mormon reinforcements compel Missourians to leave.", "Source": "Baily,Armies of God, p.61", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Religious; Militia", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.97922, 39.98276 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1235, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormon force occupies nearly abandoned town. They looted and burned the place.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1236, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Millport", "Location": "Millport, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormons under Lyman Wight raid and loot town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Lyman Wright", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1237, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Grindstone Fork", "Location": "Grindstone Fork, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormons under Seymour Brunson raid and loot town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Seymour Brunson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1238, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Northern Missouri", "Location": "Northern Missouri", "Lat": 40.37193, "Long": -92.57069, "Description": "October: Missourians retaliate by burning and looting Mormon homes throughout the area.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62-63", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.57069, 40.37193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1239, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Adam-ondi-Ahman", "Location": "Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri", "Lat": 39.98276, "Long": -93.97922, "Description": "November: After the Mormons surrendered at Far West, the Missouri militia went wild. It looted and plundered Mormon property, raped the women, etc.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.74-76", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Woman", "Actions": "Rape; Sexual Violence; Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.97922, 39.98276 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1240, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Harrisburg", "Location": "Harrisburg, PA", "Lat": 40.272046, "Long": -76.876657, "Description": "December: A hostile crowd assembled in the Senate chamber and intimidated the Whig-Antimasons, convincing the speaker, Charles Penrose, and two supporters to escape out a window in a small room to the rear of the speaker's desk. This led to the bloodless \"Buckshot War.\"", "Source": "Vaughn.Anti-Masonic Party, p.111", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Anti-Mason; Whig", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Penrose", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.876657, 40.272046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1241, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Little Orleans", "Location": "Little Orleans, Md", "Lat": 39.628037, "Long": -78.388116, "Description": "August: Irish workers fight with Germans. This involves canal workers. One dead. Militia ordered in, arrests and imprisonments.", "Source": "Way,Common Labour, p.193,223-224", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.388116, 39.628037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1242, "year": 1839, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Johnson County, Iowa", "Location": "Johnson County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.700486, "Long": -91.592633, "Description": "An Iowa claims club organizes to drive a man named Crawford off of land he settled, but claimed by member William Sturgis. About 60 members of the club under the leadership of its marshal tore down Crawford's substantial log and clapboard cabin. Upon a second visit, the issue was \"adjusted\" to Sturgis' satisfaction - ie, his claim was bought off.", "Source": "Bogue. \"The Iowa Claims Clubs,\"MVHR, 45 (1958); 246-247", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Vigilante; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Sturgis", "Persons Named as Targets": "Crawford", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.592633, 41.700486 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1243, "year": 1839, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Johnson County, Iowa", "Location": "Johnson County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.700486, "Long": -91.592633, "Description": "Two counterfeiters caught, tried by an ad-hoc court; one was sentenced to 10 lashes, the other 15.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\"IJHP10 (1912), 171-172", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.592633, 41.700486 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1244, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "April: Inter-racial fistfight leads to whites attacking black population and houses. An interracial peacekeeping force quells the riot.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1245, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "May: Minor race riot. Resulted in the destruction of some black dwellings.", "Source": "Werner, p.273, 247", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1246, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Celebrated prosecution of grover who violated 15 gallon temperance law led to a crowd attacking John Manly's store in Dock Square. Manly was a repeated temperance informer. Police arrested 18 and Manly's store not seriously injured.", "Source": "\"Working Classes and the Temperance Movement in the Ante-Bellum Boston,\"Labor History, 19 (1978) 510-517", "Type": "Temperance; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Temperance", "Target Classification": "Temperance Reformer; Reformer; Merchant; Legal; Informant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Manly", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1247, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Adams Co.", "Location": "Adams Co.", "Lat": 31.54488, "Long": -91.38414, "Description": "July: A group of armed persons destroys the home and evicts renter Dominico Arighi, allegedly instigated by the lessors.", "Source": "W. C. Smedes & T. A. Marshall, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Errors and Appeals for the State of Mississippi 11, 87-98.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dominico Arighi", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.38414, 31.54488 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1248, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: For three nights a mob gathered outside the Carmelite Nunnery threatening greater violence because of the escape of an allegedly deranged nun. Rocks thrown and some property destroyed. Police arrest about 20 a night and militia drove back mob with bayonets.", "Source": "Mannard. \"1839 Baltimore Nunnery Riot\"", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Woman; Religious; Nun; Convent", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1249, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaerville", "Location": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Lat": 42.51523, "Long": -74.13342, "Description": "August: Albany County deputy sheriff Amos Adams stayed the night at a tavern. About 10:00pm a group of men rode up to the tavern, destroyed Adams' wagon and maimed the tail of his horse. Adams had been serving writs that day.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.84", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Adams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13342, 42.51523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1250, "year": 1839, "date": null, "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "Fall: Chesapeake and Ohio canal worker fight. Irish and Germans against each other. Troops called in and 10 rioters shot before disturbance quelled.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker; Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker; Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1251, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marion", "Location": "Marion, Ohio", "Lat": 40.59083, "Long": -83.13732, "Description": "September: After a court decided in favor of a fugitive slave, the Virginians attempting to gain possession of him, seized the black person and brandishing pistols and knives at the spectators. A mob quickly formed and attacked the Virginians. In the melee, the black person escaped.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Law; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Southerner", "Target Classification": "Black; Freed Slave; Slave; Court; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.13732, 40.59083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1252, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Engine companies 15 and 40 involved in major brawl, involving over 1,000 men and boys. Mose Humphrey of Company 40 and (??) of Company 15 led their respective sides. Later fight reenacted on stage.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.152-153", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Mose Humphrey", "Persons Named as Targets": "Mose Humphrey", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1253, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Berne", "Location": "Berne, NY", "Lat": 42.62509, "Long": -74.13336, "Description": "September: Deputy sheriff Daniel Leonard met opposition in serving writs. A group of undisguised farmers captured him at Gallup's general store, threatened him, and burnt his remaining writs in a tar barrel. They forced Leonard to buy him a drink, then returned with Leonard to all the farms he had served writs, forcing him to destroy these. After more drinks, treating Leonard when he ran out of money, then released him to walk 12 miles to Albany.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.85-86", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Law Officer; Sheriff; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Leonard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13336, 42.62509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1254, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Fewer than 50 persons destroy one building - the dwelling of \"Negro Doctor\" John Woodward for allegedly mistreating two women patients.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.104", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Doctor; Professional", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Woodward", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1255, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Reidsville", "Location": "Reidsville, NY", "Lat": 42.56653, "Long": -74.02378, "Description": "October: Sheriff Archer and three deputies forced to turn back by \"a wall of determined men.\"", "Source": "Pendleton, p.86-87", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.02378, 42.56653 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1256, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "October: About 20 men seized Asa Savells as he debarked from Chelsea Ferry. The attackers had blackened faces and wore large hats; one had a mask on. They tarred and feathered Savell, a paper hanger, because he was a temperance informer. Three men were later indicted.", "Source": "Dodd. \"Working Classes and the Termperance Movement,\"Labor History, 19, 510-531", "Type": "Temperance; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Temperance", "Target Classification": "Temperance Reformer; Reformer; Legal; Informant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Asa Savells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1257, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/11", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "November: African Americans attempt to seize runaway in the hands of officials.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit\"", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1258, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/12", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Wolcott", "Location": "Wolcott, Connecticut", "Lat": 41.60202, "Long": -72.98763, "Description": "December: Mob burnt to ashes an anti-slavery meeting house.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.98763, 41.60202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1259, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Reidsville", "Location": "Reidsville, NY", "Lat": 42.56653, "Long": -74.02378, "Description": "December: 1500 anti-rent farmers force sheriff Michael Artcher and 500 men to return to Albany without issuing any writs.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.29-30, 87-89", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Michael Artcher", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.02378, 42.56653 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1260, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: 50 firemen forced their way into a German tavern, broke bottles and a table. They were ejected, but returned with reinforcements. One fireman shot as he was breaking in the door. Other shots followed. Porbably several wounded.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.153", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1261, "year": 1839, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany County", "Location": "Albany County", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "Late: Helderberg War- Crowds ranging up to 75 or 100 men attack sheriffs to prevent serving of writs, etc.", "Source": "Cheyney. Anti-Rent War, p.297", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1262, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/04", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Bellevue", "Location": "Bellevue, Iowa", "Lat": 42.259739, "Long": -90.427657, "Description": "April: Sheriff leads posse in attack on Brown's hotel and gang of thieves. Gun battle unsues. Unclear what authority used. Several killed. Afterward posse takes law into own hands and horsewhips captured bandits.", "Source": "Ely. \"Pioner Gangsters,\" p.73-90", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Bandit; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.427657, 42.259739 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1263, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "October: Ethnic rioting led to the death of at least one person.", "Source": "Billington, p.198", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1264, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/11", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Charlottesville", "Location": "Charlettsville, Va", "Lat": 38.039672, "Long": -78.49897, "Description": "November: University of Va riot. Students shoots and kills J. Davis, an eminent Va legal scholar.", "Source": "Bruce.Violence and Culture, p.63", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University; Professor; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "J. Davis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49897, 38.039672 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1265, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, O", "Lat": 40.03923, "Long": -84.19901, "Description": "Minor race riot over education.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.19901, 40.03923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1266, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1267, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Street battle between Bowry boys and German musicians outside the American Hotel. The musicians had promised to serenade singer Fawny Elssler. The Boys intended to break this up.", "Source": "Buckly. \"To the Opera House,\" p.53", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Nativist", "Target Classification": "German; Musician", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1268, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Location": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Lat": 42.51523, "Long": -74.13342, "Description": "January: Anti-renters seized a deputy sheriff and prepared to tar and feather him, but before they could do so, the deputy sheriff was rescued.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.92", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13342, 42.51523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1269, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Location": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Lat": 42.51523, "Long": -74.13342, "Description": "February: Tenants tarred and feathered a seriously injured deputy sheriff attempting to serve a process.", "Source": "Pendleton, 31 N19, p.92", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13342, 42.51523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1270, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Kensington residents opposed the building of a RR link for the Philadelphia and Trenton RR through their neighborhood. Crowd forced workmen to leave and then replaced paving stones. One 2nd day women and children forced workmen to leave. On 3rd day crowd also tore up rails.", "Source": "Feldberg, p.64-65", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Worker; Railroad; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1271, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/03", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Des Moines County, Iowa", "Location": "Des Moines County, Iowa", "Lat": 40.88237, "Long": -91.18396, "Description": "March: Mob lured a man by the name of Cleek to edge of town, accused him of stealing from his landlady. But this was just a ruse to get his jacket off. They tied him to a tree and whipped him with clubs. He gave them $10 and they stole $100 from him.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.172", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cleek", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.18396, 40.88237 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1272, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: German-Irish fight at a beer garden. Mayor and militia disperse.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1273, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Several violent strikes. Troops called in to protect workers. Especially among workers on Croton aquaduct.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Labor; Strike", "Rioter Classification": "Laborer; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Military; Soldier; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1274, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/04", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Linn County, Iowa", "Location": "Linn County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.06265, "Long": -91.60189, "Description": "April: Vigilantes horsewhip four captured bandits.", "Source": "Ely. \"Pioneer Gangsters,\" Palimpsest, 21(1940) p.73-90", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Bandit; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.60189, 42.06265 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1275, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Rowley", "Location": "Rowley, MA", "Lat": 42.71237, "Long": -70.88461, "Description": "May: Irish RR workers went on strike when two workers had wages docked. Workers went to town and brawled with townspeople.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10", "Type": "Labor; Strike", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Striker; Laborer; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.88461, 42.71237 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1276, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Blandford", "Location": "Blandford, Petersburg, VA", "Lat": 38.992052, "Long": -79.12622, "Description": "July: A man named John Slaughter recieved an anonymous letter from \"A.B.C. and fifty others\" ordering him to quit town within twenty days or be \"well dressed.\" Slaughter had been lynched before, some years ago. Slaughter believed that Joseph Pledge had written the letter. In anticipation, Slaughter moved to an upper room in his house with pistols and a scythe. Pledge rode to Slaughter's house and tried to convince him he was not part of the plot. Slaughter did not believe him, and called him a \"damn'd free negro mulatto looking son of a bitch.\" At this, Pledge throw a brickbat into a window, causing Slaughter's child to cry out. Slaughter, believing his child to be killed, opened fire. The shot pierced Pledge's femoral artery, and he died. ", "Source": "Benjamin Watkins Leigh, Virginia Reports: Jefferson - 33 Grattan, 1730-1880 (Thomas Johnson Michie, annot.), 753-756.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Pledge; John Slaughter", "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Pledge; John Slaughter", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.12622, 38.992052 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1277, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Frost street resident, Kensington, riot to prevent construction of RR. Tear up rails at night that had been laid that day and burnt them.", "Source": "Feldberg. Philadephia Riots, p.4; Feldberg. TE, p.68-69", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1278, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: More resistance to RR. Crowd with paving stones drive sheriff and posse and workmen away. That night crowd broke into three story tavern that had been headquarters for workmen and sheriff, drove off the proprietor, and torched the building.", "Source": "Feldberg. TE, p.68-69", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Railroad; Worker; Railroad Worker; Legal; Laborer; Sheriff; Law Officer; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1279, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, Illinois", "Lat": 41.58877, "Long": -88.06573, "Description": "August: Canal office destroyed by strikers. Offense or slight to workers triggers action.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.291; Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.20,22,23", "Type": "Labor; Strike", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.06573, 41.58877 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1280, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: Brick factory partly destroyed by fire by strikers. Strikers objected to introduction of machinery.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11,24", "Type": "Labor; Strike", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Laborer; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1281, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/09", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Dubuque", "Location": "Dubuque, Dubuque Co., IA", "Lat": 42.518756, "Long": -90.684951, "Description": "September: Nat, a Black man, flogged to death for alleged theft", "Source": "Chicago American, September 18, 1840 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nat", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.684951, 42.518756 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1282, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: New Market and United Companies attack Whigs by the Patriot Office.", "Source": "Greenburg.Cause for Alarm, p.81", "Type": null, "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1283, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Report of the \"Spartan Gang\" paraded the streets with short clubs to disrupt elections. They invaded the Whig campaign headquarters, pulled down posters and hand bills, assaulted the dozen Whigs in the rooms and took over the bar.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.151-152;Common Advertiser. November 1, 1840", "Type": "Political; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Gang; Spartan Gang", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1284, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Group of German-Americans fought a street battle against police.", "Source": "Nissembaum.Battle, p.96", "Type": "Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "German; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1285, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Union Point", "Location": "Union Point, MS", "Lat": 39.01098, "Long": -94.48256, "Description": "Burning of a \"runaway slave\" for alleged murder, rape, and robbery", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, ed., Lynching in America: A History in Documents (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 76-77, source: Mississippi Free Trader, March 8, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.48256, 39.01098 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1286, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle Co.", "Location": "Ogle Co., Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "June: Regulators take three captured horse thieves and suspected murderers - Wm. Driscoll and two sons, out of jail. The Driscolls were accused of shooting the Regulator captain John Campbell. They held a trial, sentencing two to death. At the prisoners' request, they shot the man instead of hanging.", "Source": "Jones. \"Three Days,\" p.136-139", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Bandit; Alleged Horse Thief; Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Driscoll", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1287, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Carrollton", "Location": "Carrollton, Louisiana", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: Mostly German ropewalk workers beat manager to death and severely injured two others while they investigated charges that the workers had treated brtually a crippled worker.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Workers,\" p.10,11,23,24", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Ropewalk Worker; German", "Target Classification": "Manager", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1288, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/10", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Texas", "Lat": 31.759647, "Long": -94.078636, "Description": "October: 300 Regulators under Watt Moorman held \"trial\" for three members of McFaddin family for murder of Charles Jackson (McFaddin house had been burnt by Jackson earlier). Two oldest McFaddin hanged. Other murders committed by Regulators at this time.", "Source": "Sonnechson.10 Texas Feuds, p.31-33", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Watt Moorman", "Persons Named as Targets": "McFaddin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.078636, 31.759647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1289, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Pulaskie County, Missouri", "Location": "Pulaskie County, Missouri", "Lat": 37.76558, "Long": -92.1491, "Description": "Slickers organize to purge community of counterfeiters, horse thieves, and criminals. They succeeded.", "Source": "Vincent. \"Slicker War,\"Missouri Hist Rev, (1912-1913) p.138-145", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Slicker", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Counterfeiter; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.1491, 37.76558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1290, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "Rapid depreciation of bank notes brought 100s of protesters to the steps of the Bank of Michigan. City officials called US troops to protect the property until the crowds dispersed.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit 1824-1847,\"Michigan History", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Bank", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1291, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Greenough's Ford, Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "White Rock company of Regulators capture horse thief by the name of Daggett and administer either 36 or 96 lashes.", "Source": "Brunbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.13", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daggett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1292, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "Regulators capture Daniel Ross, torture and whip him.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.14", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Ross", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1293, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "Regulators adminster 96 lashes to a \"fallen\" Baptist minister.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.14", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1294, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1295, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: Attempt to build RR through Kensington again resisted. Crowd repaired work done that day and made a bonfire of rails.", "Source": "Feldberg.TE, p.69", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Laborer; Railroad; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1296, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Location": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Lat": 42.51523, "Long": -74.13342, "Description": "March: Albany County Sheriff Amos Adams attempted to hold a distress sale. But \"Indians\" with tin dinner horns drove off the landlord's friends who had come to bid on items. First appearance of Indians.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.92-93", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Adams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13342, 42.51523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1297, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Kensington crowd resists RR construction. Replaced paving stones and made bonfire out of rails.", "Source": "Feldberg.TE, p.69-71", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Laborer; Railroad; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1298, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "April-June: Regulators act against horse thief gang, wanring them out of the community. If they refused, they were whipped. In one case, a man was given 500 lashes.", "Source": "Jones. \"Three Days\"Journal of Illinois State History, 132-134", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Gang; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1299, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/06", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "June: A man by the name of Burnett hid a fugitive slave. Although brough up on charges, a mob gathered to destroy his home, but was prevented from doing so by officials.", "Source": "Woodson. \"Negroes in Cincinnati,\"J of NH(1910) 13; Richards, p.124; Werner, p.107-108", "Type": "Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1300, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Shelby County, Texas", "Location": "Shelby County, Texas", "Lat": 31.80719, "Long": -94.18108, "Description": "July: Regulators under Charles Jackson attack homes of men they accused of being slave stealers, burning them. Moderators subsequently formed to get revenge.", "Source": "Sonnechson.10 Texas Feuds, p.25-27", "Type": "Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Jackson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.18108, 31.80719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1301, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "July: After an editorial against lynching, following Regulator murder of two horse thieves, the paper's office was destroyed - probably by Regulators.", "Source": "Jones. \"Three Days\"Journal of Illinois State History, 140", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1302, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Evansville", "Location": "Evansville, Indiana", "Lat": 37.97892, "Long": -87.56002, "Description": "August: Minor race riot in effort to drive African Americans out of community.", "Source": "Werner, p.112, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.56002, 37.97892 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1303, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "New Albany", "Location": "New Albany, Indiana", "Lat": 38.28766, "Long": -85.82486, "Description": "August: Minor race riot to drive African Americans out of community over education and self-improvement. Mob burned building housing black church and school.", "Source": "Werner, p.112, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; School", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.82486, 38.28766 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1304, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/09", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Maysville", "Location": "Maysville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.63675, "Long": -83.75941, "Description": "September: Minor race riot to drive black people out of community and over self-improvement. Free black people attacked a church built for slaves - burnt down.", "Source": "Werner, p.135, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.75941, 38.63675 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1305, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Several days of fighting between white and black people. African Americans wound several whites. On the 34d as many as 1800 whites invade black neighborhood. African Americans fire on them and the whites used a cannon. At 2:00am militia establish cease fire. Officials convince black people to surrender arms, and promise that their homes and families would be protected, 200-300 black people surrender to authorities, mob ignores officials (??).", "Source": "Woodson. \"Negroes in Cincinnati,\"J of NH(1910) 13; Richards, p.122-129; Werner, p.113-137", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1306, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Berne", "Location": "Berne, NY", "Lat": 42.62509, "Long": -74.13336, "Description": "September: Local constable seized Bill Snyder, a deputy sheriff and then turned him over to anti-renter \"Indians\" who brutalized him. When he escaped down a ravine, the \"Indians\" fired shots over his head.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.93-94", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13336, 42.62509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1307, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "West Manor, Albany County, NY", "Location": "West Manor, Albany County, NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "Late: Palmer Banton, undisguised and a group of \"Indians\" kidnapped a Dutchman from his farm because he did not support the anti-rent movement. They intimidated him, and forced him to jump up and down 3x and shout \"Down with the Rent.\" After about five hours he was released.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.103-104", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Dutch; Farmer", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Palmer Banton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1308, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Pevely", "Location": "Pevely, Jefferson Co., MO", "Lat": 38.28332, "Long": -90.39493, "Description": "Hanging of black man for alleged murder and robbery", "Source": "Goodspeed's History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford, & Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Chicago: The Goodspeed Publishing Co., 1880), 405 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.39493, 38.28332 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1309, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "East Feliciana Parish", "Location": "East Feliciana Parish, LA", "Lat": 30.82561, "Long": -91.0341, "Description": "Burning of two \"runaways\" for alleged murder, rape, and kidnapping", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 388-389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.0341, 30.82561 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1310, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati, Ohio", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Rioting broke out after a parade of German military companies when one of the officers killed a boy who was annoying him.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "German; Military; Officer", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1311, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Schuykill River, PA", "Location": "Schuykill River, PA", "Lat": 40.271, "Long": -75.79456, "Description": "Irish workers fight with black people.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"A-C,\" 9, 21 n.23; Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.39", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; White; Black", "Target Classification": "Irish; White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.79456, 40.271 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1312, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Raleigh", "Location": "Raleigh, NC", "Lat": 35.78455, "Long": -78.63946, "Description": "Mob attempted to lynch black abolitionist Lunsford Lane. Included was a coat of tar - and presumably feathers. Both mechnics and rich people involved. Lane managed to escape with the help of some friends.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) Lansford Lane,Narrative of Lansford Lane…,Boston 1845", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Mechanic; Worker; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lunsford Lane", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.63946, 35.78455 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1313, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Community and Order\"", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1314, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "Black crowd fails in effort to free George Latimer, escaped slave, from his captors.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.23", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1315, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "January: When the Miami exporting company bank suspended and closed its doors, followed by payment suspension by the Cincinnati bank, a riot occurred. A crowd inside the Cincinnati bank seized desks, workers, etc., throwing them into the street and property taken. The sheriff was taken out of the building when he attempted to interfere. Later, the MEC Bank and Exchange bank were broken into. The mayor and officers were beaten off with clubs and bricks. Two other bank offices were broken into and $240,000 taken.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.50-51; McMaster, p.6-7", "Type": "Economic; Bank; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Bank; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Elected Official; Mayor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1316, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Spartan Band contested the right of Catholics to share in educational funds and policy making. They attacked the regular Democratic headquarters in Dunn's hotel, smashed windows and destroyed the barroom's furniture. They also attacked Bishop John Joseph Hughes' home and damaged it. Police and militia restored order.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.152", "Type": "Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Spartan Band; Political;", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Bishop; Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1317, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/05", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "May: Depreciation of municipal notes created a panic. At a public meeting in the street someone shouted, \"Down with the banks!\" (In French) and a rush was made to sack the offices of the exchange brokers. Volunteers broke up the crowd.", "Source": "McMaster, p.9-10", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "French", "Target Classification": "Bank", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1318, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Passage of a bill giving control over public educaation to the state, and hence sympathetic to Catholics led to come rioting the night the bill was passed. Mob chased any Irishman that came into their path and stoned the windows of Bishop Hughes house. The militia was ordered out to guard the city's Catholic churches. Orangemen involved in rioting.", "Source": "Billington, p.154; Cook.Armies, p.22", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Bishop", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1319, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Plainville", "Location": "Plainville, MA", "Lat": 42.00378, "Long": -71.33316, "Description": "Summer: Rowdies tore down tent of black worshippers, sang obscene songs and ran horses off. Next day, evangelists ambushed rowdies and tied several up.", "Source": "Murphy.Ten Hours, p.74-75", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Protestant; Black; Religious", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.33316, 42.00378 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1320, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Summer: Fight between Engine Company 33 and Engine Co. 5 and truck and hose company 4. Fight lasted almost an hour and was caused supposedly when No. 33 splashed water at No. 4 and 5 during an earlier fire.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.175", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1321, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: \"Battle of the Boots,\" Fire Company 27 ambushed 34 led by Dave Broderick. This was in revenge for an earlier fight that 34 won. In the signal \"boots\" 27 and its followers attacked 34 on Hudson street. This was one of several such fights. 27 took Broderick's (??) in triumph. The next day, when Broderick went to the saloon to get it back, he, Mike Walsh and others were beaten again.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen,p.176-178; Limpus.History, p.169-170; Buckly, p.340", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dave Broderick; Mike Walsh", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1322, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69005, "Long": -76.25998, "Description": "July: Miners marched along the Norwegian RR with clubs and other weapons, compelling workers along the line to quit work. The strikers were largely Irish. That night 150 soldiers arrived, but things had quited down by then.", "Source": "Aurand.From MM, p.68; Palladino.Another Civil War, p.49", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.25998, 40.69005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1323, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wadesville", "Location": "Wadesville, PA", "Lat": 40.71609, "Long": -76.20651, "Description": "July: Striking miners compelled others to join them. Sheriff intervened and arrested a few ringleaders.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.50", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.20651, 40.71609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1324, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Wadesville", "Location": "Wadesville, PA", "Lat": 40.71609, "Long": -76.20651, "Description": "July: Striking miners threw stones at houses of strikebreakers. A foreman broke up the crowd by firing a few shots.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.50", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.20651, 40.71609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1325, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Irish RR workers who had wages docked retaliated by burning a bridge.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"AL,\" p.10,11,22,23", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1326, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Black people march to celebrate emancipation in WI under black Temperance auspices. Whites (probably Irish) attack the parade. They followed this with assaults on black people and the destruction of some buildings, including the black Presbyterian church and black-owned assembly hall. Initially sheriff and posse routed by mob; but militia and additional police quell the rioting.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.196", "Type": "Racial; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1327, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September-October: Often violent weavers' strike, strikers attacked and manhandled a posse and sheriff. They also cut webs out of looms, etc. Several incidents occurred.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riots, p.4; Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10,23", "Type": "Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Weaver; Striker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1328, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/11", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "November: Workers use col. Violence in reaction to scabs.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1329, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: Figt erupts between Franklin Hose Company and Washington Engine Companies. Franklin firefighters claimed that Washys had a suspiciously large number turn out for false alarm. While Franklins had 6 to 8x their normal number (300-400 men). Horns, wrenches, and brickbats, etc., were used. No clear winner.", "Source": "Feldberg, p.78-79", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1330, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: Washington Engine Co. ambushed Franklin hose while the latter was returning from a fire.", "Source": "Feldberg, p.79", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1331, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: Washington Fire Co. set a false alarm and ambushed Franklin Hose Company as they passed Callowhill and Broad street. Dick Manly, gang leader of the Killer's there. Washys drove the Franklins off, forcing them to abandon their hose carriage and then defend it.", "Source": "Feldberg, p.79", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1332, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: 400 angry Franklin supporting stormed Washington Engine house. They captured the Washy's engine, dragged in out and dismantled it.", "Source": "Feldberg, p.79-80", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1333, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Tracks of Harlem Railroad at Center street torn up after train ran over little girl.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.27", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1334, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Pendleton", "Location": "Pendleton, Indiana", "Lat": 39.99902, "Long": -85.74404, "Description": "Mob clubbed and severely injured Frederick Douglass.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.74404, 39.99902 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1335, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Ethnic riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Community and Order\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1336, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Kensington Weaver's strike. Strikers entered houses on non-strikers, cut (??), destroyed looms and stuff being manufactured. They beat some non-strikers. Afterward they occupied the Nanny Goat Market from which they beat back the sheriff and a posse.The next day they paraded through the streets, beat one obnoxious to them and prepared to defend Nanny Goat Market again. But news that the militia was called up dispersed them.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.661", "Type": "Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Weaver; Striker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1337, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/02", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Copiah Co., MS", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "February: Hanging of \"negro men of Mr. Burdy\" for alleged rape, murderous assualt, and robbery", "Source": "Courier de La Louisiane, March 1, 1843 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1338, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Fight between Engine Companies 34 and 27 led to the disbandment of 34, temporarily.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.107-108", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1339, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/03", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.202362, "Long": -90.606381, "Description": "March: Competition over land development between Colonel William Johnson and William Bennett. Bennett and his comrades seized Johnson at his house and gave him a whipping, ordering him out of the country. Johnson swore out warrants, driving Bennett and his men away, but then he himself had to leave the county.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Bennett", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Johnson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.606381, 42.202362 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1340, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Strikers cut cloth and looms.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10,22", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1341, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Anti-abolition or anti-black riot. Target, as in earlier 1842 riot, was an English confectioner. Nine year old girl brought from New Orleans with masks escaped with help from Abolitionists. Owner incites crowd, who throw stones at Cornelius Burnett's home. But mayor's prompt show of force and arrest, especially on 2nd night, limits violence.", "Source": "Richards, p.42,69; Werner, p.137-138", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; White; Slavecatcher", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cornelius Burnett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1342, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: A group of sailros assaulted four black people. When the black people defended themselves, a crowd appeared that beat every black person that appeared. This occurred in North Square. Several were injured. Of those arrested, all were Irish. Police and firefighters quelled the riot.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100-101", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1343, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Fall: Several fights and riots among different fire companies.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.107", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1344, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Battle outside Black Joke's engine house at Gouverneur and Henry street, when members of Bean Soup, Old Maid, and Old Turk Engine companies attacked. Numbering 600 strong. Black Joke greeted them with guns and a cannon loaded with slugs, chains, bolts. Police arrived and arrested several Black Jokes. Subsequently the company was disbanded.", "Source": "Limpas.History, p.181-182; Buckly, p.340", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1345, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Anti-Irish violence. Begun over Bible dispute. Erupts in Kensington. Nativist meeting after rainstorm attempts to use local market. Irish resist, and a neighborhood battle erupted. Death of George Shiffler anger nativist crowd. Mayor's attempts to quell disturbance failed. Militia and special police used. St. Michaels and St. Augustine Catholic church attacked.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.663-669; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Shiffler", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1346, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Carthage", "Location": "Cathage, Illinois", "Lat": 40.415298, "Long": -91.136818, "Description": "June: Mob broke into jail and shot Joseph Smith and his brother Heyrum. Wounded another Mormon leader. They had been arrested for the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.136-137", "Type": "Religious; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisan; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Smith; Heyrum Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.136818, 40.415298 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1347, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Anti-Irish violence - deaths and injuries. In Southwark. Starts with threat to Catholic church. Militia attempts to defend. Battles ensue with mob and militia. Mob has cannons at times. A total of 14 killed on both sides.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.669-674; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Militia; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "14", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1348, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Texa", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Texas", "Lat": 31.759647, "Long": -94.078636, "Description": "August: Big Texas battle involving at least 100 men on both Moderaator and Regulator side. Estimates vary - some say Regulators lost 15 in killed and wounded, Moderators 6 wounded. Regulators say 16 Moderators killed, 2 Regulators.", "Source": "(??)10 Texas Feuds, p.47-50", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Moderator", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Moderator", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.078636, 31.759647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1349, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Western Illinois", "Location": "Western Illinois", "Lat": 40.174795, "Long": -90.503996, "Description": "September: Raid and counter-raid between Mormons and opponents. Some 150 Mormon homes and farms burned. Mormons retaliate, including gun battle where one anti-Mormon was killed.", "Source": "Winn.Exiles, p.227-228", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisan; Mormon", "Target Classification": "Illinoisan; Mormon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.503996, 40.174795 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1350, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Grafton", "Location": "Grafton, NY", "Lat": 42.769484, "Long": -73.44925, "Description": "December: A group of 50 \"Indians\" obstructed Nathan Martin with three workmen from transporting lumber on land. Martin had obtained at the landlord's terms 21 year old Elijah B. Smith, threatened the \"Indians\" with an axe and one \"Indian\" shot and killed him.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.113-115, 136", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nathan Martin; Elijah B. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.44925, 42.769484 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1351, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "After a false alarm two fire companies riot and fight one month.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.90", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1352, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "New York ", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Riot at Olympic theater between supporters of Mrs. Timms and Mrs. Taylor.", "Source": "Buckly. \"To the Opera House,\" p.93", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1353, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "After a German newspaper advised its readers to go to the polls armed during an election, nativist mobs forced the editor to flee and other rioting followed.", "Source": "Billington, p.197-198", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Political; German; Press", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1354, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Election riot involving Irish and Native Americans.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1355, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hinsdale", "Location": "Hinsdale, NY", "Lat": 42.16781, "Long": -78.39007, "Description": "January: Between 100 and 150 armed men, some in paint and Indian blankets, attacked Cattaraugus County sheriff George W. White and other officers when they attempted to evict Jacob Wearn from his farm.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.122", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George W. White", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.39007, 42.16781 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1356, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Unknown group of raiders broken into Goodwill Hose Company's headquarters, stole their engine, drove it to the outskirts and burned it.", "Source": "Feldberg.TE, p.80", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1357, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: On the homeward march from hearing a Native American speaker, a group of natives passed a Catholic church. Irishmen, probably gathered to defend their church, attacked the rear of the nativist party. A street battle lasting several hours ensued.", "Source": "Billington, p.237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1358, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Nativist meeting at the Nanny-goat Market disrupted by hecklers and fights. In retaliation for this disturbance, Nativists called for a meeting on Monday the 6th.", "Source": "Werner, p.144-145", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Nativist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1359, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Nauvoo", "Location": "Nauvoo, Illinois", "Lat": 40.54837, "Long": -91.39333, "Description": "June: Joseph Smith ordered Nauvoo Legion to destroy William Law's newspaper and press, the Nauvoo Expositor. Law was a Mormon who hoped to reform the church. He and his family were also driven from the town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.124-125", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia; Religious; Nauvoo Legion", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Law", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.39333, 40.54837 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1360, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Dutch Hill", "Location": "Dutch Hill, NY", "Lat": 42.44558, "Long": -74.88943, "Description": "June: The sheriff attempted to evict the Learn brothers from their (??) hand Purchase farm. The sheriff and 6 or 7 men were confronted by 100-150 men, many wearing Indian disguises, had to leave the premises.", "Source": "Brooks.Frontier Settlement, p.226", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.88943, 42.44558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1361, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinois", "Location": "Illinois", "Lat": 39.9253, "Long": -88.956, "Description": "June: Outlying settlements of Mormons harassed by mobs.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.126-127", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisian", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.956, 39.9253 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1362, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Weccacoes attempted to attack American Representative Weccacoes Fire Company's engine house. Their rivals were waiting for them and fired upon the attackers. The watch then interfered and confiscated the attackers' guns.", "Source": "\"Fire Companies,\" p.80", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1363, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Roxbury", "Location": "Roxbury, NY", "Lat": 42.28346, "Long": -74.56494, "Description": "Summer: After John B. Gould continued to use the tin horn for dinner call local Indians visited him, and threatened tar and feathers. But his neighbors came to his rescue. On their retreat the \"Indians\" tar and feathered a neighbor Hiram More.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.107-108", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John B. Gould; Hiram More", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.56494, 42.28346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1364, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaer County", "Location": "Rensselaer County", "Lat": 42.71185, "Long": -73.49085, "Description": "Summer: Sandlake Indians robbed district attorney Gideon Reynolds of legal papers and threatened him.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.128", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; District Attorney", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gideon Reynolds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.49085, 42.71185 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1365, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Stephenstown, NY", "Location": "Stephenstown, NY", "Lat": 42.54922, "Long": -73.37356, "Description": "July: \"Indians\" intecept Rensselaer County sheriff Gideon Reynolds and two deputies attempting to serve process on a (??) Rensselaer tenant, forcing them to withdraw.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.125", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; District Attorney; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gideon Reynolds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.37356, 42.54922 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1366, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Alps", "Location": "Alps, NY", "Lat": 42.71185, "Long": -73.49085, "Description": "July: Sheriff's party of 35 encountered over 100 men, forced to dismount and walk back to town. After searching the officials, the anti-renters found distress papers upon George B. Allen, a deputy. They tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.126", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George B. Allen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.49085, 42.71185 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1367, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaer County, NY", "Location": "Rensselaer County, NY", "Lat": 42.71185, "Long": -73.49085, "Description": "August: \"Indians\" captured deputy sheriff Jacob Lewis and burned his papers. When he persisted, they tarred and feathered him and chased him around the village of Nassau where he lived.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.126", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob Lewis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.49085, 42.71185 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1368, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville, KY", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "August: After the editor of the German paper Beobachter advised his readers to go to the polls armed and prepared to defend their right to vote against Nativist poll watchers, a mob, after reading the warning translated in the Louisivlle Journal of nativists, gathered in front of the Beobachter office and forced the editor to flee. This occurred during the Presidential elections.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.122", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Political", "Target Classification": "German; Press; Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1369, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany, NY", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "August: Men dressed like Indians stopped the carriage of Mrs. Willow P. Van Resselaer, wife of heir to the East Manor, and hitched her horses and left her unharmed.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.101-107", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Woman; Landowner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Willow P. Van Resselaer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1370, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pennsvylvania", "Location": "Pennsvylvania", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Drunken foreigners attacked and damaged a Lutheran church.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Lutheran; Church; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1371, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Stephenstown, NY", "Location": "Stephenstown, NY", "Lat": 42.54922, "Long": -73.37356, "Description": "August: \"Indians\" surround old man and attempt to intimidate him into denouncing rent. When he refused, they dragged him out of town and fearing the worst, he relented.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.106", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.37356, 42.54922 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1372, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Stephenstown, NY", "Location": "Stephenstown, NY", "Lat": 42.54922, "Long": -73.37356, "Description": "August: Anti-rent indians attempted to tar and feather Samuel P. Rollo and his father because they did not sympathise with the anti-rent movement. Other acts of intimidation also occurred at this time.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.105", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel P. Rollo", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.37356, 42.54922 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1373, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Sandlake", "Location": "Sandlake, NY", "Lat": 42.63689, "Long": -73.54066, "Description": "August: Men whose faces were painted black shot at Albany County sheriff Christopher Batterman. They hit the sheriff's horse, but he was able to capture two of them.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.129", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Christopher Batterman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.54066, 42.63689 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1374, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Location": "Rensselaerville, NY", "Lat": 42.51523, "Long": -74.13342, "Description": "August: About 60 \"indians\" oppsoe Albany sheriff Christopher Batterman. When the sheriff went for his revolvers, 12 of the group attacked, hit him a few times, knocked him from his horse, and stole his papers. He refused to give up, so they tarred and feathered his leg and dumped him in a wagon, ordering his deputies to return to Albany.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.129", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Christopher Batterman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13342, 42.51523 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1375, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Connecticut", "Location": "Connecticut", "Lat": 41.59782, "Long": -72.62739, "Description": "September: Foreign workmen riot.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.62739, 41.59782 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1376, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Stephenstown, NY", "Location": "Stephenstown, NY", "Lat": 42.54922, "Long": -73.37356, "Description": "September: Two non-resident landowners captured 12 miles from Albany and forced to return to Stephenstown because they had accidentally torn down an anti-rent sign. After a ritual confession, they were allowed to leave.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.106", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.37356, 42.54922 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1377, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Roxbury, NY", "Location": "Roxbury, NY", "Lat": 42.28346, "Long": -74.56494, "Description": "September: \"Indians\" stole and burned legal papers of deputy sheriff Timothy Corbin and then tarred and feathered him when he attempted to serve a process on Daniel squires, a tenant.", "Source": "Pendleton; Christown, p.90-91", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Timothy Corbin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.56494, 42.28346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1378, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Efforts to control pigs running loose in the streets triggered riotous resistance by the Irish owners.", "Source": "Billington, p.196; Cook.Armies, p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1379, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Confrontation between Democratic and whig parades prompts whig paper to advocate getting (??)", "Source": "Johnson, p.137", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Whig", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Whig", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1380, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: Fire company fight.", "Source": "Werner, p.151;Public Ledger, December 9, 1944", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1381, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Copake", "Location": "Copake, NY", "Lat": 42.10346, "Long": -73.54298, "Description": "December: Sheriff Henry C. Miller prevented from holding a sale of Stephen Becker's property by 200 \"Indians\" led by \"Big Thumper.\" Decker had refused to pay rent. In front of 15,000 sympathisers Miller's papers burned.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.57,133", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Big Thumper", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry C. Miller", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.54298, 42.10346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1382, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Claverack", "Location": "Near Claverack", "Lat": 42.22436, "Long": -73.73629, "Description": "December: Arrest of Dr. Smith A. Boughton \"Big Thunder\" resisted by anti-renter, till Boughton agreed to go. Earlier a boy had been killed accidentally at an \"Indian\" meeting.", "Source": "Christown, p.109-112", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.73629, 42.22436 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1383, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Andes", "Location": "Andes, NY", "Lat": 42.189131, "Long": -74.78493, "Description": "August: Sheriff Greene Moore of Delaware co., attempted to hold an auction at the Earle farm in a rent related controversy. A large contingent of \"Indians\" - anti-renters - opposed him. In the scuffle that ensued, an \"Indian\" shot and killed Osman Steele, a deputy Sheriff.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.1-9", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Renter; Farmer", "Target Classification": "Debt Collector; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Greene Moore; Osman Steele", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.78493, 42.189131 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1384, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Ancram", "Location": "Ancram, NY", "Lat": 42.05027, "Long": -73.63607, "Description": "January: During big crackdown on anti-renters there was little opposition. However, \"Indians\" partially destroyed a vital bridge near Ancram iron mines minuted before state militia arrived.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.140", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Bridge", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.63607, 42.05027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1385, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lake Delaware", "Location": "Lake Delaware, NY", "Lat": 42.24829, "Long": -74.83052, "Description": "January: Deputy Steele and escort ambushed by \"Indians\" and held captive for several hours until Sheriff More rescued him.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.146", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Osman Steele", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.83052, 42.24829 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1386, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Dutch Hill", "Location": "Dutch Hill, NY", "Lat": 42.44558, "Long": -74.88943, "Description": "January: The Sheriff and some deputies sought to arrest indicted lewd rioters. After arresting one man, a group of armed \"Indians\" drove them back. The sheriff called out the militia. With 1,100 militiamen on January 26, the opposition melted away.", "Source": "Brooks.Frontier Settlement, p.228", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.88943, 42.44558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1387, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hinsdale", "Location": "Hinsdale, NY", "Lat": 42.16781, "Long": -78.39007, "Description": "January: Efforts to arrest 11 indicted men for riot at Learn's farm resisted by groups of armed farmers. Only one successfully arrested.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.123-124", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.39007, 42.16781 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1388, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Middletown", "Location": "Middletown, NY", "Lat": 41.42796, "Long": -74.44526, "Description": "February: Nine \"Indians\" threatened deputy sheriff JA Berson if he returned to the area on legal duties. Note - A total of 346 anti-renters arrested in 1845 crackdown in Delaware county.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.147", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "JA Berson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.44526, 41.42796 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1389, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hinsdale", "Location": "Hinsdale, NY", "Lat": 42.16781, "Long": -78.39007, "Description": "March: A group of farmers again resisted sheriff White of Cattaraugus county.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.124", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "White", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.39007, 42.16781 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1390, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Coopers Lake", "Location": "Coopers Lake, North of Bearsville, NY", "Lat": 42.06447, "Long": -74.1784, "Description": "March: \"Indians\" attack three men cutting timber for the Livingstons on disputed land. In scuffle two Indians unmasked. Two of the lumber men escape, but the 3rd, John Lasher, was captured and tarred and feathered.", "Source": "Christman, p.135; Pendleton, p.109", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Lasher", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.1784, 42.06447 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1391, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Andes", "Location": "Andes, NY", "Lat": 42.18869, "Long": -74.78391, "Description": "March: \"Indians\" attack sheriff's men Osman Steele and Charles Parker at a tavern, but Sheriff More arrived the next day from Delhi to rescue them.", "Source": "Christman, p.140", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Osman Steele; Charles Parker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.78391, 42.18869 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1392, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Roxbury, NY", "Location": "Roxbury, NY", "Lat": 42.28346, "Long": -74.56494, "Description": "March: Osman Steele and about 80 men engaged in hand-to-hand fighting with about 100 Indians. They captured 10 and took them to Delhi. Threats of rescue, however, came to naught.", "Source": "Christman, p.141", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Osman Steele", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.56494, 42.28346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1393, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Bearsville", "Location": "Bearsville, NY", "Lat": 42.04028, "Long": -74.15535, "Description": "March: Sheriff officers arrested two identified Indians who were then rescued by their friends.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.109; Pound. \"Down-Rent War,\" NYH 23 (1942)", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.15535, 42.04028 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1394, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Bleinham Hill", "Location": "Bleinham Hill", "Lat": 42.46901, "Long": -74.54433, "Description": "March: About 150 \"Indians\" attack Sheriff John S. Brown and the undersheriff Tobias Bouck at a tavern in the evening. That day the sheriffs had been serving papers on tenants Brown and Bouck were beaten and their papers burned. The Indians discussed tar and feather but decided against it.", "Source": "Christman, p.137-139", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John S. Brown; Tobias Bouck", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.54433, 42.46901 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1395, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Bearsville", "Location": "Bearsville, NY", "Lat": 42.04028, "Long": -74.15535, "Description": "March: Efforts to arrest \"Indians\" thwarted by \"Indians.\"", "Source": "Pendleton, p.109", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.15535, 42.04028 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1396, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Ancram", "Location": "Ancram, NY", "Lat": 42.05027, "Long": -73.63607, "Description": "April: After eviction of anti-renters a mob attacked the house of the new tenant, pulled it down and razed the remainder.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.111", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Renter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.63607, 42.05027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1397, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Weccacoes Hose Company members attempt to storm Franklin Fire Company's house, but watchmen interceded.", "Source": "Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.75", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1398, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: During the great fire at New street a fireman went into a German grocery at the corner of Beaver and Pearl streets and had some refreshment. He told the proprietor to charge it to his company. When the proprietor attacked him, demanding payment, forty firemen rushed in and demolished his store.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.183", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1399, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, KY", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "August: Mob suppresses Cassius Marcellus Clay's newspaper True American. A vigilance committee dismanlted the press boxed the parts and sent them to Cincinnati.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MHOR(1942) p.361-362", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Press; Reformer; Abolitionist; Political; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cassius Marcellus Clay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1400, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Ancram", "Location": "Ancram, NY", "Lat": 42.05027, "Long": -73.63607, "Description": "October: Anti-renters pulled down \"Up-renter\" house of William H. Bogerdus.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.111", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William H. Bogerdus", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.63607, 42.05027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1401, "year": 1845, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Keokuk County", "Location": "Keokuk County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.452187, "Long": -92.090175, "Description": "Winter: Two men were accused of pre-empting land claims. Convicted by a lynch jury, they were sentenced to be tied to a pole and ducked through a hole in the ice in a mill pond. They then were to be tarred and feathered. After one man attempted to commit suicide on the way to the pond, the sentence was changed.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.178", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.090175, 41.452187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1402, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Dutch Hill", "Location": "Dutch Hill, NY", "Lat": 42.44558, "Long": -74.88943, "Description": "March: About 100 men again opposed the sheriff attempting to evict or arrest men in the area. Eventually both sides (??) promised.", "Source": "Brooks.Frontier Settlement, p.229-230", "Type": "Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.88943, 42.44558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1403, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/03", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Nashville", "Location": "Nashville", "Lat": 36.183564, "Long": -86.729864, "Description": "March: After EZC Judson shot and killed a Mr. Pottersfield - whose wife he may have had an affair with - a lynch mob pursued him. Judgson had to be placed in a jail for safe-keeping.", "Source": "Buckley. \"To the Opera House,\" p.429", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "EZC Judson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.729864, 36.183564 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1404, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Theater riot at Palmo's theater against a Scottish singer named Templeton.", "Source": "Buckly. \"To the Opera House,\" p.192", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Scottish; Actor; Singer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Templeton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1405, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Lee County", "Location": "Lee County, Iowa", "Lat": 40.59158, "Long": -91.54861, "Description": "Mob almost hangs a Mr. Walsworth for a muder he didn't commit. At last minute news arrived that the supposed victim was still alive and the mob dispersed.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.177-178", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Walsworth", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.54861, 40.59158 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1406, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Parkersburg", "Location": "Parkersburg, VA", "Lat": 39.27005, "Long": -81.55323, "Description": "Northern faction most numerous, but when Rev. John Dillon from Ohio arrived to assume the pulpit, a vigilance committee of 60 ordered him out of town.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Dillon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.55323, 39.27005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1407, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Guilford", "Location": "Guilford, VA", "Lat": 37.82438, "Long": -75.65153, "Description": "Rev. James Hargis prevented from preaching at local church by a mob because he represented the northern faction of the Methodist church.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" MVHR (1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Hargis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.65153, 37.82438 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1408, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh, PA", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "February: Strikers briefly took over an iron mill. Some strikers arrested and convicted but either pardoned or let go. Women participated and four women convicted along with two men. Issue concerned wages.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10,11,22", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Woman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1409, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Workers use col. Violence during strike.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11,23", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1410, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish workers fight with Germans.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9,21", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German; Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; German; Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1411, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Anti-Catholic lecturer attacked by foreign mobs. This occurred elsewhere, too.", "Source": "Billington, p.198", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Nativist; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1412, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Unskilled Irish laborers demand raise from 65 cents a day to 87.5 with longer daylight hours. Employers ordered the strikers out of their shanties - built on nearby land - and replaced the strikers with newly arrived German workers. The Irish refused to go, attacked the Germans and would have driven them off had the militia not been called out.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.99", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "German; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1413, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Workers on strike use collective violence in reaction to scabs.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11, 25", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1414, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem, VA", "Lat": 37.29303, "Long": -80.05543, "Description": "July: When Rev. Valintine Gray of the Northern Methodist Church attempted to preach at local Methodist church he was dragged from the pulpit by his hair and clothes.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" MHOR (1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Valintine Gray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.05543, 37.29303 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1415, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Big fight involving fire engine companies 1, 6, 23, and 36 on return from fire. All the companies were subsequently disbanded.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.173-174; Limpus.History, p.150", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1416, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.20347, "Long": -88.70238, "Description": "August: Extensive Regulator activity torturing suspects in an effort to get them to confess and implicated the local sheriff.", "Source": "Etheson. \"Good Men,\" inLethal Imagination, p.152-153", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Flathead; Alleged Outlaw; Gang", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.70238, 37.20347 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1417, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.20347, "Long": -88.70238, "Description": "August: Conflict between Regulators and Flatheads. Regulators duck captives until they confessed and used other tortures.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.38-39", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Flathead; Alleged Outlaw; Gang", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.70238, 37.20347 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1418, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.20347, "Long": -88.70238, "Description": "Fall: Regulators, aided by men from Pope County and Kentucky, drove out the sheriff, the county clerk and representative elect. All had supported the Flatheads. They also whipped several people and threatened anyone who spoke against them. They even tarred and feathered some victims.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.39-43", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Flathead; Alleged Outlaw; Gang; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.70238, 37.20347 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1419, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.20347, "Long": -88.70238, "Description": "November: 20 Regulators visited rural home of an elderly man named Mathis, believing he knew about local criminal activity. When he and his wife resisted, the Regulaters accidentally shot her and purposely hit him. Once taken away - \"arrested\" by Regulators, Maths was never seen again.", "Source": "Etcheson. \"Good Men,\"Lethal Imagination, p.149", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mathis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.70238, 37.20347 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1420, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.20347, "Long": -88.70238, "Description": "November: Party of 20 Regulators attempt to force a man named Mathis to testify. Mathis, who was elderly, so too did his wife, who was shot during the scuffle. Later 10 Regulators arrested. About 150 Regulators convince officials to release them. Some Flatheads subsequently seized by Regulators.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.48-49", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mathis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.70238, 37.20347 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1421, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/12", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Metropolis", "Location": "Metropolis, Illinois", "Lat": 37.14976, "Long": -88.73339, "Description": "December: Posse of 60 to 70 men confront Regulators, who took prisoners away from them and also captured several of the posse, probably drowning them in the Ohio river.", "Source": "Etcheson. \"Good Men,\"Lethal Imagination, p.155-156", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Extraction; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.73339, 37.14976 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1422, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, PA", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "June: Crowd of African Americans rescue two fugitive slaves taken to the court house by slave catchers. Attempts were made in the court house and in the street. Stones, clubs, and canes used. Slaveholder knocked down by stones, injured and subsequently died.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christians, p.50-51", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher; Slaveholder; Pro-Slavery; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1423, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Port Jervis", "Location": "Port Jervis, NY", "Lat": 41.37461, "Long": -74.69248, "Description": "Battle between Fardowners and Corkonian RR workers about having one group discharged. Other battles occurred.", "Source": "Wittler.Irish in America, p.38", "Type": "Labor; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Gang; Fardowner; Corkonian; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Gang; Fardowner; Corkonian; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.69248, 41.37461 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1424, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Harrisburg", "Location": "Harrisburg", "Lat": 40.272046, "Long": -76.876657, "Description": "Crowd that listened peacefully to Garrison, threw eggs, firecrackers, stones, garbage, etc., when Frederick Douglass began to speak.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.876657, 40.272046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1425, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Port Jervis", "Location": "Port Jervis, NY", "Lat": 41.37461, "Long": -74.69248, "Description": "February: Irish workers fight with Germans.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9, 21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.69248, 41.37461 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1426, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Spring: Local black people rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk the individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1427, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., MO", "Lat": 38.40104, "Long": -91.00077, "Description": "April: Enslaved man named Eli lynched for allegedly murdering and attempting to rape a white woman, and attempting to kill her son", "Source": "Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1914), 254n61 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.00077, 38.40104 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1428, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/05", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New London", "Location": "New London, CT", "Lat": 41.3557, "Long": -72.09988, "Description": "May: Race riot. No details.", "Source": "Werner, p.247, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.09988, 41.3557 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1429, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Weccacoes Hose company captured and destroyed Franklin Fire company (??).", "Source": "Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.79", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1430, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/07", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Annapolis", "Location": "Annapolis", "Lat": 38.98362, "Long": -76.49649, "Description": "July: A pleasure steamer from Baltimore put in to Annapolis because it was too crowded to cross the bay. A fight erupted between some of the Baltimore men and Annapolis men. It soon escalated as Annapolis men boarded the vessel with rocks, etc. Those on the steamer broke into a rifle cabinet and fired on those on shore, wounding five. The Annapolis men then procured two cannons and were ready to fire when officials interceded and the steamer sailed for Baltimore.", "Source": "Scharf, p.524-525", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 5, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.49649, 38.98362 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1431, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Large battle between competing fire companies. New Market and United fire companies fought against Watchman fire company for 1.5 hours along Light street from York to Larden and along Burre street from Light to Sharp street. The companies were on their way to a fire in Federal Hill. Bricks and pistols used. Some of the New Market equipment captured and thrown in Larden. Police nightwatch and fire officers quelled the riot.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.523-524", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1432, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Winter: Local African Americans rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1433, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "December: Fire company fight.", "Source": "Warner, p.151", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1434, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "St. Croix Valley", "Location": "St. Croix Valley", "Lat": 45.41262, "Long": -92.63973, "Description": "Hanging of a Native man named Paunais for alleged murder of White trader", "Source": "Marilyn Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" Minnesota History 55, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Paunais", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.63973, 45.41262 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1435, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jasper Co.", "Location": "Jasper County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.66541, "Long": -93.05811, "Description": "Mob tortured John and Nathan Hamlin into confessing killing a man named Nicely from Missouri who lived with them. Thumb stretching had been used on Nathaniel, a noose on John. When Nicely showed up, legal charges were dropped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.179-180", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hamlin; Nathan Hamlin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.05811, 41.66541 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1436, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northampton", "Location": "Northampton, MA", "Lat": 42.31714, "Long": -72.6342, "Description": "Irish workers on the railroad struck for better pay. They assaulted a sheriff trying to disperse them and dragged him off his horse.", "Source": "Clark.Roots of Rural Capitals, p.259", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.6342, 42.31714 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1437, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 40.45259, "Long": -123.11362, "Description": "Oregon Yankees clashed with naturalized and native Californians.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.25", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -123.11362, 40.45259 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1438, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "Special tribunal organized to try some counterfeiters.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal. Q, 54 (1972), 15", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1439, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "Rowdy election. Democrats (??) Chris Lillie from NYC. Tammary to help rough up opponents.", "Source": "Asbury.French Quarter, p.288", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1440, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, MA", "Lat": 42.100341, "Long": -72.590565, "Description": "January: Striking workers use collective violence on scabs.", "Source": "Grimsted, p.11,23", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.590565, 42.100341 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1441, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Striking workers at Brick factory riot over introduction of machinery.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11, 24", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1442, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Contest at 6th Ward polls between Whigs and democrats. Police break up fighters.", "Source": "Anbinder.Five Points, p.153-154", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Political; Whig; Democrat", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1443, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Mahaske County", "Location": "Mahaske County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.37314, "Long": -92.63724, "Description": "June: Jacob Majors not only refused to join the settlers Mutual Protection Association, but also entered the claims of three of his neighbors. Supposedly he had money. The association men went to his farm and burnt his barn to force his return. When he did he deeded the contested land away.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.179", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob Majors", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.63724, 41.37314 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1444, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Knoxville", "Location": "Knoxville, Marion County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.32057, "Long": -93.11098, "Description": "July: Jacob Majors had warrants issued for the arrest of some land claims protection people. They captured him, tarred and feathered him naked, dressed him and tarred and feathered him again.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.1179", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob Majors", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.11098, 41.32057 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1445, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny City, PA", "Location": "Allegheny City, PA", "Lat": 40.44685, "Long": -80.01691, "Description": "July: Strikers broke some machinery in a cotton mill when some of their coworkers went back to work. Hours one of the key issues in strike. Women participate. Hours also an issue. Riot began in earnest after owner opened steam valve on strikers.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10,22; Adamic.Dynamite, p.6-7", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Woman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.01691, 40.44685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1446, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Allegheny City, PA", "Location": "Allegheny City, PA", "Lat": 40.44685, "Long": -80.01691, "Description": "August: Mob pelted owner of Gray's Allegheny Mill on his way to work during cotton mill strikes.", "Source": "Calvert. \"Allegheny…,\" p.116-117", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.01691, 40.44685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1447, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Bowerytheater riot. Jealousies and animosities between actors and actresses carried over to audience. Miss Turnbull and Mr. G.W. Smith had a misunderstanding and Turnbull apparently was jealous of Signora Ciocca. The audience refused to all the Signora to appear, pelted Smith from the stage and destroyed a great dael of theater property. A large body of police interfered and broke up the riot.", "Source": "Ireland.Records of the NY Stage, II p.504-505", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1448, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Angry native tailors attacked a German tailor working at lower prices, cutting his hair and may have tarred and feathered him in his shop in the German Over-The-Rhine area.", "Source": "Ross.Workers…, p.184", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; German", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1449, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: After election for sheriff a gang of rowdies carrying Cass and Butler banners attacked the newspaper offices of the Patriot and of the Clipper. They did the greatest damage at the Clipper office. They also smashed the windows of several other individuals, probably politicians.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.528", "Type": "Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Press; Legal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1450, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Members of the Watchman Fire Company attacked the tavern of John Appleby at the corner of Caroline and Hampstead streets, demolishing every window in his house, and wounding Appleby. They also fired pistols. Appleby fired back, wounding several, and drove the rioters off. Seven men were shot.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.528", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 7, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Appleby", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1451, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Phillips Co.", "Location": "Phillips Co. AR", "Lat": 34.37981, "Long": -90.81906, "Description": "Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Orville W. Taylor, Negro Slavery on Arkansas (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1958), 235 as listed in Pfiefer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.81906, 34.37981 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1452, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Astor Place Riot. Long-time feud between William C. MacReady and Edwin Forrest led to major theater riot. When MacReady attempted to act MacBeth he was not only shouted offstage, but the crowd outside began to riot. Troops were brought in. Fired once over heads, but then had to fire directly into crowd. 22 died, 48 wounded. 50 to 70 police injured. Next night protest against force easily quelled. Some 300 police and 200 state militia involved.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.24-27", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "22", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Edwin Forrest", "Persons Named as Targets": "William C. MacReady", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1453, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Fire purposefully set so a gang could attack Franklin Hose company on its way to the fire. That night the Franklin Hose company retaliated, attacking the Moyamensing Hose. Shots exchanged, one man killed, 9 or 10 wounded.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.691-692", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Franklin Hose; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Franklin Hose; Gang", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1454, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac Co.", "Location": "Massac Co., Illinois", "Lat": 37.240106, "Long": -88.724884, "Description": "July: Flatheads and Regulators fight at Linn Farm. Two flatheads killed and four wounded. One regulator killed and two wounded.", "Source": "Eteheson. \"Good Men,\" p.17;Lethal Imagination, p.161", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Flathead", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Flathead", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.724884, 37.240106 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1455, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac Co.", "Location": "Massac Co., Illinois", "Lat": 37.240106, "Long": -88.724884, "Description": "July: Regulators and Flatheads battle it out about 150 men engaged. Three men killed; two Flatheads, one Regulator.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.55-56", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Flathead", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang; Flathead", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.724884, 37.240106 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1456, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Linn Co.", "Location": "Linn County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.06265, "Long": -91.60189, "Description": "July: John Wilson killed for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Dubuque Weekly Miner's Express, July 25, 1849 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Wilson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.60189, 42.06265 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1457, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Post-election riot at the California House pub led to race fighting leaving several black and white people dead. Fire set to California House spread to several other buildings. Rioters fight firemen. Two firemen killed, one Irishman, and one black boy. At least nine whites and 16 blacks injured. African Americans attempted to fight back at California house and elsewhere. Militia called out to quell riot.", "Source": "Feldsburg.Philadelpha Riots, p.5", "Type": "Political; Racial; Firefighter; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": 25, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1458, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 36.065613, "Long": -118.674543, "Description": "December: Yankee miners drive a Chilean party out, hanged the major (??), whipped several others and cropped the ears of still others. At one point before these punishments, an American had been killed.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Worker; Miner; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.674543, 36.065613 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1459, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Firefighters attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.94", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1460, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Maine", "Location": "Maine", "Lat": 45.16719, "Long": -69.08514, "Description": "Crowd of hostile Protestants prevent Catholics from laying cornerstone of new church after previous one had been destroyed.", "Source": "Billington, p.309", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Church", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.08514, 45.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1461, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Irish and American fire companies fight and riot during a wharf fire at the levee.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1462, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "January: Riot with Welland Canal workers.", "Source": "Way.Common Labor, p.299", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1463, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "January: Workers use violence during strike over wages.", "Source": "Grimsted, p.11, 23", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Striker; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1464, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Mill", "Location": "Sutter's Mill, CA", "Lat": 38.80434, "Long": -120.89355, "Description": "April: Yankees purge the area of all Chileans, Mexicans and Peruvians.", "Source": "Pitt.Beginnings of Nativism, p.25", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.89355, 38.80434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1465, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: 1st riot at Astor Place theater occurred when Edwin Forest supporters drove MacReady from the stage.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.148-150", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Actor; Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "MacReady", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1466, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Moyamensing gangs fight nearly all day from 8th to 11th streets and from Christian Fitzwater streets. Fight was with bricks, stones, and firearms.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.691,692", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang", "Target Classification": "Gang", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1467, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Summer: Killers ignited at least four fires and ambushed the Shifflers before capturing the Shiffler's carriage.", "Source": "Laurie.Fire Companies, p.81", "Type": "Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Killers; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Shifflers; Gang", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1468, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Rose Bar", "Location": "Rose Bar, California", "Lat": 39.18634, "Long": -121.47842, "Description": "July: Miners evicted a party of white Texans and their accompanying black people.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Miner; Worker", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.47842, 39.18634 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1469, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Mob assembled planning to destroy new black episcopal church. But authorities stepped in and with some difficulty broke the crowd up.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.97", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Episcopalian; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1470, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Chippewa Falls", "Location": "Chippewa Falls", "Lat": 44.93583, "Long": -91.38937, "Description": "July: Hanging of unnamed Native man for allegedly stabbing a lumberjack", "Source": "Western Historical Company, History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago, 1881), 195 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.38937, 44.93583 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1471, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "Summer: Company of veterans called \"the Hounds\" attack hispanics from Chile, Peru, and Mexico. At least one killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Military; Veteran; Gang", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1472, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: At least one, probably more, of gang violence and fights.", "Source": "Johnson.Policing, p.31", "Type": "Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang", "Target Classification": "Gang", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1473, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa", "Location": "Mariposa, CA", "Lat": 37.48615, "Long": -119.96456, "Description": "August: Hispanics harassed in the Southern diggings and driven to new sights.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian; Miner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.96456, 37.48615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1474, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.240106, "Long": -88.724884, "Description": "September: Mob of 120 surround courthouse and threaten to remvoe the judge if a jury they didn't like was (??)", "Source": "Etcheson. \"Good Men,\"Lethal Imagination, p.161", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Judge; Jury", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.724884, 37.240106 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1475, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "September: After several cases of robbery and theft, locals caught, beat, and ran out of town the culprit.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid Am. P.85", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1476, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: Germans celebrating in an upper floor of a tavern on Front street attacked by the Shifflers. They stabbed one German and beat three more. The Shifflers then wrecked the inside of the tavern.", "Source": "Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.80-81", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1477, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "September: Irish riot between the Acrew Corkonians and the Lowell Street Connaught Men over unspecified old national prejudices. The riot ocurred at the tail end of a cholera epidemic during the famine migration. Began with sporadic fights. On the 9th hundreds fought on either side of the Western Canal which had historically separated the Paddy camps. Women supplied bricks and stones. Mayor called guard to quell. Mill owners fired all involved. Rum was blamed.", "Source": "Mitchell.The Paddy Camps, p.109-110", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Woman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1478, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: 40 rowdies savagely beat on old Northern Liberties man. This helped propel consolidation movement.", "Source": "Johnson.Policing, p.32", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1479, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: 6th ward - supporters of one Democratic politician - Kelly - march through street and bombard opponents saloons.", "Source": "Anbinder.Five Points, p.162", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Whig", "Target Classification": "Political; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1480, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Massac County", "Location": "Massac County, Illinois", "Lat": 37.240106, "Long": -88.724884, "Description": "November: About 120 Regulators surrounded the court house and threatened the judge if he did not impanel a jury suitable to them.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.63", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Judge; Jury", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.724884, 37.240106 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1481, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Dry Diggings", "Location": "Dry Diggings", "Lat": 38.72751, "Long": -120.7998, "Description": "December: A Mexican hanged for alleged theft.", "Source": "Placer Times (Auburn), 19 Jan. 1850; Rough Abstract of a Forty-Niner Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.7998, 38.72751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1482, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "High Falls", "Location": "High Falls, NJ", "Lat": 40.90163, "Long": -74.16482, "Description": "Winter: Factions fights among Delaware and Hudson Canal workers. Arrests made.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.294", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.16482, 40.90163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1483, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sarage's Diggings", "Location": "Sarage's Diggings", "Lat": 37.83648, "Long": -120.23159, "Description": "Late: Unknown Mexican hanged for allegedly stealing a mule.", "Source": "Calif. Historical Marker 446; Weston, Mother Lode Album as listed in William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.23159, 37.83648 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1484, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Striking tailors ransack a store that made non-union clothing. Police intervened and a general battle ensued. Two strikers fatally wounded, others seriously injured. 32 German tailors arrested and ultimately plead guilty to A+B. Fines levied ranging from $5 to $50.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Union; German", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Non-Union; Strikebreaker; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1485, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sacramento", "Location": "Sacramento, California", "Lat": 38.58275, "Long": -121.418853, "Description": "August: A party of 40 squatters attempted to regain possession of property one of their number had been evicted from. The sheriff and his men opposed them. A gun battle ensued. At least two died and several wounded. On the next day, when the sheriff attempted to arrest several of tese rioters at a hotel, another gun battle erupted. The sheriff was killed, while two squatters perished.", "Source": "Hittell, p.673-676; H+W p.130-132", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.418853, 38.58275 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1486, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "Mob attempts to stop speaker during Anti-Catholic rally.", "Source": "Billington, p.266", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Protestant; Black; Religious", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1487, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia College, SC", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "Student riot.", "Source": "Bruce.Violence and Culture, p.62-63", "Type": "Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1488, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Isiah Rynders and his \"Empire Club\" disrupted annual meeting of Garrisonians.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Isiah Rynders", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1489, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Mob ransacked row of brothels in vicinity of 3rd and Almond, just south of heart of city.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Brothel; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1490, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "Riot against houses of ill fame.", "Source": "H+W, p.448", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Brothel; Prostitute", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1491, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "Committee of five organized to warn out man who helped black people in their efforts to establish their own freedom.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\"S. Cal. Q54 (1972) 15", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1492, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "Mob attacked a convent shouted insults, etc. But police prevented serious damage.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1493, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Galveston", "Location": "Galveston", "Lat": 29.29598, "Long": -94.79589, "Description": "Same as above.", "Source": null, "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.79589, 29.29598 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1494, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "Mob attacked a convent, shouted insults, etc. But police prevented further damage.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1495, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "Anti-Catholic excitement led to the burning of a convent.", "Source": "Billington, p.293, 315", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1496, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: A small group of men whipped and then killed Juan Chapa Guerra under the mistaken impression that he was Juan Chapa García.", "Source": "Report of the Committee of Investigation of the Mexican Government as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Chapa Guerra; Juan Chapa García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1497, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Killers set fire to carpenter shop and attacked Shifflers. But when Shifflers reinforced and armed with muskets, they held their ground. Rain dispersed the crowds.", "Source": "Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.81", "Type": "Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Killers; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Shifflers; Gang", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1498, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "March: Women, about 60-100 drove strikebreakers from a rolling mill and destroyed the day's work. A mixed crowd did the same with more force, beating several, the next day at another factory.", "Source": "Linaberg. \"Rolling Mill…,\" WPHM (196$)", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker; Woman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1499, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Moyamensing Hose arrived at a fire in an Irish Protestant neighborhood. The Franklins, already there, attacked with guns.", "Source": "Johnson.Policing, p.87-88", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1500, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Killers - a gang associated with the Moyamensing Hose Company - set ablaze to ambush the Shifflers Hose Company. However, the Shifflers caught the Killers by surprise and with a musket volley, drove them off.", "Source": "Johnson.Policing, p.87; Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.81", "Type": "Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Killers; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Shifflers; Gang", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1501, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Clay Co.", "Location": "Clay Co., MO", "Lat": 39.29333, "Long": -94.40306, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved woman for allegedly assualting mistress with an ax", "Source": "R. Douglas Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 248 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.40306, 39.29333 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1502, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Culpepper County", "Location": "Culpepper County", "Lat": 38.47631, "Long": -77.99381, "Description": "June: A black man named Grayson arrested for the murder of David W. Miller on \"wholly insufficient\" evidence. After the murder, \"bystanders, under the great excitement of the moment, forgetful of the mild spirit of our law\" tortured the accused man. Statements made during this torture used against Grayson. The court ordered a new trial, but a mob stormed the jail and hanged Grayson themselves.", "Source": "Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, 1850-1851 Cases: Volume VII, 318-319", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Grayson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.99381, 38.47631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1503, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sacramento", "Location": "Sacramento, CA", "Lat": 38.58275, "Long": -121.418853, "Description": "June: Men who had bought property from Sutter demolished several houses built by squatters.", "Source": "Hittel.History of California, III, p.672-673", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.418853, 38.58275 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1504, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "July: Hanging of Francisco Flores for alleged murder.", "Source": "Wisconsin Democrat, Aug. 1850 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1505, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "July: Fracas between female workers at the Eagle and Hope cotton mills.", "Source": "Calvert. \"Allegheny…,\" p.131-132", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Woman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Woman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1506, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York", "Location": "New York", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Tailors' strike for 50% wage increase. English, Irish and Scottish tailors participate; Germans did not. The result was several attacks in the streets on German men and women and their work taken from them. 40 strikers arrested and German joined the strike. Dagler portrays the riot a little differently. Strikers included Germans who fought with workers at Longstreet tailor shop. Clubs, sticks, and fists used. When arrests were made, strikers attacked police, who with reinforcements, beat them off.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.101-105; Dagler. \"Labor,\" p.80-81", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Irish; English; Scottish; Striker", "Target Classification": "German; Strikebreaker; Worker; Tailor; Woman; Legal; Law Officer; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Property; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1507, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Striking tailors attack tailors for working less than the demanded scale.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Tailor; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1508, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Striking tailors attack priest and a church because the priest distributed work to his tailor parishoners.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81; Cook. \"Armies,\" p.21", "Type": "Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Tailor; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker; Religious; Catholic; Church; Priest", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1509, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Engine company 34 detached hose of hose company 35 at a fire.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.115; Limpus.History, p.190", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1510, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: At a fire in University Place engine company 4 hindered hose company 35 from attaching to a hydrant. Some personal assaults took place.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.115; Limpus.History, p.190", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1511, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Hose Company 16 assaulted Engine Company 19 and injured their apparatus while Number 16 went to a fire. 16 probably planned a false alarm to ambush 19 on 3rd avenue. This incident, in which several members of 19 were seriously injured, and others, led to the disbanding og 16.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.115-116; Limpus.History, p.190", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1512, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Fire Chief Carson attempted to have William M. Tweed expelled as a foreman of Engine Company 16 and the company suspended for an attack on Hose Company 31.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.119; Limpus.History, p.187-188", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William M. Tweed", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1513, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Fire Chief Carson complained of various gangs attacking fire companies, especially \"The Old Maid Boys,\" who seized Hose 14, alongside Hose 26, attacking the firemen.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.118-119", "Type": "Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1514, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "November: Members of the Missouri Fire Company fight with the Liberty Hose company.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.96", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1515, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Women clothing workers, probably German, physically assault another group of workers for havingtaken over their jobs. This occurred at 34th street near 11th avenue. Strike caused by cut in wages.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81, 115-116", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Woman; Worker; Tailor; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Striker; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1516, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Agua Fria", "Location": "Agua Fria, CA", "Lat": 37.48485, "Long": -120.02009, "Description": "January: A mob of 500 anglos and 200 \"foreigners\" hanged a man named Pablo for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacremento Transcript, 21 Jan 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pablo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.02009, 37.48485 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1517, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Columbus", "Location": "Columbus, GA", "Lat": 32.46252, "Long": -84.99167, "Description": "Hanging of Jarrett, and enslaved man, for alleged rape", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jarrett", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.99167, 32.46252 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1518, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Calaveras Co.", "Location": "Calaveras Co., California", "Lat": 38.222055, "Long": -120.663704, "Description": "April: An organized company of French soldiers forcibly ejected by 900 Americans storming their encampment. Two French and one American killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.663704, 38.222055 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1519, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Hoboken", "Location": "Hoboken, NJ", "Lat": 40.737621, "Long": -74.031269, "Description": "May: Rowides assault large body of Turnverein Germans celebrating Pentecost with a picnic. Germans counter-attacked, and drove the rowdies off. Germans demolished furnishing of house where rowdies hid. Rowdies destroyed a German's house. Reinforced, the rowdies continued the battle and tried to prevent the Germans from returning to NYC. At least one killed, maybe as many as 4. Plenty more wounded.", "Source": "H+W p.309-312", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; German", "Target Classification": "American; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.031269, 40.737621 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1520, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: Anglo vigilance committee hanged a Mexican man for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1521, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Shaw's Flat", "Location": "Shaw's Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.00751, "Long": -120.4094, "Description": "June: On 15 June, a crowd of between one and three thousand lynched Antonio Cruz and Patricio Janori for the alleged murder of an Anglo.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 28 June and 1 July 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Cruz; Patricio Janori", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4094, 38.00751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1522, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "June: After a merchant caught an Australian thief robbing his safe, a group of merchants held a vigilante trial, found the man guilty and hanged him. One of the leaders cried, at the moment of execution, \"Every lover of liberty and good order lay hold of this rope.\"", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.5", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Merchant; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Australian; Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1523, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Downieville", "Location": "Downieville, California", "Lat": 39.560148, "Long": -120.828421, "Description": "July: Miners lynched a Mexican woman, Josefa Segovia, because she was an \"evil body who corrupted innocent young American men.\"", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34 and Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Woman; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Josefa Segovia", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.828421, 39.560148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1524, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Austin", "Location": "Austin, TX", "Lat": 30.26248, "Long": -97.74838, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Enda Junkins, \"Slave Plots, Insurrections, and Acts of Violence in the State of Texas, 1828-1865\" (MA thesis, Baylor University, 1969), 40 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.74838, 30.26248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1525, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "August: Vigilantes \"rescue and murder two prisoners.\"", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.89", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1526, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Christiana", "Location": "Christiana, PA", "Lat": 39.95409, "Long": -75.996213, "Description": "September: A marshal, a posse and a slave owner attempt to get fugitive slaves at William Parker's. 15-25 black people engage in a gun battle with them. One white person - the slave owner - killed, several others seriously wounded.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.996213, 39.95409 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1527, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "Attempted rescue of William Dorsey, a fugitive slave. A large number of black people participate. Fight with officials, etc.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.36-37", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1528, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Clinton County", "Location": "Clinton County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.85018, "Long": -90.22956, "Description": "Regulators use torture, including hanging, to elicit confession of horse theft from members of Clinton family. Later, legal prosecutions take over.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.181", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Clinton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.22956, 41.85018 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1529, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Rowdies attack a Greenwich Street house where Hungarian offices were located. The Hungarians represented Catholicism. Police fight mob.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Legal", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Hungarian; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1530, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Culpepper County", "Location": "Culpepper County, VA", "Lat": 38.47631, "Long": -77.99381, "Description": "January: At Hazel River Works a riot between white and black workers left one black person (?). The whites later fought among themselves.", "Source": "Wesley.Negro Labor, p.79", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Worker", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.99381, 38.47631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1531, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, PA", "Lat": 40.03102, "Long": -76.50063, "Description": "January: Attempted rescue of fugitive slave in custody of officials. A lot of noise, but not too much violence.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.50063, 40.03102 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1532, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Black people rescue fugitive slave Fred Williams. Officials put up no real resistance. About 20 African Americans involved.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62-63", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1533, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "February: Mob attempted to seize two prisoners, accused of murder, but held off by militia and police. As many as 1,000 involved. The prisoners were Australians.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.3", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Law Officer; Militia; Military; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer: Australian", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1534, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "April: Crowd unsuccessfully attempts to free fugitive slave Thomas Sims.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1535, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "New Jersey", "Location": "New Jersey", "Lat": 40.15496, "Long": -74.35996, "Description": "May: Riot against hiring aliens by city government.", "Source": "Billington, p.335", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.35996, 40.15496 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1536, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "July: Crowd outside Congregational Church where Jenny Lind was performing became unruly. They were unhappy because of the favoritism shown during the selling of tickets. When the police interfered, a small riot ensued. Stones were thrown, fistfights broke out, and the concert had to be abandoned.", "Source": "Buckley. \"To the Opera House,\" p.530", "Type": "Theater; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Theater; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1537, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Striking cartmen attack other cartmen who insisted on working.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82; Tribune, July 21, 1851", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1538, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Benton County", "Location": "Benton County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.04139, "Long": -92.05159, "Description": "August: Alfred Moore entered the claims of three squatters. The locals decided to discipline him. A mob seized him, stripped him, whipped him and tarred and feathered him. He later began prosecutions against some of the crowd, but when the first effort failed, he left the area.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.182", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alfred Moore", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.05159, 42.04139 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1539, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: News of execution of American filibusters in Cuba led to rioting against the Spanish. Mobs sacked the office of the Spanish newspaper La Union, wrecked a cigar shop kept by a Spaniard, and attacked the Consul office, tearing down the sign, burning the flag and looting the Consular office and at least 10 Spanish-owned coffee houses and tobacco shops.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.140-142", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Merchant; Press; Political; Diplomat; Catholic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1540, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Crowd of several hundred parade and then burn an effigy at Federal Hill because of the execution of 50 Americans in Cuba for participation in a revolution there.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.532", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1541, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Grayson County", "Location": "Grayson County, VA", "Lat": 36.67771, "Long": -81.23183, "Description": "September: A vigilance committee seized John Cornutt for being a backer of a Northern anti-slavery preacher in the neighborhood. A mob of 200 stripped Cornutt, tied him to a tree and severely whipped him until he promised to sell his property and leave the state.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) p.367", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Cornutt", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.23183, 36.67771 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1542, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: German celebration turned into Catholic-Protestant riot.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1543, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Syracuse", "Location": "Syracuse, NY", "Lat": 43.04484, "Long": -76.1459, "Description": "October: Crowd of white and black people forcefully rescue captured fugitive slave William Henry or Jerry. Some prominent people, including Gerrit Smith, encouraged the riot with their opposition to Jerry's arrest. The first attempt to rescue him from the courthouse succeeded temporarily. But that night a crowd busted into the Courthouse to wisk him away.", "Source": "Galpin. \"Jerry Rescue,\"NYH(1995) p.19-34", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; White", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Gerrit Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.1459, 43.04484 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1544, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "November: Irish workers fight with Hungarians.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9,21", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Hungarian", "Target Classification": "Irish; Hungarian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1545, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Seco", "Location": "Campo Seco", "Lat": 38.22704, "Long": -120.85346, "Description": "November: On the 15th, a man named Domingo lynched by a mob for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, 6 Jan 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.85346, 38.22704 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1546, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Rich Gulch", "Location": "Rich Gulch", "Lat": 38.33071, "Long": -120.63041, "Description": "December: On the 22nd, two Mexicans hanged by a vigilance committee for alleged murder.", "Source": "Journals of Alfred Doten as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.63041, 38.33071 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1547, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "MA", "Location": "MA", "Lat": 42.33285, "Long": -71.27057, "Description": "December: Riot against hiring aliens by city government.", "Source": "Billington, p.335", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.27057, 42.33285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1548, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Mexican-American bandits kill local judge. Some bandits apprehended. Several taken from court house and hanged.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" 57 (1972), 17", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; American; Hispanic; Vigilante; Alleged Bandit; ALleged Criminal", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Prisoner; Mexican; American; Hispanic; Alleged Bandit; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1549, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Whitfield County", "Location": "Whitfield County, Georgia", "Lat": 34.78228, "Long": -84.96815, "Description": "35 men prosecuted for riot - some sort of brawl.", "Source": "Ayers.Vengeance, p.115-116", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.96815, 34.78228 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1550, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Union Fire Company fought Liberty and Phoenix Companies.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.96", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1551, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "Volunteer firefighters cut hose of steam fire engine.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.134", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Property Destoryed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1552, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "When steam engine failed, crowd attacked it.", "Source": "Greenberg. Cause for Alarm, p.136", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1553, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Jenny Lind concert led to some sort of riot.", "Source": "Buckley. \"To the Opera House,\" p.537", "Type": "Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jenny Lind", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1554, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: New Year's Eve celebrations are riotous. 150 men break up a fashionable restaurant on Broadway.", "Source": "Nissenbaum.Battle, p.98", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destoryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1555, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/02", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Belen", "Location": "Belen, NM", "Lat": 34.66193, "Long": -106.77129, "Description": "February: Patricio Chaves and Domingo Ramón Apodaca hanged for unknown reason on 16 February.", "Source": "Archives of the Archdiocese of Sante Fe; Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patricio Chaves; Domingo Ramón Apodaca", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.77129, 34.66193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1556, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/02", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cleveland", "Location": "Cleveland, Ohio", "Lat": 41.48206, "Long": -81.69519, "Description": "February: Father susicious that his daughter's grave had been robbed, led a mob in an attack on the Cleveland Homeo-pathic College. They demolished furniture and equipment but didn't find the body. Police had been brushed aside in the assault.", "Source": "Edwards. \"Body Snatching,\" p.338", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "College; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destoryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.69519, 41.48206 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1557, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: When converted monk Leahey announced he would lecture on Catholics - a mob gathered around the hall to prevent him. The next night he gave his lecture but bricks were thrown through the window.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.77", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destoryed; Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Leahey", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1558, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Mexican hanged by vigilantes for alleged murder, \"in the presence of the 'whole people - all concurring'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1559, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: A Mexican accused of murder captured in Mexico and returned to Texas to be lynched.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1560, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Six Mexicans shot by Anglos for allegedly murdering Thomas Harris.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1561, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 1st, A vigilance committee convicted and hanged Carlos Esclava for alleged theft. A crowd of between 800 and 1000 estimated to be present.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 3 April 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Esclava", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1562, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 12th, a man named Flores was taken from officers and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 3 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1563, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Election riot between Germans and Native Americans (WASP?) in 1st ward, German ward. Maybe Irish attacked, too.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176; Faherty. \"Nativism and Midwest Ed.\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "German; American; Nativist; Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "German; American; Nativist; Irish; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1564, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "One hundred miles from Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "April: On the 29th, two Mexicans tracked for over one hundred miles and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 5 May 1852; Collins, Sam Ward as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1565, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yreka", "Location": "Klamath river near Yreka", "Lat": 41.73165, "Long": -122.63781, "Description": "May: John Balthus, described as a \"Half-breed Mexican,\" convicted for theft of $800 in gold by a vigilance committee. The vigilantes shot and killed Balthus.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 18 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Mixed Race; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Balthus", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.63781, 41.73165 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1566, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, CA", "Lat": 38.0229, "Long": -120.40317, "Description": "May: Anti-Chinese action, expelling all Asians from the camp. The same thing was done in other camps.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Asian; Chinese", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.40317, 38.0229 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1567, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Indian Bar", "Location": "Indian Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.01202, "Long": -121.20204, "Description": "June: Americans expell all foreigners, and flogged some Hispanics.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.20204, 40.01202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1568, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa Creek", "Location": "Mariposa Creek, CA", "Lat": 37.25559, "Long": -120.28558, "Description": "June: Self-appointed ranger company led by \"Captain\" Reynolds arrested a Mexican operator and 20 workers in defiance of 400 outraged Mexicans and French. They sold off the mine equipment and distributed $1000 to the American crowd as payment for their time.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Reynolds", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.28558, 37.25559 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1569, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 10th, a mob of mostly French goldseekers lynched José Cheverino for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 16 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; French", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Cheverino", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1570, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 11th, Cruz Flores lynched for allegedly being an accomplice to murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 12 and 14 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accomplice", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cruz Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1571, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 20th, Domingo Hernandez lynched by a vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Aug. 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo Hernandez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1572, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Vigilantes removed Capistrano Lopez and an unknown Mexican from jail and lynched them for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 28 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Capistrano Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1573, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Creek", "Location": "Sutter's Creek, CA", "Lat": 38.39187, "Long": -120.80431, "Description": "July: On the 21st, a vigilance committee lashed a Mexican, Pansa, 75 times and hanged him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 23 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pansa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80431, 38.39187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1574, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: On the 24th, a vigilance committee lynched Doroteo Zavaleta and Jesús Rivas for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 31 July 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doroteo Zavaleta; Jesús Rivas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1575, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Protestant riots involving knives, shovels, pickaxes. Police quell.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1576, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A group of building workers attacked some laborers who agreed to work at low wages.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82; Tribune, July 28, 1852", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1577, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: During longshoreman strike, strikers threatened and assaulted those who worked. German and black workers used as strikebreakers and had to be escorted to their homes by police. Most strikers were Irish.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82, 130; Times, October 23, 1852", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Black; German; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1578, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: On the 29th, Reyes Feliz hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 16 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reyes Feliz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1579, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: On the 12th, Cipriano Sandoval, Benito Lopez, and Barumas all lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cipriano Sandoval; Benito Lopez; Barumas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1580, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mora", "Location": "Mora, NM", "Lat": 35.97255, "Long": -105.33211, "Description": "Late: Gabriel Luhan and José de la Cruz Vigil (a \"Hispanicized Navajo\") hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Native; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gabriel Luhan; José de la Cruz Vigila", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.33211, 35.97255 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1581, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Council Bluffs", "Location": "Council Bluffs, Iowa", "Lat": 41.259611, "Long": -95.862668, "Description": "May: Mob seized Baltimore Muir, tried him for the murder of a fellow traveller on a wagon train and hanged him.", "Source": "Black.Lynching, p.182-183", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baltimore Muir", "Note": "PTH edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.862668, 41.259611 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1582, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Lasalle", "Location": "Lasalle, Illinois", "Lat": 41.330127, "Long": -89.09299, "Description": "December: Irish canal workers, angered by a 20% cut in pay, attacked the contractor's house and beat him to a pulp. Before order could be restored, authorities killed one rioter.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Workers,\" p.10,11,23,24;NY Tribune, December 15, 1852", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.09299, 41.330127 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1583, "year": 1853, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "3,000 people sacked apothecary's shop because of a rumor that human bones had been found in cellar.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Professional; Aleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1584, "year": 1853, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "African Americans failed at resucing an escaped slave recaptured by authorities.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1585, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yankee Camp", "Location": "Yankee Camp, CA", "Lat": 39.02946, "Long": -120.86116, "Description": "January: \"Big Bill\" lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Democratic State Journal, 31 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Big Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.86116, 39.02946 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1586, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Murphy's Camp", "Location": "Murphy's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.13807, "Long": -120.45999, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Elias S. Ketchum Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.45999, 38.13807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1587, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angel's Camp", "Location": "Angel's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.0726, "Long": -120.53938, "Description": "February: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican lynched after confessing to have aided outlaw Joaquin Murrieta.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accessory", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.53938, 38.0726 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1588, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Montery, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 8th, two unknown Mexicans seized from authorities after alleged horse theft. The men were lynched.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1589, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "February: On the 15th, vigilance committee hanged Antonio Valencia for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 17 Feb. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Valencia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1590, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Andreas", "Location": "San Andreas, CA", "Lat": 38.19664, "Long": -120.67932, "Description": "February: On the 20th, Juan Sanchez lynched for admitting to being a part of Joaquin Murrieta's outlaw band.", "Source": "Placer Herald (Auburn), 5 Mar. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.67932, 38.19664 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1591, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "February: Iron workers on strike at Winan's Iron Works attack strikebreakers.", "Source": "Baker. Ambivalent America, p.16; Baltimore Clipper, February 2, 1853", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Ironworker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1592, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: Vigilantes seized horse thieves and gave them 78 lashes.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal. Q., 54 (1972) p.17-18", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1593, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: \"Desperate riot by a gang of fellows and abandoned women.\"", "Source": "Baker.Ambivalent America, p.16", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1594, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "March: Concern for an Irish Catholic girl who had been converted to protestantism and then dissappeared led to crowd action. Militia was called out to prevent an attack on a Catholic church, but one Irish home was torn down.", "Source": "Billington, p.312-313", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church; Irish", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1595, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Reverend L. Giustinian aroused so much animosity with his anti-Catholic pronouncements that a mob destroyed the church he was speaking in.", "Source": "Billington, p.308", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "L. Giustinian", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1596, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: During a strike called by the Laborers' Protective Association, strikers beat some building employees who continued to work. The police intervened and arrested two strikers.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82; Herald, April 21, 1853", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Laborer; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Laborer; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1597, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "May: Bloody riot erupted at a corner dog fight in Irish community between Green and Cherry streets near the Levee.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1598, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: Hanging of young enslaved man for alleged murder of master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1599, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: An enslaved, black preacher hanged for allegedly influencing young man to murder master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Religious", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1600, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "July: On the 25th, Palonio Sanchez, an alleged horse thief, seized from authorities and lynched.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 29 July, 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Palonio Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1601, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Milwaukee", "Location": "Milwaukee", "Lat": 43.03558, "Long": -87.9157, "Description": "July: Strikers riot over cut in pay. German workers involved. Also contractor took pay or savings.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10, 32", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker; German", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.9157, 43.03558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1602, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Hibernian riot involving Catholics and Protestants in 9th ward. National Guard quelled.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1603, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "August: Two rival factions scuffle during Democratic primary.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.111", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1604, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinoistown", "Location": "Illinoistown, Ill", "Lat": 38.62657, "Long": -90.15161, "Description": "August: Ethnic labor riot. No Irish involved.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.15161, 38.62657 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1605, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Boone Co.", "Location": "Boone Co., MO", "Lat": 38.96198, "Long": -92.33266, "Description": "August: Enslaved man hanged for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 249 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.33266, 38.96198 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1606, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smith Co.", "Location": "Smith Co., Texas", "Lat": 32.4017, "Long": -95.25006, "Description": "August: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged rape and murder", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.25006, 32.4017 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1607, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Martinez", "Location": "Martinez, CA", "Lat": 38.01647, "Long": -122.13061, "Description": "September: On the 4th, José Maria Ochoa lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Maria Ochoa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.13061, 38.01647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1608, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "October: On the 13th, Bernardo Daniel, Higuerro, and three unknown Mexicans lynched for the alleged \"murder of San Jose dry goods peddler.\"", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 22 Oct. 1853, 10 Dec. 1853; Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 4 Nov. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernardo Daniel; Higuerro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1609, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, SC", "Lat": 34.71874, "Long": -80.77052, "Description": "November: At a militia muster a personal struggle between Archibald Flemming and Jackson Gregory ended in a riot, with a club swinging, rock throwing, knife slashing mass melee.", "Source": "J.K. Williams.Vogues in Villainy, p.12", "Type": "Military; Militia", "Rioter Classification": "Militia", "Target Classification": "Militia", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Archibald Flemming; Jackson Gregory", "Persons Named as Targets": "Archibald Flemming; Jackson Gregory", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.77052, 34.71874 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1610, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "December: Printers throw out some of the type of the Cincinnati Gazette when it failed to meet workers' demands, unlike other city papers.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1611, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "December: Jeering crowd burnt Bedini's effigy during the papal nuncio's visit to the city.", "Source": "Hutcheson. \"Louisville Riots,\" p.153; McGann.Nativism, p.53-54", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1612, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, PA", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "December: The mayor, sheriff, 150 special police officers and a huge crowd ripped up track and destroyed bridges of the Erie and North East RR when it began to move to a standard gauge that might lead to bypassing Erie. This action was repeated on several nights.", "Source": "Grinde. \"Erie's RR War,\" p.18; McMaster, VIII, p.92", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Ripper", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1613, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Daniel Parsons arrested for inciting a riot with his nativist speeches. A mob swarmed the mayor's home and Parsons was soon released.", "Source": "Beales.Brass-Knuckle Crusade, p.125; Billington, p.307", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Elected Official; Legal; Mayor", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Daniel Parsons", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1614, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, PA", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "December: Confrontation between Erie \"rippers,\" those who destroyed the standard guage RR track and RR men \"traitors,\" that includes much shoving and pushing and one shooting as RR men attempt to prevent rippers' action.", "Source": "Kent. \"Erie Warl;\" Grinde. \"Erie's RR War,\" p.19-20", "Type": "Economic; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Ripper", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1615, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Fannin", "Location": "Fannin, TX", "Lat": 28.6963, "Long": -97.23558, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of mistress and mistress's two children", "Source": "Frederick Law Olmstead, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States (New York: Alfred A. Kopf, 1953; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 303 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.23558, 28.6963 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1616, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Large crowd attempts to break into the courthouse to free fugitive slave Anthony Barns. During the attempt, some shots fired, killing one of the deputies.", "Source": "\"The Case of the Courthouse Riot,\"Journal of Negro History, 56 (1971), p.31-42", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1617, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "August: Nativist riot lasting several days. Claim that an Irishman stabbed an American in the back led to Nativist attack on Irish neighborhood. 50-60 houses destroyed with axes, etc. Irish fought back. 8-10 killed, many injured. Began August 7th, election day.", "Source": "McMaster, p.8,87; Billington, p.421", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1618, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Two murderers sentenced separately to hanging. The Anglo was given a stay; the Mexican was hanged immediately. Mexicans angered at this difference in treatment stormed the jail and lynched the Anglo.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.20-21", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; Vigilante; Hispanic; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Prisoner; Protestant; Anglo; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1619, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Leavenworth", "Location": "Fort Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Pro-slavery members of the Squatters Claim Association tar and feather and rail ride William Phillips, free state lawyer.", "Source": "Rister. \"Outlaws and Vigilantes,\" MVHR 19 (1932), 551", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery' Legal; Lawyer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1620, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Washington, DC", "Sublocation": "Washington, DC", "Location": "Washington, DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "Opposition to a gift of marble from the pope to be cased in the building of the Washington Monument led a mob to break into the shed where the marble was held and throw it into the Potomac.", "Source": "Billington", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1621, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Whitfield County", "Location": "Whitfield County, GA", "Lat": 34.79415, "Long": -84.98777, "Description": "14 men prosecuted for riot - some sort of brawl.", "Source": "Ayers.U+J, p.116", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.98777, 34.79415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1622, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Jackson County", "Location": "Jackson County", "Lat": 38.89412, "Long": -86.0384, "Description": "Regulator movement against counterfeiters, pretty thieves, and (??) types.", "Source": "Noble.Whitecaps, p.64-65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulators (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.0384, 38.89412 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1623, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Brown County", "Location": "Brown County", "Lat": 39.1925, "Long": -86.24078, "Description": "Regulator movement against counterfeiters, pretty thieves, and (??) types.", "Source": "Noble.Whitecaps, p.64-65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulators (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.24078, 39.1925 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1624, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Monroe County", "Location": "Monroe County", "Lat": 39.20836, "Long": -86.52139, "Description": "Regulator movement against counterfeiters, pretty thieves, and (??) types.", "Source": "Noble.Whitecaps, p.64-65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulators (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.52139, 39.20836 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1625, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "January: Large crowds burn Bedini in effigy and threatened the home of the bishop where he was staying.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Threat; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1626, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angle", "Location": "Angle, CA", "Lat": 37.34968, "Long": -119.57638, "Description": "February: On the 11, Dollores and an unknown Mexican lynched for the alleged murder of an Anglo. Their bodies were left hanging from the tree to decompose.", "Source": "Columbia Gazette, 25 Feb. 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Woman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dollores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.57638, 37.34968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1627, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Mob so large waiting to attack him at the dock, that police smuggled Bedini aboard his ship after it left and was on its way out of the harbor.", "Source": "Billington, p.303", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1628, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "January: Group of rowdies manhandle Bedini as he entered the Bishop's carriage.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1629, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Wheeling", "Location": "Wheeling, VA", "Lat": 40.06247, "Long": -80.72126, "Description": "January: Anti-Bedini rioters threaten him. Several hundred Irishmen armed themselves and protected Bedini and the Catholic churches.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio; Irish; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.72126, 40.06247 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1630, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "January: Bedini burned in effigy by crowd. Bullets fired into his room.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1631, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "January: Two weeks after Bedini Riot, mob successfully burned Bedini in effigy.", "Source": "Billington, p.303", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1632, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "January: Bedini riot. Bedini was a papal nuncio sent to settle controversy over chuch property. Bedini had also been active in suppressing revolution in Rome. Cincinnati Germans remembered this and planned to burn Bedini in effigy. The police interfered and a fight ensued. Effigies of Bedini were burnt. Twenty persons arrested.", "Source": "Billington, p.302-303; McMaster, p.79-81", "Type": "Religious; Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; German", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1633, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "January: \"Free for all\" fight at the Delta House, involving many men. One badly hurt with a poker.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid Am., p.72", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1634, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, PA", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "January: Erie Rippers busy tearing up standard gauge bridges. Rippers wear women's clothing as a disguise.", "Source": "Kent. \"Erie Woman;\" Grinde. \"Erie's RR War,\" p.21", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Ripper", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1635, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Democrats called a meeting of Germans to obtain support for the national administration's Kansas policy. One thousand showed up, but the pro and anti-slave groups led to fistfights between factions.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.302; Tribune F.24; Herald F. 24, 1854", "Type": "Slavery; Political; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1636, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Riot at Dance Hall.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1637, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Stephen Douglas hanged in effigy. Inscription called him \"the Benedict Arnold of 1854.\" Unclear if this a singular or crowd action.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.208", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Douglas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1638, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Waushara Co.", "Location": "Waushara Co., WI", "Lat": 44.10971, "Long": -89.24131, "Description": "February: Hanging of Frederick Cartwright for alleged murder", "Source": "Oshkosh Democrat, March 3, 1854; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, Marh 6, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Cartwright", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.24131, 44.10971 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1639, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/03", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "March: Mob threatens a convent after charge that an American girl was held there against her will. Authorities, aided by armed Irishmen, prevented the destruction of the convent.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Americam; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Convent; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1640, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/03", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Portsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, NH", "Lat": 43.077091, "Long": -70.751494, "Description": "March: Stephen Douglas is hanged in effigy from a tree.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.208", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Douglas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.751494, 43.077091 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1641, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Auburn", "Location": "Auburn, MA", "Lat": 42.19517, "Long": -71.84756, "Description": "March: Stephen Douglas hanged in effigy for \"treason\" - Kansas Nebraska act.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.208", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Douglas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.84756, 42.19517 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1642, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/04", "State": "Washington", "Sublocation": "Puget Sound", "Location": "Puget Sound", "Lat": 47.67299, "Long": -122.37011, "Description": "April: Unnamed Native man hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pioneer and Democrat (Olympia), April 8, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.37011, 47.67299 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1643, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Ellsworth", "Location": "Ellsworth, Me", "Lat": 44.54244, "Long": -68.42027, "Description": "May: When an irate Catholic billed the state for the education he provided his daughter because public schools used a Protestant Bible, hostile mobs battled openly in the streets.", "Source": "Billington, p.293-294", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.42027, 44.54244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1644, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Chelsea", "Location": "Chelsea, MA", "Lat": 42.39083, "Long": -71.03187, "Description": "May: Protestant Preacher John S. Orr, the Angel Gabriel, incicted a crowd to break windows of Roman Catholics and tear down the cross. There was also a fight with Irish laborers and a faceoff with police. Troops prevented the destruction of another church.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.86-87; Washington Daily Union, August 23, 1854; Billington, p.305-306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Church; Religious; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.03187, 42.39083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1645, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Street preacher named West incited a crowd at Grand street and East Broadway against Catholics. They marched on City Hall where they assaulted men that looked like Irishmen. The police dispersed the mob, arresting two, both carpenters.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196; Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "West", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1646, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Westfield", "Location": "Westfield, MA", "Lat": 42.126788, "Long": -72.748028, "Description": "June: After passage of Kansas Nebraska Act, Douglas Pierce, Hallet and Loring hanged in effigy, save that of Douglas, which was burned.", "Source": "McMaster VIII, p.208", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Douglas; Franklin Pierce; Hallet; Loring", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.748028, 42.126788 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1647, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: New York preacher with body guard went to an Irish neighborhood to harrangue about Romanism. A crowd of 1,000 had followed him. Soon numbers swelled to 20,000. Irish began to object, blows exchanged, bricks thrown, pistols fired. Many injured and sixy arrested. Preacher had left soon after fighting broke out. National Guard called out, but by the time they arrived fighting was over.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1648, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Catholic speaker Samuel G. Moses triggered several riots on Sundays. Most serious occurred on the 4th, when Irish broke up the meeting. Pistols were fired and several injuries sustained. The militia had to be called out to quell the disturbance. Native gang called \"Wide Awakes\" involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.319; Cook.Armies, p.21", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1649, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Angel Gabriel (Orr) and Rev. John Booth speak on Atlantic avenue near Hoyt street to crowd of 10,000. Orr started to go over the ferry afterwards, and two Irishmen attacked him. They were arrested, but other Irish came to rescue them. A battle ensued and the militia had to be called in.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197; Billington, p.306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Religious; Preacher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Booth; John S. Orr", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1650, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "June: Know nothing\/Irish riot. Yankees parade militia through Irish neighborhood along Lowell street followed by Yankee boys. Irish throw stones, etc. at them and general disturbance broke out. A few evenings later Irish again in the streets ignore mayor's efforts to disperse them. The Irish reacted this way because they believed there would be an attackon St. Patrick's Convent School.", "Source": "Mitchell.The Paddy Camps, p.135-140", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1651, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Nashua", "Location": "Nashua, NH", "Lat": 42.76441, "Long": -71.46881, "Description": "June: Hector Orr excited a mob to attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Billington, p.366; Beales.Br. Kn. Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hector Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.46881, 42.76441 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1652, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Vicente Rancho", "Location": "San Vicente Rancho, CA", "Lat": 37.30105, "Long": -121.8346, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Nemesio Berreyesa taken from his home and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nemesio Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.8346, 37.30105 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1653, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, NH", "Lat": 42.99685, "Long": -71.45876, "Description": "July: Nativist riot in which houses of Irish Catholics sacked and R.C. church windows broken.", "Source": "McMaster VIII, p.87; Washington Union, July 7, 1854", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.45876, 42.99685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1654, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Bath", "Location": "Bath, Maine", "Lat": 43.91163, "Long": -69.82096, "Description": "July: Street preacher denounces Catholics, Jesuits and foreigners. That evening crowd of 1,500 rushed to Old South Church used by Catholics, gutted the place and set it on fire. Street preacher probably Orr - it was. They displayed an American flag from the church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197; Beale.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.82096, 43.91163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1655, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "July: Nativists burn Catholic church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Beales.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1656, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, MA", "Lat": 42.70582, "Long": -71.16351, "Description": "July: Claiming that the Irish had flown an American flag upside down, know-nothings marched to Irish neighborhood firing pistols and shouting abuse. Some fighting erupted and the Nativists wrecked about 20 Irish homes. Some 1,500 Natvisits involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.16351, 42.70582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1657, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mob attacked cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, but building saved by arrival of police.", "Source": "Billington, p.309", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1658, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Street preacher opposite American Hotel attacked Romanism. Some Irish attempted to interrupt and a fight ensued using fists, brickbats, and clubs.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1659, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "July: The organization that would become known as the Omaha Claim Club founded.", "Source": "Sean M. Kammer, “‘Public Opinion is More Than Law:’ Popular Sovereignty and Vigilantism in the Nebraska Territory,” Great Plains Quarterly 31, no. 4 (Fall 2011): 309-324.", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1660, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Group of German turners attacked by some Irish.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.130; Tribune, July 26, 1854", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1661, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 25th, an unnamed Mexican man lynched with a log-chain for the alleged murder of a Chinese miner.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 8 Sept 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1662, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mount Meigs", "Location": "Mount Meigs, Montgomery Co.", "Lat": 32.3631, "Long": -86.1016, "Description": "August: Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "James Benson Sellers, Slavery in Alabama (1940; repr., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 262-262 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1016, 32.3631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1663, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Charlestown", "Location": "Charlestown, MA", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "August: Officials arrest Angel Gabriel for distributing Landbills on Sunday. Mob attempts a rescue, but is dispersed.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Beales.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1664, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "September: On the 2nd, vigilance committee hangs José Higuera for alleged murder of an Anglo constable.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1665, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "September: Democrats and Know-Nothings fought each throughout 2nd ward election. Same thing occurred at 6th ward. At least 200 Irishmen came to help Democrats there.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.112-114", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1666, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "September: First American Congress held. While a procession of American Protestant Association Lodges passed through the streets, stones were thrown. Nativists attacked a Roman Catholic church, destroying windows and an organ.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.88-89; NY Tribune, September 6, 1854", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant; Religious; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1667, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Ellsworth", "Location": "Ellsworth, Me", "Lat": 44.54244, "Long": -68.42027, "Description": "October: Priest tarred and feathered and ridden from town on a rail.", "Source": "Billington, p.309-310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Priest", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.42027, 44.54244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1668, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Denton", "Location": "Denton, Caroline Co., MD", "Lat": 38.8844, "Long": -75.82895, "Description": "October: Dave Thomas, a free black man, hanged for alleged murder", "Source": "Baltimore Republican and Argus, October 10, 1854", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dave Thomas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.82895, 38.8844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1669, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "Late: Mateo Andrade, an alleged thief, lynched after escaping from San Quentin on the 29th of July.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo Andrade", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1670, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Joaquin river in Contra Costa County", "Location": "Contra Costa Co., CA", "Lat": 37.95884, "Long": -122.03331, "Description": "January: On the 22nd, a vigilance committee hangs Salvador Valdéz and two unknown Chileans for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 27 Jan., 1855", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Salvador Valdéz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.03331, 37.95884 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1671, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "La Grange", "Location": "La Grange, TN", "Lat": 35.04635, "Long": -89.24406, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved boy belonging to William Turner for alleged murder of overseer", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.24406, 35.04635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1672, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Doña Ana", "Location": "Doña Ana, NM", "Lat": 32.39009, "Long": -106.81521, "Description": "March: Four unknown Mexicans taken from jail and lynched \"for robbing an Anglo clerk and 'abusing' his wife.\"", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 31 Mar. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.81521, 32.39009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1673, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jesus Maria", "Location": "Jesus Maria, CA", "Lat": 38.28579, "Long": -120.64723, "Description": "April: On the 22nd, Justo Betancour taken from magistrate's office and lynched.", "Source": "Georgetown Weekly News, 10 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Magistrate", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Justo Betancour", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.64723, 38.28579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1674, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati, Ohio", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Nativist election riots. On the 2nd a mob of 300-400 nativists invade German area and destroyed 1,300 German ballots because of reported ballot stuffing. Intermittent attacks on Germans and Irish followed. German barricaded the streets in the Over-the-Rhine area. When 400 nativists invaded on the night of the 3rd the Germans were well organized and trained, beat them back. Killing two. Scattered violence continued through the 4th.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.188-189", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; German; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1675, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "April: Demonstration against tavern licensing. Germans objected to the measure. Police broke up 1st demonstration, but when the Germans returned prepared for a confrontation a riot broke out. One German killed; one peace officer had his arm blown off by a shotgun.", "Source": "Johnson. (??), p.32", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1676, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "El Paso", "Location": "El Paso, TX", "Lat": 31.77285, "Long": -106.46437, "Description": "May: Four unknown Mexicans lynched for '\"outrage on a family.'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 12 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Rapist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.46437, 31.77285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1677, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 7th, a vigilance committee hanged Trancolino, Puertovino, and José for alleged murder.", "Source": "Empire County Argus (Coloma), 11 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Trancolino; Puertovino; José", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1678, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Texas Bar", "Location": "Texas Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.65082, "Long": -122.94344, "Description": "August: On the 10th, Manuel Castro \"Taken from law officers and hanged.\"", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.94344, 40.65082 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1679, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "August: On the 15th, Rafael Escobar taken from law officers and lynched in front of a large crowd.", "Source": "Autobiography of Charles Peters as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Escobar", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1680, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Gopher Flat", "Location": "Gopher Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.39744, "Long": -120.80025, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lycnhed for alleged murder.", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80025, 38.39744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1681, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: A posse, which was seeking suspects in the Rancheria murders, hanged Manuel García and at least six other, unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 25 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1682, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Fire companies battle; 2 men killed.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.93", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1683, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Montgomery Co.", "Location": "Montgomery Co., Alabama", "Lat": 32.334691, "Long": -86.254504, "Description": "August: A slave clubbed a master to death, a Dr. MacDonald, in retaliation for punishment. The slave gave himself up. The whites in the neighborhood, however, becamse so agitated that they burned the slave alive the next day. Subsequently, the whites took up a collection to reimburse the MacDonald family for the cost of the slave.", "Source": "Howington. \"Violence,\"Alabama Rev, 27 (1974), p.227", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.254504, 32.334691 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1684, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "August: Nativist mob with knives, muskets, and cannon sought to attack a Catholic church. The mayor dissuaded them, but the nativists attacked Irish neighborhood, burning down houses. In the fighting between the two sidse, at least 20 killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, [.199", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "20", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1685, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Fire company riot. New Market and United Company planned an ambush of Mount Vernon Hook and Ladder Company. After a false alarm set by New Market, that company followed the Mount Vernon on its return. Some skirmishing occurred. But on Franklin street between Howard and Eutaw streets, the United attacked from the front. Pistols, bricks, axes, picks, and hooks used as Mount Vernon aided by the police drove off the assailants. Two mortally wounded, several others hurt.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.548", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; New Market and United", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Mount Vernon; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1686, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Mobs attacked Bunker Hill Engine Company No. 32 at Hastes street quarters.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.134; Limpus.History, p.214", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1687, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Rowdies attacked Engine Company Number 41 on its way to a fire. They used clubs, slingshots, and stones, injuring several.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.134", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1688, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Rowdies attacked Hose Company 15 while at a fire, driving them away and upsetting the carriage.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.34; Limpus.History, p.214", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1689, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, PA", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "January: After the Erie and NE RR failed to locate a terminal in the city limits, \"rippers\" destroyed tracks and burned bridges. Mayor refused to interrupt dinner party to deal with the disorder.", "Source": "Kent. \"Erie War\"", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Ripper", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1690, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Longshoreman's strike. An Irishman attacked a black man who wanted to work. Most African Americans had been intimidated off of the docks by the Irish Longshoreman's society. Armed, the black men fired at the Irishmen. Hundreds of other strikers immediately appeared. But the black man managed to escape.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-210", "Type": "Labor; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Longshoreman; Striker; Strikebreaker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Longshoreman; Striker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Lethal Violence; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1691, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.20683, "Long": -94.81471, "Description": "March: After editor Jeb Patterson complained that border cross voting would hurt the Southern cause in his Parkville Luminary a mob visited him, dumped his type into the Missouri river and threatened to hang him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.27", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Political", "Target Classification": "Press; Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeb Patterson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.81471, 39.20683 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1692, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Bellevue", "Location": "Bellevue", "Lat": 41.14252, "Long": -95.91217, "Description": "April: Charles A. Henry, having killed George W. Hollister in a land dispute, was held in a makeshift jail by Chief Justice Fenner Ferguson and some guards. A lynch mob, seeking to try Henry themselves, gathered outside the building. Eventually, the crowd disbursed.", "Source": "“Murder of Hollister,” Nebraska Palladium, April 11, 1855 and “Coroner’s Inquest,” Nebraska Palladium, April 11, 1855.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail; Judge; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Claim Club", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles A. Henry; Fenner Ferguson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.91217, 41.14252 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1693, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavanworth", "Location": "Leavanworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "May: Because William Phillips had signed a protest over pro-slavery election a public meeting ordered him to leave Kansas. When he refused, a mob seized him, took him to Weston, stripped him, shaved his head on one side, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail, and then sold him at an auction held \"by a big black n*****.\" Purchased for \"the enourmous sum of one cent and a half\" the purchaser gave him his (??)", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.224", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Black; White", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1694, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "May: Ethnic rioting during municipal election. Several brawls occurred. In one case three Germans were chased from the polls and took refuge in a tavern on Market street. Gun barrels appeared from the upper windows and the Nativists broke in, destroyed furniture and barroom fixtures. Fighting limited to 1st and 2nd wards.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.136-137", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Political", "Target Classification": "German; Political; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1695, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "May: The American Fire Companies sounded a false alarm and ambushed the German Hook and Ladder company at Main and Eighth streets. They demolished the German wagon and threw it into the Ohio river.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.137", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; German", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1696, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Sumter Co.", "Location": "Sumter Co.", "Lat": 32.64802, "Long": -88.20976, "Description": "May: Burning of black man for alleged murder and rape", "Source": "New York Times, June 2, 1855; Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 263 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.20976, 32.64802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1697, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/06", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Cuming City", "Location": "Cuming City", "Lat": 41.58711, "Long": -96.19411, "Description": "June: Cuming City Claim Club wrote on the willow poles of Thomas M. Carter's cabin that if he did not abandon the land he would be dunked in Fish creek and banished. The club never followed through on the threat.", "Source": "Collection of Nebraska Pioneer Reminiscences, by Nebraska Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 290.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas M. Carter", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.19411, 41.58711 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1698, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: A deputy constable shot a Mexican while seizing his guitar for debt. Natives rose in revolt, so Anglos organized their own committees. Some 11 prisoners given death sentences by summary court.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal Q., 54 (1972) 22", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "11", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1699, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "July: Know-nothings held a rally in the predominatly Irish 8th ward. During the speaking, some disturbances and rock throwing erupted.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know Nothing Riots,\" p.139", "Type": "Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1700, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Janesville", "Location": "Janesville, Rock Co., WI", "Lat": 42.67413, "Long": -89.02876, "Description": "July: Hanging of David F. Mayberry for alleged murder.", "Source": "Democrat Standard (Janesville), July 12, 1855; Janesville Gazette, July 14, 1855 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David F. Mayberry", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.02876, 42.67413 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1701, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "West Bend", "Location": "West Bend, Washington Co., WI", "Lat": 43.42521, "Long": -88.18646, "Description": "August: Hanging of George DeBar for alleged murder.", "Source": "Milwaukee Daily Free Democrat, August 8, 1855; Milwaukee Daily News, August 8, 1855 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George DeBar", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.18646, 43.42521 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1702, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton, Barbour Co.", "Lat": 31.87765, "Long": -85.45056, "Description": "August: An enslaved man named Bob lynched by hanging", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 263-264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bob", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.45056, 31.87765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1703, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "September: Crowd \"shampooed\" tarred and feathered and set adrift on a log a loafer who had attempted to set fire to B.S. Harrell's house on the night of August 14th.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Middle America (1951) p.85", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1704, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "September: Roving band of rowdies attack and maltreat drunken Irishmen.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Middle America (1951) p.73", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1705, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Sparta", "Location": "Sparta, TN", "Lat": 35.92518, "Long": -85.46375, "Description": "September: A riotous mob broke into a jail and lynched an enslaved man accused of rape and murder. ", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice and Weekly Law Gazette 4 (1859): 122-124.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.46375, 35.92518 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1706, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Hill's Ferry", "Location": "One Mile From Hill's Ferry", "Lat": 37.34855, "Long": -120.97997, "Description": "October: On the 19th, a vigilance committee hanged Francisco Tapia, Jesus Pino, Francisco Sanchez, and an unknown German for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 29 Nov. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Tapia; Jesus Pino; Francisco Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.97997, 37.34855 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1707, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Election rioting.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1708, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Carroll Co.", "Location": "Carroll Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.40212, "Long": -93.47655, "Description": "October: \"Slave of Judge Thomas Clingman\" hanged for alleged murder of master", "Source": "New York Times, October 16, 1855 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.47655, 39.40212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1709, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "November: Crowd dragged by a rope a gambler through the water until he was nearly dead.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer. (1951) 86", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Gambler", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1710, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "November: Crowd seized and \"soused in the Ohio\" and almost drowned a man for robbing a black person of money and then sent him to Kentucky.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer. (1951) 85", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1711, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "November: \"Cairo Justice\" incflicted on two gamblers who swindled a black out of $240.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid Amer. (1951) 77", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Gambler", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1712, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free-soilers burn homes of three pro-slavery men in retaliation for the murder by one of the men of free soiler Charles Dow.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.51", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1713, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Blanton Bridge", "Location": "Blanton Bridge, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free soilers rescue Jacob Branson from pro-slaver sheriff and posse.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.52", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1714, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Corpus Christi", "Location": "Corpus Christi", "Lat": 27.74044, "Long": -97.40196, "Description": "December: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Dec. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.40196, 27.74044 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1715, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Snelling", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "December: On Christmas Eve, an unknown Mexican was siezed from Law Officer and lynched for alleged cattle theft. ", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 30 Dec., 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1716, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Nashville", "Location": "Nashville", "Lat": 36.15802, "Long": -86.77077, "Description": "December: Crowd of rowdies gathered outside Catholic church to disrupt Catholic midnight mass. Remained there for several hours disturbing the peace, but local bishop had cancelled service so greater violence avoided.", "Source": "Gohmann.Pol. Nat. in Tenn., p.126", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.77077, 36.15802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1717, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "Members of the Omaha Claim Club tear down the house of George Smith and threaten his life to drive him from his land.", "Source": "Transcript of Record, Supreme Court of the United States, no. 117, 1870, Baker v. Morton, file date: December 6, 1869, page 32.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Omaha Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Smith", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1718, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kikapoo", "Location": "Kikapoo, Kansas", "Lat": 39.379747, "Long": -94.939369, "Description": "January: When local pro-slavery rangers heard what happened at Easton, they captured free-soil captain Reese Brown. While they debated whether they should try him before killing him, one of the Rangers put an axe into Brown's skull. They deposited his body at his farm's door.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82-83", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reese Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.939369, 39.379747 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1719, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Easton", "Location": "Easton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.345008, "Long": -95.119207, "Description": "January: Free-soil election disrupted by pro-slave forces. Taunts led to threats and exchange of shots. A southerner was killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.119207, 39.345008 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1720, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, Coles Co.", "Lat": 39.49302, "Long": -88.17553, "Description": "February: Hanging of A.F. Monroe for alleged murder", "Source": "New York Times, February 22, 1856 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "A.F. Monroe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.17553, 39.49302 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1721, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: Crowd took Mexican prisoners - one a bandit involved in 1855 revolt - out of jail and executed both by hanging.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.22", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1722, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterrey", "Location": "Monterrey", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: On the 11th, three unknown Mexicans taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder, apparently with little proof.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 16 May 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1723, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe Trail", "Location": "Santa Fe Trail, Kansas", "Lat": 39.348434, "Long": -94.952914, "Description": "May: Eight free-soilers ambush 18 pro-slavery men, killing several.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.952914, 39.348434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1724, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Organization of S.F. vigilance committee by middle and upper class Protestants to counter Irish-Catholic political machine and violence. On May 12, Comm. Seized two accused murderers, tries and executes them. Committee then active in arresting and banishing others. Confronts governor's forces and wins. Tries and executes two others and disbands in August.", "Source": "H+W p.458-462", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Vigilante; Protestant; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1725, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Pottawatomie Creek", "Location": "Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas", "Lat": 38.44404, "Long": -95.082544, "Description": "May: John Brown and 8 followers visit three homes and execute 5 pro-slavery men (two were boys) in brutal massacre.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.110-119", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.082544, 38.44404 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1726, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Prairie City", "Location": "Praire City, Kansas", "Lat": 38.781829, "Long": -95.187765, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery men, after capturing local minister, road into town to be met by 20 or 50 free-soil men, who fired upon them. Two men killed. Next day free-soil men, with John Brown and company attack Captain Pate's pro-slavery force of 50. Although free-soil men outnumbered, they capture Pate and half his men. Two opposing forces in area almost collide, but federal troops arrive and restore order.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.12-124", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Religious; Minister", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown; Pate", "Persons Named as Targets": "Pate", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.187765, 38.781829 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1727, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "June: Unknown Mexican \"hanged for stealing horses and robbing a church.\"", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, 8 July 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1728, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: Great deal of election rioting, mostly by know-nothings. At least two men killed and a score wounded. Maybe 4 men killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Asbury.French Quarter, p.295-296", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1729, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.527216, "Long": -94.707369, "Description": "June: Free soilers attack a half-built fort and a pro-slavery man killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.707369, 37.527216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1730, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "Summer: Two men allegedly stole horses from settlers near Omaha and sold the horses to some Pawnee Indians. The white settlers recovered the horses, and the Pawnee proceeded to seize the men who had sold them. The whites and Natives decided to shave and lash the alleged thieves, and that the prisoners would have to repay the Pawnee. Bill Lee, a black man, shaved the heads of the accused in \"a highly artistic manner.\" The crowd tied the prisoners to a liberty pole, and, over the objections of legal officials, Natives and white settlers both whiped the men.", "Source": "Sorenson, Early History of Omaha, 116.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Native; White; Black", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; White", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joe Gurnett; Jesse Shoemaker", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1731, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Free-soil men capture Fort Titus. One free-soiler killed, 2 pro-slavery killed. A cannon used. Titus captured and sent to Lawrence.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137-139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1732, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawatomie", "Location": "Osawatomie, Kansas", "Lat": 38.498662, "Long": -94.948956, "Description": "August: Missourians under the leadership of General John Reid, at the invitation of pro-slavery interim governor attacked this free-soil town. Forty free-soilers ambushed them and resulting gun battle led to 5 free-soilerss killed, 3 wounded, and 2 killed and 3 wounded pro-slavery. After driving off the free-soil forces, pro-slavery men ran into Frederick Brown, John's son, and killed him. They then sacked the town. Shortly thereafter 2 larges forces (1300 each) fired a few volleys at each other and separated.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Missourian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Reid", "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.948956, 38.498662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1733, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Pro-slavery forces called regulators attack William Phillips' house. He and his brother-in-law killed two, but Phillips was killed, too. Regulators also shipped 150 free-soilers down river that and the next day.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.149", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1734, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Hardteville", "Location": "Hardteville, Kansas", "Lat": 39.29885, "Long": -95.33271, "Description": "September: Free-soilers under John Swift attacked and captured the town. One defender had been killed. Four-pounder used. Later government troops capture free-soilers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154-155", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Swift", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.33271, 39.29885 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1735, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: \"Rip-Rap\" and Wanpawoag Clubs attack 17th ward house kept by James clar on Light street, opposite Warren. Bricks used and some shots fired. One man killed, several wounded during half hour battle. Police eventually disperse rioters Nativist battle.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.549; H+W, p.93", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; Rip-Rap; Wanpawoag; Gang", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Clar", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1736, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: Serious election rioting throughout city, especially at 2nd and 8th ward polls. Eight killed, about 150 wounded as Democrats and know-nothings square off. Some common brought into play as know-nothings, despite strong democratic resistance, carry the day. Other reports (now Scharf) say 17 dead, 67 wounded.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.550-552", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist; Democrat; Know-Nothing", "Target Classification": "Political; Nativist; Democrat; Know-Nothing", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "17", "Recorded # Injured": 67, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1737, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, SC", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "February: The \"Guardhouse riot\" - when an intoxicated and quarrelsome student was arrested by the Columbia police, the rest of the university of SC student body decided to liberate him. That evening they were rebuffed, after short scuffle. The following day they returned, armed from raiding the college arsenal and the police, with citizens joining in and the students formed opposing battle lines. Only the intervention of the Professor James H. Thornwell, who persuaded the students to go back to the dormitories, prevented greater bloodshed.", "Source": "Williams.Vogues in Villainy, p.71", "Type": "Student; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1738, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/03", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Elkhorn", "Location": "Elkhorn", "Lat": 41.28582, "Long": -96.23711, "Description": "March: Claim club founded in Elkhorn.", "Source": "Cutler, E. R., and Jno. A. Steinberger. \"Claim Meeting at Elkborn City.\" Nebraskian, 19 Mar. 1856.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.23711, 41.28582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1739, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, PA", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "April: A mob of rippers gutted the newspaper office of the Constitution, destroyed the press and tore the building down. The Constitution apparently supported the railroads in the Erie War and had been the scene of a fight between J.R. Cochran and John H. Walker, son of a railroad man Cochran had beaten several months earlier.", "Source": "Kent. \"War of the Gauges,\"", "Type": "Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Ripper", "Target Classification": "Press; Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1740, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "April: About 50 ruffians on their way to Kansas from Alabama and Georgia fell upon three men, shot and beat them at the levee.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer., (1951) p.72", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1741, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/04", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Fort Dodge", "Location": "Fort Dodge", "Lat": 42.49474, "Long": -94.18772, "Description": "April: Members of the Fort Dodge Claim Club dispossed Busey and Smith. After tearing down Busey's home, they tarred and feathered the men. A vote had been taken to whip the men instead, but the tar and feather voters won three to two. Colburn was the captain of the vigilantes, John F. Duncombe and John McLaughlin both vigilantes. Duncombe had voted for whipping. Seemingly about 100 vigilantes present. Eventually, when Duncombe ran for Lieut. Governor in 1863, his participation would be used against him in the press.", "Source": "Roger B Natte, A reckless life of three years in Iowa': The diary of a young attorney, John Duncombe, 1856-1859, 66 and The daily Gate City, August 10, 1863", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humilation; Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Colburn; John F. Duncombe; John McLaughlin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Busey; Smith", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.18772, 42.49474 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1742, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Reverend Pardee Butler seized by pro-slavery men and after discussing killing him, tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.102", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Religious; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pardee Butler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1743, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Junction of California and Fort Scott roads. Free-soil gang looted Bernhard's store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernhard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1744, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Vigilantes organize, they hang four men, expel many others, breaking up Irish Democratic machine.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.156-188", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Democrat; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1745, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "May: Under Sheriff Sam Jones, and after a federal marshal had obtained the arrests he came for, pro-slavery forces sacked the town, burnt down the Free State Hotel (attempts to blow it up failed) and burnt Free State Governor Robinson's house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.103-109", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Elected Official; Governor; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Robinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1746, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery forces burn John Brown Jr's home, Theodore Weiner's store for John Brown Sr.'s massacre. Both were held as captives and turned over to federal authorities.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.120-121", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown Jr.; Theodore Weiner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1747, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "June: Major Henry Titus of the Law and Order militia went to Captain Samuel Walker of Free State militia at the fork of the Lecompton and California roads. Titus had 15 men, Walker, 30. Free soil men drove off pro-slavery men in a hail of bullets.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130-131", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Miltia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus", "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1748, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "June: Capt. Goyer and his regulators, working for the Omaha Claim Club, put an alleged Claim Jumper across the Missouri river and threatened to drown him if he returned. The Nebraskian, a local paper, reports approvingly, writing that \"Every squatter has the sympathies of his neighbors - they have suffered together, and they will fight for each other.\"", "Source": "\"Local Items.\" Nebraskian, 25 June 1856.", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper; Alleged Criminal", "Recorded # Killed": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Alfred D. Goyer", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1749, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "June: The Omaha Claim Club threatened Robert Shields and forced him to sell his claim. Shields fled to Elkhorn, but would later return to Omaha, after the club lost power.", "Source": "Shields, et al. v. Root. Transcript of Record", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Shields", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1750, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Summer: Captain Emory's Regulators rounded up free-soilers and sent the down the river(?) by the boatload.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Emory", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1751, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Otter Creek", "Location": "Otter Creek, Lucas County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.12119, "Long": -93.47697, "Description": "August: Mob seized William Davis and charged him with burning the barn of Alexander Lamb. He denied the charges, but they whipped him anyway.", "Source": "Black.Lynching, p.185-186", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Davis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.47697, 41.12119 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1752, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "August: Eight miles from LeComptones skirmish fought between Sam Walker's men (free soil) and Henry Titus pro-slavery men. Inconclusive.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1753, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.52602, "Long": -94.70689, "Description": "August: Free soilers under Jim Lone capture Fort Franklin (pro-slavery) after three hour gun battle.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jim Lone", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70689, 37.52602 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1754, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Tecumseh", "Location": "Tecumseh, Kansas", "Lat": 39.0476, "Long": -95.57902, "Description": "August: Free-soilers from Lawrence pillage homes of pro-slavery settlers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.57902, 39.0476 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1755, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Lecompton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Pro-slavery men under Sheriff Sam Jones burned houses of seven Northern familiesin pro-slavery capital.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.142", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Legal; Law Officer; Sherrif", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1756, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "September: John A. Harback threatened with violence by claim club, and does not file his pre-emption.", "Source": "Decisions of the Interior department in public land cases, and land laws passed by the Congress of the United States : together with the regulations of the General land office, 893-896.", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John A. Harback", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1757, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Alexandria", "Location": "Alexandria, Kansas", "Lat": 39.27662, "Long": -95.11172, "Description": "September: About 150 free soilers attack and pillage the town.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.150", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.11172, 39.27662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1758, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawkee", "Location": "Osawkee", "Lat": 39.23206, "Long": -95.4665, "Description": "September: Free-soilers devastate the area.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.4665, 39.23206 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1759, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "Fall: George (Murderer of Barber Clarke) led a raid that destroyed crops, stole horses and cattle nad burned free-soil homes.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.219", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": null, "Riot Scope": null, "Persons Named as Rioters": "George", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1760, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Watsonville", "Location": "Pajaro River, Near Watsonville", "Lat": 36.90904, "Long": -121.75208, "Description": "October: José Castro hanged by Matt Tarpy and his vigilantes for alleged attempted murder. Tarpy and his men had to seize Castro from a group of Mexicans who tried to protect him.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 1 and 15 Nov. 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Matt Tarpy", "Persons Named as Targets": "José Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.75208, 36.90904 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1761, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Local election for mayor and city council triggers rioting. Most serious affray was a gun battle between \"Rip-Rap\" club and New Market Fire company in the Lexington Market. New Market's driven from field and \"Rip-Rap\" enter and sack their engine house.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.549-550", "Type": "Political; Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Gang", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Gang", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1762, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Election riots. Bullet boxes and ticket stand destroyed in several wards. Police called in.", "Source": "Anbinder, p.277", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1763, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/11", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, Adams Co.", "Lat": 38.68886, "Long": -83.6077, "Description": "November: Bill, a black man, hanged for alleged rape", "Source": "New York Times, December 4, 1856 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.6077, 38.68886 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1764, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/12", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "December: \"Plug (??)\" battle in which knives, brickbats, clubs, and bottles used by rowdies.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid Amer. (1951) 73", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1765, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "Members of the Omaha Claim Club threaten James Taggat to compell him to vacate his claim.", "Source": "Transcript of Record, Supreme Court of the United States, no. 117, 1870, Baker v. Morton, file date: December 6, 1869, 32.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Omaha Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Taggat", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1766, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "Members of the Omaha Claim Club threaten William Jones to compell him to vacate his claim.", "Source": "Transcript of Record, Supreme Court of the United States, no. 117, 1870, Baker v. Morton, file date: December 6, 1869, 32.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Omaha Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Jones", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1767, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Rogersville", "Location": "Rogersville, TN", "Lat": 36.40482, "Long": -83.00497, "Description": "Burning of black man for alleged \"sundry foul, revolting, and hellish crimes\"", "Source": "New York Times, Sept. 17, 1857.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.00497, 36.40482 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1768, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of George, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1769, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of Bill, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1770, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Chicot Co.", "Location": "Chicot Co., AR", "Lat": 33.28686, "Long": -91.28867, "Description": "Burning of black man for alleged murder and rape", "Source": "Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 389 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.28867, 33.28686 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1771, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "January: On the 29th, a mob, angered by the death of an Anglo sheriff, hanged Juan Catabo, shot and decapitated Miguel Soto, and shot Diego Navarro, Pedro Lopez, Juan Valenzuela, and two unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Diego Navarro; Pedro Lopez; Juan Valenzuela; Miguel Soto; Juan Catabo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1772, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Buenaventura", "Location": "San Buenaventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, Encarnacion Berreyesa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "El Clamor Publico (Los Angeles), 28 Mar. and 9 May 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Encarnacion Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1773, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Ventura", "Location": "Near Ventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, José Jesus Espinosa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, Mar. 17, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Jesus Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1774, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 3rd, Francisco or Guerro Ardillero hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Ardillero; Guerro Ardillero", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1775, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Nietos", "Location": "Los Nietos", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 6th, two unknown Mexicans hanged and one shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1776, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 14th, Juan Flores hanged for alleged murder of Anglo sheriff.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 2 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1777, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 16th, a mob of two hundred seized José Anastacio García from jail and lynched him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 28 Feb. 1857; Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12 May 1877 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Anastacio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1778, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "El Monte", "Location": "Near El Monte", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: \"Mexican Joe\" hanged and decapitated for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bartlett, ed. Reminiscences of a Ranger as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mexican Joe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1779, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: José Santos hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pacific Sentinel, 21 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Santos", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1780, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe", "Location": "Sante Fe, NM", "Lat": 35.68641, "Long": -105.96308, "Description": "March: On the 11th, Manuel Ribera was \"shot through the bars of his jail cell\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 14 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Ribera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.96308, 35.68641 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1781, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/03", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Rock Bluffs, Cass Co.", "Location": "Rock Bluffs, Cass Co.", "Lat": 40.93249, "Long": -95.84354, "Description": "March: F. Pearman, banished after the claim jumping troubles in Cass, railed against club law in a local paper. He notes that twenty armed men stormed his home and put him under guard. He denies aiding and abbeting any jumping, and insists he simply did not want to live under club law, which he calls \"mob laws.\" ", "Source": "Nebraska News, March 24 1857", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "F. Pearman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.84354, 40.93249 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1782, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Goliad", "Location": "Near Goliad", "Lat": 28.66828, "Long": -97.38883, "Description": "April: 8 unknown Mexicans lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Antonio Herald, 18 Apr. 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.38883, 28.66828 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1783, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson county, Iowa", "Lat": 42.202362, "Long": -90.606381, "Description": "April: Iron Hills Vigilance Committee broke into jail and seized accused murderer Alexander Gifford. They forced him to confess. He claimed he had been hired to do the killing. The mob hanged Gifford anyway.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.187", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Iron Hills Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander Gifford", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.606381, 42.202362 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1784, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "April: Jesse Lowe, the Mayor of Omaha and Captain of the Omaha Claim Club's regulators, is seen leading an unknown man to the Missouri River for punishment. The man was an alleged claim jumper. Lowe was flanked by several men carrying muskets. Lowe and the men returned without their victim.", "Source": "Erastus F. Beadle, Hams, Eggs, & Corn Cake: A Nebraska Territory Diary (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 4.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Claim Club; Mayor; Government Official; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Alleged Claim Jumper; Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jesse Lowe", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1785, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Montomery", "Location": "Montgomery, Montgomery Co., TX", "Lat": 30.38802, "Long": -95.69494, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted murder of mistress", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.69494, 30.38802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1786, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Andrew", "Location": "Andrew, Jackson Co., Iowa", "Lat": 42.155203, "Long": -90.59105, "Description": "May: Mob seized 3 thieves from DeWitt jail in Clinton. They represented a Vigilance committee. They took the 3 to Andrew, the (??) headquarters. The mob quickly hanged William Barger, one of the thieves. They held the other two for trial. After trial they were whipped. One, Michael Carroll was then turned over to authorities; the other was banished.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.188-190", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Thief; Jail", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Barger; Michael Carroll", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.59105, 42.155203 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1787, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Johnson Co.", "Location": "Johnson co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.700486, "Long": -91.592633, "Description": "May: Mob seized Boyd Wilkinson at his farm - actually he surrendered on the promise of being turned over to the authorities - for burning Philip Clark's barn. Clark and he had aruged over land claims. Placed in a wagon, he was drowned while crossing a river. 15 were arrested.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.187-189", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Boyd Wilkinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.592633, 41.700486 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1788, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Cedar county, Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "June: Regulators attacked the cabin of a man by the name of Corry. He was shot and killed apparently because Alonzo Page, one of the Regulators, had a personal grudge.", "Source": "Graham. \"Vigilance Committee,\" p.309", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Alonzo Page", "Persons Named as Targets": "Corry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1789, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Cedar County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "June: Regulator organization against horse thieves active. One member of the Regulators argued with Alonzo Page. Corry told the Regulators that Page was associated with horse thieves. The Regulators warned Page to leave the country. When he didn't, they came to his house night of June 18th and when Page resisted, he was shot. He died from the wounds.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.192", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Actions": "Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alonzo Page", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1790, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Warren's Settlement, Cedar Co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "June: Mob seized Jacob A. Warner and accused him of being connected with a gang of outlaws. They tried him in a lynch court and then hanged him. At least 300 involved.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.193-194", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Outlaw", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob A. Warner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1791, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Cedar Co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "June: Band of Regulators capture Peter Conklin, chased and shot him and killed him.", "Source": "Graham. \"Vigilance Committee,\" p.366-367; Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.194", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Peter Conklin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1792, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones Co., Iowa", "Lat": 42.082479, "Long": -91.129989, "Description": "June: Mob of about 60 took convicted horse thief from officials and hanged him.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.194", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.129989, 42.082479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1793, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Clinton Co.", "Location": "Clinton County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.85018, "Long": -90.22956, "Description": "June: Hanging of Bennett Warren for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 192-194 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bennett Warren", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.22956, 41.85018 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1794, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Farmer's Creek, Jackon Co.", "Location": "Farmer's Creek, Jackon Co.", "Lat": 42.17416, "Long": -90.73082, "Description": "July: Ally or member of vigilance committee shot at. Citizens meet to determine a course of action. Newspaper says that \"prospect looks favorable for more lynching.\"", "Source": "Bellevue Gazette: Feburary 26, 1857.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Attempted Murderer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.73082, 42.17416 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1795, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Tipton", "Location": "Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.771253, "Long": -91.129989, "Description": "July: Regulators numbering about 200 broke into jail and took accused horse thieves Alonzo Gleeson and Edward Super. They held a trial for them. Super confessed. Both were hanged from a tree.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.195", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Prison Break", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alonzo Gleeson; Edward Super", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.129989, 41.771253 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1796, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Bowery Boys and Dead Rabbits battle it out in the 6th ward. Arrival of Metropolitan Police had little effect. Beaten by the Dead Rabbits, only the arrival of a crowd of Bowery Boys enabled the Police to retreat. Twelve were killed, including two policemen. 41 injured. More fighting continued the next day and two regiments of militia needed to quell the disorder.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.41", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "12", "Recorded # Injured": 41, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1797, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones Co., Iowa", "Lat": 42.082479, "Long": -91.129989, "Description": "July: 18 year old horse thief caught in the act. Given 70 lashes. Some say he was killed.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.195", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.129989, 42.082479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1798, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones co., Iowa", "Lat": 42.082479, "Long": -91.129989, "Description": "July: Vigilance Committee wen to a Dr. Longs' believing he was connected to horse thieves. They found his brother and another man, whom they hanged. Long, however, escaped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.196", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Longs", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.129989, 42.082479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1799, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Two Germans fighting collected a great crowd on the corner of 3rd street and Ave B. With the fight over two policemen arrived to disperse the crowd. When one man refused to move, a policeman clubb him. The crowd became threatening. Sergeant Lockwood arrived in the German area with seven more policemen and asserted his authority. He and the police were driven back under a hail of brickbats and rocks. More police arrived and clubbed their way through the crowd. They began to shoot. Crowd dispersed. One man killed.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.44-45", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lockwood", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1800, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Cedar co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "July: Vigilance committee captured a man named Kelso and an accomplice. They tried them and hanged them. When one of the crowd, a young farmer named Finch, came home and told his mother that he voted for hanging, she made him feel so bad that he went and hanged himself.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.197", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Youth", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Finch", "Persons Named as Targets": "Kelso", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1801, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Montezuma", "Location": "Montezuma, Iowa", "Lat": 41.585301, "Long": -92.525605, "Description": "July: During trial of Wm. B. Thomas for murdering Mr and Mrs. Casteel, the defense lawyers got the judge to agree to a change of venue. A mob raced into the court room, took Thomas, hanged him and burned him to torture a confession out of him.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.197-198", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Court; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William B. Thomas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.525605, 41.585301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1802, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cedar Co.", "Location": "Cedar co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.784015, "Long": -91.127137, "Description": "July: Mob of 400 from Mechanicsville seized a man charged with counterfeiting and horse stealing and held a lynch court. Then they hanged him. Search for another horse thief proved futile.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.198", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.127137, 41.784015 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1803, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Cascade", "Location": "Cascade, Dubuque Co, IA", "Lat": 42.29793, "Long": -91.01339, "Description": "July: Hanging of Jack Parrot for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Dubuque Weekly Express and Herald, July 15, 1857; Dubuque Daily Times, July 13, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jack Parrott", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.01339, 42.29793 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1804, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "July: 2,000 citizens, over protest of pro-slave justice (??) and free soil mayor Adams, broke into the jail, took out 2 murderers and hanged them.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.197", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Jail", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1805, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Escondido Creek", "Location": "Near Escondido Creek", "Lat": 28.8515, "Long": -97.80954, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged killing of a cow.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Aug 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.80954, 28.8515 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1806, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "August: Roswell G. Pierce, Herman Glass and men of the Omaha Claim Club threaten John W. Brown in order to force Brown to surrender his claim. The deployment of the vigilance committee was threatened, and Brown deeded the land over. Brown would later win it back in a court case that went all the way to the Supreme Court.", "Source": "Sean M. Kammer, “‘Public Opinion is More Than Law:’ Popular Sovereignty and Vigilantism in the Nebraska Territory,” Great Plains Quarterly 31, no. 4 (Fall 2011): 309-324.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Roswell G. Pierce; Herman Glass; Joseph Barker", "Persons Named as Targets": "John W. Brown", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1807, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "August: Roswell G. Pierce, Herman Glass and men of the Omaha Claim Club threaten Alexander H. Baker in order to force Baker to surrender his claim. The deployment of the vigilance committee was threatened, and Baker deeded the land over. Baker would later win it back in a court case that went all the way to the Supreme Court.", "Source": "Sean M. Kammer, “‘Public Opinion is More Than Law:’ Popular Sovereignty and Vigilantism in the Nebraska Territory,” Great Plains Quarterly 31, no. 4 (Fall 2011): 309-324.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Squatter; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Roswell G. Pierce; Herman Glass; Joseph Barker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Alexander H. Baker", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1808, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Atchison", "Location": "Atchison, KS", "Lat": 39.56201, "Long": -95.12677, "Description": "August: On Saturday the 22, Col. Lane was to speak at a Free State Convention in Atchison. The angered the pro-slavery element, who requested aid from Missouri. 8 Americans and 12 Germans organized to defend the convention. 8 or 10 men, including F.G. Adams, moved towards the disturbance, which prompted armed, pro-slavery men to gather. A freestater, Woodward, was found to have been knocked down. After raising their weapons, the freestaters were allowed to retreat. Threats continued to be made throughout the day.", "Source": "New York Times, October 2, 1857.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lane; F.G. Adams; Woodward; Losee", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.12677, 39.56201 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1809, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: The body of an unidentified murdered man found near the old mill. A young man, accompanied by friends, found a man at the scene of the crime with blood on his face and clothes. They put a noose around his neck and threatened to hang him if he did not confess at once. The man confessed, and named some alleged accomplices, who were also seized. A Vigilance Committee was organized, lead by General Eastin. The crowd wished to hang the man, named Gordon, but was convinced by leaders to surrender him to local magistrates. Interrogated by authorities, the accused argued his confession was false, and only made to save his life. Placed in jail, an angry crowd again tried to hang him. Again, leadership of the Vigilance Committee encourages the mob to stand down. Newspaper accounts praise mob law and decry the action of authorities.", "Source": "New York Times, September 16, 1857", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Prisoner; Jail", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Eastin", "Persons Named as Targets": "Gordon", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1810, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Gordon's testimony leads to the arrest of a Gillaspie, and the search for a man named O'Brien. The murdered man was identified as Walls from Ohio. Preparations made to hang the men.", "Source": "New York Times, October 10, 1857", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gordon; Gillaspie", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1811, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Utah", "Sublocation": "Mountain Meadows", "Location": "Mountain Meadows, Utah", "Lat": 37.446533, "Long": -113.629976, "Description": "September: Massacre of 120 emigrant whites by Mormons and Indians. Men and women and children killed. This occurred during the so-called Mormon war.", "Source": "Brooks.Mountain Meadows Massacre", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Native; Militia", "Target Classification": "White; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "120", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -113.629976, 37.446533 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1812, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: More election rioting as know-nothings prevent immigrant from voting and win local elections. 11,898 to 2,792. In the 8th ward. Ser. William Jordan of the police killed.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.558-563; H+W, p.93", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Jordan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1813, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/12", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones co., Iowa", "Lat": 42.082479, "Long": -91.129989, "Description": "December: Regulators numbering about 400 strong captured Hiram Roberts, forced him to confess to counterfeiting then hagned him in a barn. Six of the mob were later charged, but case dropped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.198-199", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Conterfeiter", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hiram Roberts", "Note": "PTH edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.129989, 42.082479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1814, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Polk County", "Location": "Polk County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.6725, "Long": -93.58095, "Description": "Vigilantes capture and hang J.W. Thomas - a murderer.", "Source": "Graham. \"Vigilance Committee,\" Palinpsest 6, (1925) 362", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "J.W. Thomas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.58095, 41.6725 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1815, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "Half dozen bawdy houses destroyed in a riot. Officials tacitly approve action.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mi Hi, 58 (1974) 6", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1816, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Red Wing", "Location": "Red Wing (upper Midwest)", "Lat": 44.56022, "Long": -92.5379, "Description": "Mobs attack and burn houses of prostitution.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.193", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.5379, 44.56022 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1817, "year": 1857, "date": "1875\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Irish and Native American (WASP?) riot.", "Source": "Headley, p.310-311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1818, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "February: a mass meeting held between the claim clubs of Florence, Elkhorn, Papillion, and Omaha, pledging to work together and defend their claims with their lives. A unified vigilance committee organized. ", "Source": "Bellevue Gazette: Feburary 26, 1857.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "A.J. Hanscom; A.G. Clarke; William Larimer; Jesse Lowe; Thayer; Brewster; Fifield; Grant; GOodwill; Moore; Johnson; Salisbury", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1819, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "February: One hundred and fifty armed Omaha Claim Club vigilantes move through the streets of Omaha. According to the paper, \"Several arrets were made on Saturday last, one or two on Sunday, and a couple on Monday last.\" It was a calculated show of force.", "Source": "The Nebraskian, February 25, 1857", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1820, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "February: Members of the Omaha Claim Club arrested an Irishman named Michael Callahan for alleged claim jumping. Callahan was repeatedly dunked under the frozen ice of the Missouri River to induce him to surrender the claim. After three submersions, Callahan finally gave in. He would die within the year, probably of sickness resulting from the torture.", "Source": "Sorenson, Early History of Omaha, 106.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Michael Callahan", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1821, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "February: On 21 February, 100-150 armed members of the Omaha Claim Club moved to force Jacob S. Shull off his claim. Shull ran, but the vigilantes torched his buildings and spent days hunting for him.", "Source": "Sorenson, Early History of Omaha, 106.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jacob S. Shull", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1822, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Rock Bluffs, Cass Co.", "Location": "Rock Bluffs, Cass Co.", "Lat": 40.93249, "Long": -95.84354, "Description": "February: A. Deyo, G.W. Woodhouse, Jo. Vertner, and Wm. Potts all allegedly jumped claims in Cass co., in violation of claim club law. The men went to the land office to file the paperwork for the claims. The land in question was also claimed by Patterson, France, and unnamed other, supported by the club. The clainm club mobilized against the \"jumpers,\" who fled the territory. The vigilance committee arrested \"aiders and abettors.\" The vigilantes banished F. Pearman, and forced J Brown and others to sign a bond swearing to uphold club rules. It did not stop there. A group of thirteen vigilantes pursued the \"jumpers\" to St. Marys, Iowa. The town resisted the Nebraskan vigilantes, and Col. Sarpy tried to convince the populace that they constituted a lawful body. The jumpers escaped again, and the vigilance committee returned home. Controversy erupted, meanwhile, that crying women and children were confined \"in a room with blackguards.\" The incident involved Mrs. Deyo at J. Brown's store. The Claim Club published a statement denying all wrongdoing and insisted Deyo remained in the store not more than twenty or thirty minutes. A. Deyo would later publish an article alleging that the claim club was corrupt, and, Patterson, a US surveyor, was using his position to claim obscene amounts of land. ", "Source": "Omaha Nebraskian, \"Claim Jumping in Cass County, Nebraska Territory\" February 25, 1857.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper; Woman; Merchant; Youth", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sarpy; William H. Davis", "Persons Named as Targets": "A. Deyo; Mrs. Deyo; G.W. Woodhouse; Joseph Vertner; William Potts; F Pearman; J. Brown", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.84354, 40.93249 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1823, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Fort Calhoun", "Location": "Fort Calhoun", "Lat": 41.45664, "Long": -96.02746, "Description": "February: Residents of Fort Calhoun formed a claim club.", "Source": "The Nebraskian, March 11, 1857", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.02746, 41.45664 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1824, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Papillion", "Location": "Papillion", "Lat": 41.15352, "Long": -96.03786, "Description": "February: A claim club organized in Papillion.", "Source": "Omaha Nebraskian, \"Constitution\" February 11, 1857.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "J.M. Thayer; Charles Grant", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.03786, 41.15352 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1825, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "April: Omaha Nebraskian calls on Nebraskans to form claim clubs \"in sufficient force to give them effeciency and power.\"", "Source": "\"Multiple News Items.\" Nebraskian, 1 Apr. 1857.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1826, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Plattsmouth", "Location": "Plattsmouth", "Lat": 41.00811, "Long": -95.88749, "Description": "April: Plattsmouth vigilantes launch a raid against an alleged gang of horse thieves - the Johnson gang. The vigilantes siezed Mrs. Johnson when she attempted to cross the Missouri river and held her in custody. They then raided the Johnson residence, capturing a number of people. The vigilantes proceeded to drown three Johnson men and one Kelly in the Missouri river, and banished the rest to Iowa. A teacher, T.M. Marquett, reported to be among the vigilante ranks.", "Source": "Olive Gass, The Vigilantes, Nebraska's First Defenders, Nebraska History Magazine, 3-18.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Woman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "T.M. Marquett", "Persons Named as Targets": "Johnson; Mrs. Johnson; Kelly", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.88749, 41.00811 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1827, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "May: Striking RR workers use violence to prevent trains from running. On the 1st they ambushed a train leaving Baltimore at a deep cuty at Jackson's bridge. Shots were exchanged with police. One train got through, three others did not. A similar confrontation occurred Sunday. Several strikers wounded both days, and on the 2nd one was killed. The rioters also spiked tracks. After 3rd some settlement was reached. Slight to workers.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.555-557", "Type": "Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1828, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Bakersfield", "Location": "Bakersfield, VT", "Lat": 44.78215, "Long": -72.80225, "Description": "May: Crowd fires into house of Salmon Stebbins; he returns fire and kills Perley Childs. The crowd were involved in a Charivari - at least 25 involved.", "Source": "Roth, \"Notes\"", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Perley Childs", "Persons Named as Targets": "Salmon Stebbins", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.80225, 44.78215 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1829, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Ft. Madison Landing", "Location": "Ft. Madison Landing, Iowa", "Lat": 40.63075, "Long": -91.31156, "Description": "May: The crew of a steamboat was about to whip a black crewmember. Locals who supported abolition attempted to interfere. A fight broke out with the crew. Those on shore threw stones, etc. In the boat they fired bullets. Six men onshore wounded. The boat escaped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.190-191", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Steamboat; Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.31156, 40.63075 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1830, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "June: Fight at Upper Depot RR station, left several participants cut and bruised.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Am. (1951) 73", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1831, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "Elite volunteer companies led by mayor John Wentworth burnt down a whole district of bawdy houses.", "Source": "H+W, p.448", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Political; Elected Official; Mayor", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Wentworth", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1832, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Peoria", "Location": "Peoria, Illinois", "Lat": 40.69512, "Long": -89.59262, "Description": "Mobs attack and burn houses of prostitution.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.193", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.59262, 40.69512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1833, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Battle between municipal police and metropolitan police outside City Hall that was quelled only with the arrival of 7th regiment.", "Source": "Limpus. History, p.217", "Type": "Law; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1834, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Florence", "Location": "Florence, Nebraska", "Lat": 41.3369, "Long": -95.9633, "Description": "June: Riot in town. Probably a large-scale brawl. Vigilance committee arrested several individuals and acted to restrict bars and saloons.", "Source": "Shull, ed. \"Minutes of Vigilance,\" Nebraska History, 58 (1977) 81-83", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hooper; Patrick; Thompson; Thomas Keeler; James Kinsley", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.9633, 41.3369 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1835, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Irish and Native American (WASP?) riots.", "Source": "Headley, p.310-311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1836, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Irish attack and eventually beat up some German picnickers.", "Source": "Degler, p.130-131, N.2; Tribune, June 30, 1857", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1837, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Lacrosse", "Location": "Lacrosse, Wisconsin", "Lat": 43.80205, "Long": -91.24484, "Description": "July: Cowd of 200 to 400 visit four houses of prostitution. They burned the first two, driving the inhabitants out of town. In the 2nd, furniture about to be moved was also burned. The mayor interceded thereafter, and the mob left houses alone when inmates promised to leave town. Vigilance committee organized that lasted until August.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.183-186, 193", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.24484, 43.80205 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1838, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.09294, "Long": -91.29333, "Description": "July: Vigilance committee arrested a man named Teedles. They tried and hanged him, but he was not dead when his friends cut him down. The VC wanted to hang him again, but since he told all he knew about a gang, they let him off.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.196", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Teedles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.29333, 42.09294 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1839, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: German target company attacked by Irish and some boys on 39th street.", "Source": "Degler; Times, July 15, 1857", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Youth", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1840, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Logan, Dakota Co.", "Location": "Logan, Dakota Co.", "Lat": 42.41675, "Long": -96.41838, "Description": "July: Logan Claim Club Association removed John Williams and George Waite from land claimed by J.M. Waddle. ", "Source": "\"Multiple Classified Advertisements.\" Omaha Nebraskian, 15 July 1857", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Williams; George Waite", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.41838, 42.41675 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1841, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "July: Several members of the Omaha Claim Club, including a lawyer, moved to force Daniel Murphy off his claim. The club men threatened Murphy with a revolver and bowie knife until Murphy surrendered the claim.", "Source": "Alfred R. Sorenson, Early History of Omaha (Omaha, NE: Daily Bee, 1876), 110.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter; Legal; Lawyer", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Murphy", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1842, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "August: One day after John A. Smiley filed at the Omaha land office, he was visited by James Creighton. Creighton had been tipped off of Smiley's pre-emption by the land office. Creighton threatened Smiley with violence courtesy of the Omaha Claim Club. Smiley withdrew his claim the next day.", "Source": "Samson v. Smiley, 80 U.S. 91. Transcript of Record", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Creighton", "Persons Named as Targets": "John A. Smiley", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1843, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Lecompton", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: claim controvery between George Stump and William Jacobs. Jacobs was a member of a local claim club, and had with other club members been speculating on the land. Interior Department sides with Stump.", "Source": "Decisions of the Interior department in public land cases, and land laws passed by the Congress of the United States : together with the regulations of the General land office, 893-896.", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Stump", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Jacobs", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1844, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Gull Lake", "Location": "Gull Lake, Morrison Co.", "Lat": 46.40961, "Long": -94.35711, "Description": "August: Joe Shambeau, Jimmy, and Charles Gebabish allegedly murdered a man at Gull Lake. Two of the accused were described as Natives, and one was labeled a \"half-breed.\" A group of Natives and some whites arrested the three, and Sheriff Poe (?) prepared to bring the three to authorities in St. Paul. En route, a group of white vigilantes intercepted the Sheriff and, holding him, seized the prisoners. They proceeded to lynch the men.", "Source": "New York Times, October 7, 1857. Robert D. Pomperoy, \"Morrison County's Only Lynching\" (1966, unpublished manuscript, Minnesota Historical Society, St Paul); John D. Bessler, Legacy of Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 5; Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Sheriff", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe Shambeau; Jimmy; Charles Gebabish; Poe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.35711, 46.40961 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1845, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City, NE", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "August: John McConihe and 30 men formed a claim club to advance their interests. To add in this effort, they stole 10 muskets from Jim Lane in Nebraska City.", "Source": "John McConihe to John B Kellogg, August 2, 1857, John McConihe Papers, MS 308, Box 1, Folder 1, Archives and Special Collections, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John McConihe", "Persons Named as Targets": "Jim Lane", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1846, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Oxford", "Location": "Oxford", "Lat": 34.36145, "Long": -89.51579, "Description": "September: A man named Snyder arrested a brought before court for allegedly inciting insurrection among the local black people. While in the court, the local white citizens called a meeting chaired by Yancy Wiley. Some called for mob law. It was agreed to put Snyder in jail for a month while he procured evidence to prove his innocence. Two constables escorted him to the jail, but two members of the crowd seized him. The crowd forced Snyder to strip and interrogated him. He was then released to the jail once again, but the crowd returned and demanded him from the jailor, who complied. The mob brought Snyder to the woods, where they again stripped him, put a noose around his neck, and whipped him. After 238 lashes, Snyder \"confessed.\" Snyder was shipped off to the Junction, and imprison again at Holly Springs.", "Source": "New York Times, Sept. 18, 1857.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Legal; Constable; Courthouse; Jail", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Yancy Wiley", "Persons Named as Targets": "Snyder", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.51579, 34.36145 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1847, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Young boilermakers, tinsmiths, and brassfinishers riot during elections against nativism. Some arrested.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.110, 102", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Boilermaker; Tinsmith; Brassfinisher; Worker; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Nativist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1848, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Bread riot - \"old fashioned\" large \"hunger meetings\" held in Tompkins Square with as many as 10,000 men and women. Three bakers' wagons robbed.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.98, 140; McMaster, VIII, p.300", "Type": "Food; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Baker; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1849, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/12", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Oskaloosa", "Location": "Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.29469, "Long": -92.64733, "Description": "December: A mob seized William Redman, an overseer of a house of ill fame, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail, and expelled him from town. The women in the house were told to leave.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.198", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Redman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.64733, 41.29469 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1850, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/12", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Jones Co.", "Location": "Jones County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.09294, "Long": -91.29333, "Description": "December: Regulators captured young horse thief, stretched his neck and whipped him to gain confession. He did so, implicating Hiram T. Roberts who had already been hanged.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynching,\" p.199-200", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Youth", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.29333, 42.09294 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1851, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Linn Co.", "Location": "Linn County, Iowa", "Lat": 42.06265, "Long": -91.60189, "Description": "June: A man raped the daughter of John Schubert. When he attempted to sue he was warned to leave the country. When he identified some of the intimidators, a mob came to his house, loaded his goods on a wagon and forced them to leave.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.191-192", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Schubert", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.60189, 42.06265 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1852, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Brownsville Nueces Valley Weekly, 23. Jan 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1853, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: Jesus Anastasia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal, 26 Feb. 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesus Anastasia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1854, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Dakota Co.", "Location": "Dakota Co.", "Lat": 41.28582, "Long": -96.23711, "Description": "March: Claim club founded in Elkhorn.", "Source": "\"Multiple News Items.\" Omaha Nebraskian, 10 Mar. 1858.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.23711, 41.28582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1855, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "March: Former members of the Omaha Claim Club again force Robert Shields to abandon his claim.", "Source": "Shields, et al. v. Root. Transcript of Record", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Robert Shields", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1856, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Albuquerque", "Location": "Albuquerque, NM", "Lat": 35.0834, "Long": -106.65368, "Description": "March: Carlos Martínez beaten and hanged for alleged assault on girl aged 8 or 9.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Martínez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.65368, 35.0834 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1857, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Scott", "Location": "Ft. Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.834166, "Long": -94.70688, "Description": "April: Eight free-soilers led by James Montgomery fire upon dragoons, killing two, and wounding four.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224-225", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Dragoon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70688, 37.834166 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1858, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "El Moro", "Location": "El Moro, NM", "Lat": 35.04345, "Long": -108.32109, "Description": "May: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 15 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -108.32109, 35.04345 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1859, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "May: On the 13th, Santos Peralta lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Santos Peralta", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1860, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.410671, "Long": -95.071956, "Description": "May: Marceis des Cygnes massacre. Proslavery forced under Charles Hamilton round up free-soil men. They take nine, formed a firing squad and shot them. Five were killed, four wounded, but pretended to be dead.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.227", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.071956, 37.410671 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1861, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: A committee of vigilance backed by one thousand men seized the state arsenal, the jail and large sections of the city. Well armed and with artillery they cowed local know-nothings officials. The committee wanted orderly elections. Know-nothing crowds wanted more action, and attempted an assault on the force with no success. After the election, which was peaceful, the committee disbanded its forces, although many leaders and some followers left the city. Some 11 people died during the action, at least 5 accidentally.", "Source": "Asbury.French Quarter, p.298-314", "Type": "Political; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Political", "Target Classification": "Nativist; Know Nothing; Political", "Actions": "Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "11", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1862, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.581279, "Long": -94.251961, "Description": "December: John Brown leads a raid from Kansas along the Little Osege River. Captures 11 slaves, belonging to 3 families, and all other removeable property - horses and clothing taken from about a dozen families. They killed only one man in the process.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235-236", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Prison Break; Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.251961, 38.581279 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1863, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Ligonier", "Location": "Ligonier, Noble Co.", "Lat": 41.46325, "Long": -85.58987, "Description": "January: McClain and McDougal hanged for alleged counterfeiting", "Source": "New York Times, Janurary 30, 1858; February 8, 1858 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Counterfeiter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "McClain; McDougal", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.58987, 41.46325 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1864, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Montgomery Co.", "Location": "Montgomery County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.04134, "Long": -95.22618, "Description": "January: Andrew L. Millslagle had an affair with a Mrs. Wilson, while living with her and her husband. A mob came to tar and feather him, but he defended himself. Shots were exchanged. The mob tried to burn him out. Finally he surrendered when the mob promised to turn him over to authorities. He was tried in regular court and sentenced to 10 years - for what is unclear.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynching,\" p.200-201", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Andrew L. Millslagle", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.22618, 41.04134 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1865, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Americans and Catholics fight.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1866, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "March: After murder of two free-soilers, free-soil gangs sought the killers destroying as they went.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.223-224", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1867, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "March: Two alleged horse thieves, Harvey Braden and John Daley, were arrested and incarcerated in Omaha. A lynch mob gathered at the prison, seized the men, and proceeded to hang them.", "Source": "Alfred R. Sorenson, Early History of Omaha (Omaha, NE: Daily Bee, 1876), 118.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Theif; Alleged Horse Theif; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Harvey Braden; John Daley", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1868, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Workers strike at water works. Refuse to let others work. Irish-Americans split. Sheriff assaulted.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1869, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "April: Gunfight between free-soilers and federal troops. No real casualties.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Military; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1870, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "San Antonio", "Location": "Near San Anontio, TX", "Lat": 29.488912, "Long": -98.532532, "Description": "May: On the 29th, 40 masked men seized Nicanor Urdiales, Pablo Longoria, Francisco Huizan, and Felipe Lopez from Mission San Jose for alleged theft. The vigilantes lynched the men.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicanor Urdiales; Pablo Longoria; Francisco Huizan; Felipe Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.532532, 29.488912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1871, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Dunleith", "Location": "Dunleith, Illinois", "Lat": 42.49397, "Long": -90.63438, "Description": "May: Local Vigilance Committee seized six men suspected of being river pirates. The crowd voted on a punishment. The minority were for hanging; the majority wanted tar and feathers. This apparently was done and the men were put in a boat in the river and told not to return.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.211-214", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Pirate", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.63438, 42.49397 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1872, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Prairie du Chien", "Location": "Prairie du Chien, Illinois", "Lat": 43.04962, "Long": -91.13836, "Description": "May: Opposition to river pirates and houses of ill repute led to vigilante action. 30 to 40 men seized about 12 men. They arrested the men at a black saloon that was then burnt down. The men were turned over to authorities. The men were then given a vigilante trial. Several were sentenced to whipping and head shaving.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.199-204", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Brothel; Prostitute; Black; Merchant; Tavern; Pirate", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.13836, 43.04962 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1873, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Montgomery and his free-soilers plundered store of James Wells at Willow Springs.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1874, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: James Montgomery and free-soilers attacked house of pro-slaver Charles Hamilton. Dragoons arrive to drive off Montgomery.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Hamilton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1875, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Charles Hamilton led an attack on free-soil blacksmith Eli Snyder at the smithshop. The pro-slavers shot Snyder, but were driven off by shotgun blasts by Snyder's son.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225-226", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli Snyder", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1876, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "May: James Montgomery led a band of free-soilers in an attack on Fort Scott at night. Securing the sentinels, they set fire to the town. As the townspeople came out of their houses they were greeted by a fusilade from a nearby ravine. Shots were exchanged and the free-soilers rode off.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.230", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1877, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Iowa City", "Location": "Iowa City", "Lat": 41.66013, "Long": -91.53103, "Description": "May: Philip Clark and Boyd Wilkinson locked in a land dispute. Wilkinson had allegedly beaten Clark, arousing anger in the community. On May 10, Clark's barn burned down, and Clark and his friends suspect Wilkinson of arson. A committee met in Iowa City, with Henry Felkner president and Samuel McCory secretary. The committee authorized force. A group consisting of Clark, Henry Gray, F.M. Irish, Alfred Curtis, Charle Dow, Daniel Marshall, Samuel Shellady, G.W. Rawson, Charles Brown, James Taylor, John McGuire, and Peter Conboy siezed Wilkinson. At least thirty-five men were part of the vigilantes. Wilkinson drowned in the Iowa River. The men swore he jumped in himself, but lynching probable. No attempt was made to save Wilkinson. A court case followed, and the governor pardoned at least on of the vigilantes. ", "Source": "Erik McKinley Eriksson, \"The Boyd Wilkinson Case,\" The Palimpset 6 (1925), 95-104.", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Philip Clark; Henry Gray; F.M. Irish; Alfred Curtis; Charle Dow; Daniel Marshall; Samuel Shellady; G.W. Rawson; Charles Brown; James Taylor; John McGuire; Peter Conboy; Henry Felkner; Samuel McCory", "Persons Named as Targets": "Boyd Wilkinson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.53103, 41.66013 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1878, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: Joaquin Valenzuela and Luciano Tapia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joaquin Valenzuela; Luciano Tapia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1879, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: Know-nothing ruffians invade the Registrar of Voters and seized registration lists. They held them for several days, striking opponents off the list.", "Source": "Asbury.French Quarter, p.297", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Know Nothing; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1880, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "June: Land claim dispute turned deadly in Kansas between two Free-Soil men. Gaius (called Davis in paper) Jenkins was in the habit of fetching water from a well located on a disputed claim. Jenkins went to the well with an ax and four armed friends. James Lane, the other claimant, ordered Jenkins not to approach lest he be shot. Jenkins continued to advance, at which point Lane produced a shotgun and fired. 98 shot hit Jenkins in the breast, legs, and stomach, killing him. One of Jenkins's friends returned fire, hitting Lane in the leg. Lynching was threatened after, but the law intervened. ", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, June 12, 1858.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Free-Soiler; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Free-Soiler", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Lane; Gaius Jenkins", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Lane; Gaius Jenkins", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1881, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 12th, Pío Linares shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pío Linares", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1882, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 14th, Miguel Blanco, Rafael Herrada, and Deiderio Grijalva lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miguel Blanco; Rafael Herrada; Deiderio Grijalva", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1883, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 19th, José Antonio García lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Antonio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1884, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 28th, Nieves Robles shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nieves Robles", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1885, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Elkhorn", "Location": "Elkhorn", "Lat": 41.28582, "Long": -96.23711, "Description": "June: A man named Newman allegedly jumped the claim of a man named Mathews. A feud erupts over the timber rights on the disputed land. Mathews and the claim club go to visit Newman. Newman flees to his house, but Mathews shoots him.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertister, June 24, 1858", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Mathews", "Persons Named as Targets": "Newman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.23711, 41.28582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1886, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Glen Rock, Nemaha Co.", "Location": "Glen Rock, Nemaha Co.", "Lat": 40.44147, "Long": -95.88969, "Description": "July: Residents form a claim club.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, July 22, 1858", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.88969, 40.44147 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1887, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Brownville, Nemaha Co.", "Location": "Brownville, Nemaha Co.", "Lat": 40.39855, "Long": -95.65884, "Description": "July: Residents meet to form a \"Mutual Protection Society\" in response to theft.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, July 29, 1858", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.65884, 40.39855 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1888, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/07", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Washington Co.", "Location": "Washington Co.", "Lat": 41.50449, "Long": -96.07874, "Description": "July: Residents of Washington Co. organize a vigilance committee in response to thieves.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, July 15, 1858", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.07874, 41.50449 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1889, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Florence", "Location": "Florence", "Lat": 41.3369, "Long": -95.9633, "Description": "September: The Nebraska City News quotes the Florence Courier following an alleged act of arson. The Courier insisted that the arsonists were not worthy of the \"clemencies of the law, or the sympathies of humanity\" and instead called for trial before \"Judge Lynch's bar.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, September 25th, 1858", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Press; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.9633, 41.3369 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1890, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Wellington", "Location": "Wellington, Ohio", "Lat": 41.16997, "Long": -82.2156, "Description": "September: Slave catcher had kidnpapped a black man from Oberlin and brought him to Wellington, a town 9 miles away. On hearing this a crowd of men from Oberlin joined by some Wellington folk rescued the black man and sent him to Canada. 37 were subsequently arrested, including one Oberlin professor and several students.", "Source": "McMaster,VIII, p.356", "Type": "Racial; Law; Student; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth; Professor; Abolitionist; Anti-Slaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher; Pro-Slavery", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.2156, 41.16997 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1891, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Staten Island", "Location": "Staten Island, NY", "Lat": 40.58755, "Long": -74.14899, "Description": "September: Quarantine riot. Staten Islanders quarantine stations as a threat to their health, especially after an outbreak of yellow fever. On the night of September a mob attack and burned part of the buildings. The next night a mob again attacked, and burnt some more buildings. Marines and militia ordered to guard the quarantine grounds were on duty for three months. The metropolitan police did nothing about the riot.", "Source": "Ketchun. \"Municipal Police Reform…,\" p.109-110", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.14899, 40.58755 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1892, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Irish and German laborers fight near the Miami Canal when Germans agreed to work less wages than the Irish, thus threatening Irish jobs.", "Source": "Ross.Workers…, p.104", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1893, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Party of rowdies attack newspaper office of the German paper Correspondent, corner of Baltimore and Gay streets, storing the building and breaking windows.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.565; Tuska, p.240", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "German; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1894, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Irish-Italian riot.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Italian", "Target Classification": "Irish; Italian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1895, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Know-nothings prevented their opponents from going near the polls during municipal election.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.565-566;H+W, p.93", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; Know Nothing; Political; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1896, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/10", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "October: Rash of thievery leads to Nebraska City News to call for vigilante violence. The News specifically references the Missouri river, which had become a favored means of lynching. \"We hate to counsel any such thing we hate to have our citizens resort to such a course of proceedure; the river is getting cold and damp, owing to the lateness of the season and the late excessive rains - a shower bath, say to remain in over night, wouldn't be very inviting and comfortable, would it ye prowling midnight burglars and horse thieves.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, October 30, 1858.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Press", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1897, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "November: On the 30th, Pancho Daniel \"taken from jail and hanged\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pancho Daniel", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1898, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Election Day fighting. Mayor interfered in fighting in 6th ward. Dead Rabbits fire into the crowd. Police forget partisans elsewhere as well.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.29-30", "Type": "Political; Gang; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Irish; Political; Dead Rabbit", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1899, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: James Montgomery and other free-soilers on jayhawking spree, robbing house after house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.234-235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1900, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Pro-slavers out of Fort Scott go capture Benjamin Rice, who had been indicted for murder. But they turned him over to authorities in Fort Scott.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Rice", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1901, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "November: William Larimer and his comrades threaten Charles Nichols with \"a rope and noose\" and jump his land claim. ", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, 15.", "Type": "Land", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Larimer", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Nichols", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1902, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "December: James Montgomery leads free-soilers in jail rescue of Benjamin Rice. Only one pro-slaver resisted, J.H. Little. After he fired on the rescuers, he was killed by the return fire. The jayhawkers then plundered $7,000 worth of goods from his store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Extraction; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "J.H. Little", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1903, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, Le Sueur Co", "Lat": 45.13737, "Long": -93.16735, "Description": "December: Charles Rinehard hanged for alleged murder", "Source": "Bessler, Legacy of Violence, 5-6 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Rinehart", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.16735, 45.13737 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1904, "year": 1859, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Cache La Poudre", "Location": "Cache La Poudre", "Lat": 40.59839, "Long": -105.08244, "Description": "Unknown victim lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.08244, 40.59839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1905, "year": 1859, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "A vigilance committee seized a young man accused of attempting to burglarize a jewelry store. They put a noose around his neck, but was cut down and allowed to fall into a snow drift. He was then allowed to run, as the vigilantes fired shots in his direction.", "Source": "Sorenson, Early History of Omaha, 126.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1906, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, Lincoln Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.97938, "Long": -90.98065, "Description": "January: Burning of enslaved man belonging to Simeon Thornhill for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Maysville Eagle (Maysville, KY). January 8, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.98065, 38.97938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1907, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Lat": 38.729765, "Long": -94.620364, "Description": "January: Captain Ely Snyder leads jayhawking raid into Missouri, attacking a Ruffian headquarters. When they refused to surrender, Snyder had the building burnt. Four men perished in the flames.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.238", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ely Snyder", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.620364, 38.729765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1908, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Attakapas Co.", "Location": "Attakapas County, Louisiana", "Lat": 30.124294, "Long": -91.833481, "Description": "March - September: Cajun counties of Calcasiea, Lafayette, St. Landry, St. Martin, and Vermillion organize Vigilance committees to stop crime wave. Whip and even execute accused criminals in a number of incidents. Banish many.", "Source": "Griffen. \"Early Louisiana Justice,\" p.146-159", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Cajun; Vigilante; French; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.833481, 30.124294 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1909, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/04", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "April: A People's Court lynches John Stuffle for alleged murder.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Stuffle", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1910, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smithfield", "Location": "Smithfield, Polk Co., TX", "Lat": 30.80538, "Long": -94.91311, "Description": "April: Burning of Alfred, an enslaved man belonging to a Mr. Roper for alleged murder and robbery of master", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alfred", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.91311, 30.80538 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1911, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/04", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Wright Co.", "Location": "Wright Co., MN", "Lat": 45.20275, "Long": -93.94657, "Description": "April: Lynching of Oscar F. Jackson for an unknown offense.", "Source": "New York Times, August 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Oscar F. Jackson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.94657, 45.20275 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1912, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Lat": 38.71429, "Long": -94.60586, "Description": "January: James Montgomery leads jayhawking expeditions into Missouri to discourage immigration to Kansas.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.237-239", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.60586, 38.71429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1913, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/03", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Auroria", "Location": "Auroria", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "March: Auroria claim club organized", "Source": "Daily national Democrat. [volume] (Marysville, Calif.) 1858-1861, May 15, 1859, Image 3, brought to you by University of California, Riverside; Riverside, CA, and the National Digital Newspaper Program.", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1914, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Beaver Creek", "Location": "Beaver Creek", "Lat": 39.60551, "Long": -106.51769, "Description": "May: A miner's court tried a man name Bradt. Bradt had tried to pass off brass filings for gold. Verdict unknown, but the paper seemed to think a lynching loomed. \"There is no appeal,\" the paper wrote, \"from the court of Judge Lynch.\"", "Source": "\"Lynching on the Plains.\" Omaha Nebraskian, 21 May 1859.", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bradt", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.51769, 39.60551 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1915, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "May: A county convention held in Nebraska City to select delegates to attend the Kansas Constitutional Convention. O.P. Mason punches General Calhoun, and a brawl erupts between each man's supporters. ", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, May 14, 1859", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Calhoun; Oliver Perry Mason", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1916, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "May: A German doctor, Raynor, shot Gideon Bennett in the leg. Raynor had been trying to take Bennett to jail when Bennett attacked Raynor with a club, prompting the shooting. Raynor was placed in jail but released, thanks to the testimony of Francis Bell and B.P. Rankin. A mob grew angry at the news of the shooting and threatened to lynch Raynor, but were eventually calmed by Judge Miller.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, May 14, 1859", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Raynor", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1917, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Sonoita Valley", "Location": "Sonoita Valley, AZ", "Lat": 31.67984, "Long": -110.65523, "Description": "May: On the 9th, four unknown Mexicans shot and killed. An Anglo had been murdered, and other Anglos were attempting to drive Mexicans from the region when the killings occured.", "Source": "Tuscon Weekly Arizonian, 12-28 May 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.65523, 31.67984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1918, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.66923, "Long": -94.24027, "Description": "May: John Doy arrested and convicted for slave stealing, but was rescued and sent by underground to Iowa.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.242", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.24027, 38.66923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1919, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "June: Two men gave Natives whiskey. An article in the press threatened these men with a Vigilance Committee, \"pledged to lynch any man found engaged in giving or selling intoxicating liquor to the Indians, and thus endangering the safety of the settlers.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, June 18, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Press", "Target Classification": "Native; Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1920, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Tabor", "Location": "Tabor", "Lat": 40.89824, "Long": -95.67275, "Description": "June: A \"midnight mob\" broke into a man's home, tarred and feathered him, forced him to ride a rail, and banished him from the place. The violence was allegedly prompted by \"some domestic differences.\" Local community excused and applauded the action, save for at least one man who wrote dissaprovingly in the paper.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, June 18, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.67275, 40.89824 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1921, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Hopkins Co.", "Location": "Hopkins Co., TX", "Lat": 33.15125, "Long": -95.60403, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted rape of white woman", "Source": "Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 105 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.60403, 33.15125 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1922, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dresden", "Location": "Dresden, Navarro Co., TX", "Lat": 32.03064, "Long": -96.68038, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging \"Mr. Blanton, of Ellis county\" for alleged murder and robbery", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, August 6, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.68038, 32.03064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1923, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Arrow Rock", "Location": "Arrow Rock, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.07001, "Long": -92.94661, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging to Dr. William Price for allegedly assualting a white girl", "Source": "Thomas G. Dyer, \"A Most Unexampled Exhibition of Madness and Brutality: Judge Lynch in Saline County, Missouri\" in Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 87 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.94661, 39.07001 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1924, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Burning of John, an enslaved man, for alleged murder.", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1925, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Jim, an enslaved man, for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jim", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1926, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Holman, an enslaved man, for allegedly stabbing a white man", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Holman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1927, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Holt Co.", "Location": "Holt Co.", "Lat": 39.88354, "Long": -95.09089, "Description": "August: A vigilance committee is formed in response to alleged arson. A Mr. Walker, his son, and son-in-law all ordered to leave the county.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, August 11, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Target Classification": null, "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Walker", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.09089, 39.88354 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1928, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Princeton", "Location": "Princeton", "Lat": 40.39816, "Long": -93.58338, "Description": "August: Jessie Williams, \"an old and wealthy citizen of Caldwell Co.\" was taken from jail and lynched. He had been charged with murder, stealing, and cruelty to slaves. His sons John and James fled. Dr. Singleton, Mansfield, Morse, and Strawmal, all allegedly connected to Williams, \"were severely punished, and ordered to leave the county.\"", "Source": null, "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jessie Williams; James Williams; John Williams; Singleton; Mansfield; Morse; Strawmal", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.58338, 40.39816 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1929, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tucson", "Location": "Tucson", "Lat": 32.20832, "Long": -110.95956, "Description": "August: On the 3rd, Rafael Polaco hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Weekly Arizonian, 30 June and 20 October 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Polaco", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.95956, 32.20832 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1930, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Near Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "August: On the 23rd, after Francisco Badillo was found not guilty of horse theft, both Badillo and his son were lynched.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 3 Sept. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Badillo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1931, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Atchison", "Location": "Atchison", "Lat": 39.56201, "Long": -95.12677, "Description": "August: A vigilance committee, organized to counter horse thieves, lynched a man named Nelson. Horse thieves near Elwood attacked the vigilantes, wounding three of them. One of those wounded vigilantes thought to be wounded fatally.  ", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, September 10, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nelson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.12677, 39.56201 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1932, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: A band of vigilantes lynched an alleged horse thief named Pendergrast. He was reportedly hanged and then thrown into the river.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, September 10, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pendergrast", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1933, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Golden", "Location": "Golden, CO", "Lat": 39.75714, "Long": -105.22052, "Description": "September: Edgar Vanover lynched for alleged assualt. Vanover had been a filibuster in Nicaragua ", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Rocky Mountain News, September 10, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edgar Vanover", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.22052, 39.75714 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1934, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Hudson", "Location": "Hudson, NJ", "Lat": 40.72174, "Long": -74.04781, "Description": "September: Striking riot over cut in wages. Also contractor stole or took savings and wages.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.10, N.32", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Contractor", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.04781, 40.72174 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1935, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/09", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Lafayette", "Location": "Lafayette, LA", "Lat": 30.22405, "Long": -92.02491, "Description": "September: Anti-vigilantes gather force estimated as large as 1800 men to attack town. Vigilantes strike first, attack with a cannon, driving vigilante criminals in retreat, capturing 200. All but 80 released. Remaining 80 whipped.", "Source": "Griffen. \"Early Louisiana Justice,\" Proc. MVHS 8 (1914 - 1915) p.158-159", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Vigilante", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 80, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.02491, 30.22405 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1936, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/10", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tubac", "Location": "Near Tubac, AZ", "Lat": 31.61609, "Long": -111.05073, "Description": "October: Unknown Mexican shot and then had ears cut off for alleged murder.", "Source": "Tucson Weekly Arizonian, 20 Oct 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.05073, 31.61609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1937, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/10", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Mound City", "Location": "Mound City, Pulaski Co.", "Lat": 37.08581, "Long": -89.16326, "Description": "October: Hanging of James Vaughan for alleged murder", "Source": "New York Times, October 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Vaughan", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.16326, 37.08581 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1938, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "November: Tomás Cabrera taken from jail and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Corpus Christi Ranchero, 26 Nov. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tomás Cabrera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1939, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Barnville District, SC", "Location": "Barnville District, SC", "Lat": 33.24498, "Long": -81.36005, "Description": "November: Vigilantes seize T.A. Salvo, a northern piano tuner, accuse him of being an abolitionist, tar and feather him, shave part of his head, and ride him through town on a rail.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "T.A. Salvo", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.36005, 33.24498 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1940, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: Election disturbances forHouse of Delegates elections. At least one person dies. Voters beaten and intimidated. Many captured and forced to vote repeatedly. Good description of procedures in Scharf. Note - reform candidates win local election.", "Source": "Scharf, p.570-574; H+W, p.93; Tuska, p.242-244", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1941, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Waynesboro", "Location": "Waynesboro", "Lat": 33.08766, "Long": -82.01594, "Description": "December: Book agent allegedly hanged and burned  for preaching to slaves. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.01594, 33.08766 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1942, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Sylvania", "Location": "Sylvania", "Lat": 32.75239, "Long": -81.64081, "Description": "December: Two book agents recieve thirty-nine lashes each.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.64081, 32.75239 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1943, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Scottville", "Location": "Scottville", "Lat": 37.7979, "Long": -78.49819, "Description": "December: Black crowd burns John Brown in effigy", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49819, 37.7979 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1944, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton", "Lat": 31.87949, "Long": -85.44784, "Description": "December: A crowd tarred and feathered and abolitionist, and rode him on a rail. They gave the man two days to leave the state.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.44784, 31.87949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1945, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "December: A workman taken from the the State House in Columbus for \"incendiary language\" regarding slavery. A vigilance committee siezed the man, gave him twenty-nine lashes, and tarred and feathered him. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Worker", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1946, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Bolivar", "Location": "Bolivar", "Lat": 37.60439, "Long": -93.41245, "Description": "December: Race riot in Bolivar with reported violence between black and white residents. Guns and pistols reportedly used on both sides, and one black man injured. A vigilance committee was formed to hunt down the fleeing African American combatants. The slaveholder of some of the enslaved himself \"badly wounded\" and had to flee to save preserve his life.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.41245, 37.60439 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1947, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Tarryall", "Location": "Tarryall, CO", "Lat": 39.14334, "Long": -105.46941, "Description": "McFarland lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "McFarland", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.46941, 39.14334 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1948, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Divide", "Location": "Near Divide, CO", "Lat": 38.94168, "Long": -105.15784, "Description": "A People's Court lynched John Fillmore for alleged murder. ", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Fleming", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.15784, 38.94168 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1949, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/01", "State": "Flordia", "Sublocation": "Tampa", "Location": "Tampa, FL", "Lat": 27.971689, "Long": -82.484991, "Description": "January: Lynching of an enslaved black person convicted of murder, but whose execution had been delayed by court action.", "Source": "Ingalls. \"Lynching…,\"Journal of Southern History(1987) p.616", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Slave; Legal; Prisoner; Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.484991, 27.971689 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1950, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/01", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "January: On Janurary 30th, several men \"jumped\" part of Denver and began constructing a building. The next day, the claim club met, and around eighty members went to the site to disposses the jumpers. However, the four men working on the building produced rifles which they aimed at the club members. Mayor John C. Moore when to negotiate with the jumpers, and noted that they had some forty guns. The jumpers assured Moore they would fight to the death. Eventually, the claim club withdrew from the contested land.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountian News, February 8, 1860", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John C. Moore", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1951, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Mountain City", "Location": "Mountain City", "Lat": 39.79988, "Long": -105.50654, "Description": "February: Some young men in Mountain City rented the City Hall for a private dance. W.W. Atkins, known as \"Pennsyltuck\" and a number of other young men broke down the door, forced a number of party goers to flee out of second-story windows, and assaulted at least one young man.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, Feb 15 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Attempted Murderer; Alleged Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "W.W. \"Pennsyltuck\" Atkins", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.50654, 39.79988 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1952, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Mountain City", "Location": "Mountain City", "Lat": 39.79988, "Long": -105.50654, "Description": "February: Brought to court the day after the assault on the dance, Pennsyltuck threatened to kill the prosecutor and \"clean out the Court.\" Sheriff J.H. Kehler and twenty armed men guarded the proceedings. The jury declared Pennsyltuck not guilty. Pennsyltuck then pushed the sheriff, exclaimed \"don't shoot,\" and took a shot at the sheriff through his coat. Kehler returned fire and shot Pennsyltuck through the chest, wounding him badly. Dr. Thompson treated the wounded young man. The people of Mountain City subsequently formed a Vigilance Committee and banished one of Pennsyltuck's friends. Pennsyltuck began to slowly recover, and entered into the care of Dr. Rudolph Erdhmann.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, Feb 15 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Attempted Murderer; Alleged Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Attempted Murderer; Alleged Assailant; Court; Lawyer; Judge", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "W.W. \"Pennsyltuck\" Atkins", "Persons Named as Targets": "W.W. \"Pennsyltuck\" Atkins; J.H. Kehler", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.50654, 39.79988 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1953, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "February: The \"Turkey War.\" Anger over a rach of petty theft exploded after the robbery of a wagon full of turkeys. Residents appointed a committee to investigate the turkey heist, which alleged that Thomas Clemo, William \"Chuck-a-luck\" Todd, Willian Harvey and William \"Buckskin Bill\" Karl were guilty. The accused, known as the \"Bummers\" began to parade through the streets with their allies. The Bummers were armed. Former sheriff W.H. Middaugh, who had been a witness against the Bummers, was shot at twice, first by a McCarty and then by William Harvey. The Jefferson Rangers, a militia, began to patrol the area. Meanwhile, McCarty thretened Thomas Pollock with a Bowie knife. Pollock left and returned armed. McCarty tried to cut Pollock, who bashed him over the head with his rifle and rendered him unconscious. Harvey too threatened Pollock, but Pollock's friends took aim at Harvey, who retreated prompty. The committee ordered Todd, Harvey, and Karl to leave the city within five hours or be hanged. ", "Source": "The Rocky Mountian News, February 8, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Clemo; William \"Chuck-a-luck\" Todd; Willian Harvey; William \"Buckskin Bill\" Karl; Thomas Pollock", "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Clemo; William \"Chuck-a-luck\" Todd; Willian Harvey; William \"Buckskin Bill\" Karl; W.H. Middaugh; Thomas Pollock", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1954, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "February: Reports spread that George Steele, previosuly banished from Denver twice, had returned to the city and made threats against the lives of three or four residents. Two unsuccessful attempts were made on apprehending Steele. ", "Source": "The Rocky Mountian News, February 8, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Steele", "Note": "George Steele", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1955, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "February: During the night, a party, undoubtedly comprised of claim club men, tore down the house on the contested claim from January. The alleged jumpers blamed R.E. Whitsitt for the act, and made a threat against his life. The claim club met again to draft resolution. Shortly after, Captain William H. Parkison and five of his friends, all armed and implicated in the jumping, confronted Major R.B. Bradford. Parkison, with a loaded rifle in one hand and a loaded revolver in the other, pointed the rifle at Bradford and accused him of making false statements at the claim meeting. Bradford denied the charge, but Parkison fired three shots at his head, each missing closely. Threats of arson against Denver were allegedly made, and arms patrols kept watch overnight. E.W. Wynkoop, representing the jumpers Parkison, Thompson, and Mickie, proposing to abandon the claim in exchange for the town company reimbursing the \"expenses occured thereon.\" This agreement seemed to be acceptable to all. ", "Source": "The Rocky Mountian News, February 8, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper; Vigilante; Claim Club", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William H. Parkison; R.B. Bradford; R.E. Whitsitt", "Persons Named as Targets": "William H. Parkison; R.B. Bradford; R.E. Whitsitt", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1956, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Missouri City", "Location": "Missouri City, CO", "Lat": 39.81703, "Long": -105.51145, "Description": "February: Members of a vigilance committee siezed W.W. \"Pennsyltuck\" Atkins from the bed where he was recuperating. He had been shot by Sheriff Kehler some weeks prior. The men hanged Atkins during the night. Claims appeared in the paper that the vigilantes only lynched Pennsyltuck because he was making murderous threats while recovering. Dr. Erdhmann, who had been treating the victim, denied these claims, and insisted that Pennsyltuck had only expressed sorrow and desire to reform.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Rocky Mountain News, March 21, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "W.W. \"Pennsyltuck\" Atkins", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.51145, 39.81703 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1957, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lynn", "Location": "Lynn, MA", "Lat": 42.46498, "Long": -70.95061, "Description": "February: Minor acts of violence during strike after outside authorities called in to put strike down.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.11", "Type": "Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.95061, 42.46498 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1958, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "March: People's Court lynches Moses Young for alleged murder.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Moses Young", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1959, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Fugitive slave law riot where black people attempt to rescue slave in question outside courthouse. Some white support in courthouse. 10 arrested.", "Source": "Leane.Roots of Violence, p.49; Scharf and Wescott, p.734", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; White", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1960, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Ossawatamie", "Location": "Ossawatamie", "Lat": 38.498662, "Long": -94.948956, "Description": "March: An alleged horse thief named Guthrie lynched.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, March 7, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Guthrie", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.948956, 38.498662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1961, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Keystone district", "Location": "Keystone district", "Lat": 39.60888, "Long": -105.98424, "Description": "March: Residents formed the Farmer's Claim Association, a claim club \"in defence of our property and families.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, March 28, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.98424, 39.60888 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1962, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City, CO", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "Spring: Unknown Mexican lynched by vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 3 Sept. 1860 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1963, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/04", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Golden Gate Township", "Location": "Golden Gate Township", "Lat": 39.77927, "Long": -105.28563, "Description": "April: Golden Gate Claim Club organized.", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, April 25, 1860.", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.28563, 39.77927 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1964, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Jacksonville", "Location": "Jacksonville, Illinois", "Lat": 39.7968, "Long": -89.64551, "Description": "May: After John Sprague was found guilty of molesting a child and fined $100, the child's father took a carriage whip and lashed Sprague in the town square before a crowd of 200 to 300.", "Source": "Doyle.Social Order, p.211", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Sprague", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.64551, 39.7968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1965, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "June: A People's Court, 3,800 strong, lynches Marcus Gredler for alleged murder.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Marcus Gredler", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1966, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Hangman's Canon", "Location": "Hangman's Canon", "Lat": 38.44689, "Long": -105.23593, "Description": "June: Unknown victim lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.23593, 38.44689 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1967, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "June: A People's Court tried William F. Hadley for stabbing to death J.B. Card. Court found Hadley guilty and sentenced him to be lynched. Rumors spread of a plan to rescue Hadley, and, sure enough, he escaped the jail before he could be executed.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, June 27, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William F. Hadley", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1968, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Batavia", "Location": "Batavia, Jefferson Co., IA", "Lat": 40.99597, "Long": -92.16606, "Description": "July: Hanging of John Kephart for alleged murder", "Source": "Fairfield Ledger, July 13, 1860 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Kephart", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.16606, 40.99597 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1969, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/08", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Plattsmouth", "Location": "Plattsmouth", "Lat": 41.00811, "Long": -95.88749, "Description": "August: A man killed one of two brothers on Salt Creek. They were returning from the mines. The killer was overtaken at Fort Kearney, and brought to Plattsmouth. The people there threatened a lynching, but gave the man up to the law. ", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.88749, 41.00811 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1970, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Atchison", "Location": "Atchison", "Lat": 39.56201, "Long": -95.12677, "Description": "August: Rumor that a man who had allegedly torched the steamer Hesperian was about to enter into the jurisdiction of \"Judge Lynch.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.12677, 39.56201 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1971, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "August: Rival fire companies fight.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.105", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1972, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Joseph", "Location": "St. Joseph", "Lat": 39.75914, "Long": -94.84456, "Description": "July: Vigilantes from Iowa track Martin T. Wright to Missouri. They suspected Wright of stealing horses. Near St. Joseph, Wight ditched the horse and stole two mules, but was captured. The residents voted to send a committee with Wright into the woods, either to lynch the man or secure a confession. The vigilantes put a noose around Wright's neck a he swung once or twice before confession. At this, the vigilantes cut him down and administered one hundred and twenty lashes, before placing him in the St. Joseph jail. ", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Meek", "Persons Named as Targets": "Martin T. Wright", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.84456, 39.75914 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1973, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Joseph", "Location": "St. Joseph", "Lat": 39.75914, "Long": -94.84456, "Description": "July: Some unknown people rescue Martin T. Wright, and four or five other prisoners, from the St. Joseph jail.", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.84456, 39.75914 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1974, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Hannibal", "Location": "Hannibal", "Lat": 39.71118, "Long": -91.3655, "Description": "July: Martin T. Wright allegedly stole another horse near Hannibal, but the men from St. Joseph recaptured him. They promptly lynched him.", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Martin T. Wright", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.3655, 39.71118 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1975, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "July: Unknown, reportedly Mexican victim lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Catholic; Mexican; Hispanic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1976, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dallas", "Location": "Dallas", "Lat": 32.77282, "Long": -96.79866, "Description": "July: Three black men - Pat Jennings, Sam Smith, and Cato - hanged for alleged insurrectionary plotting. A vigilance committee arrested and interrogated nearly one hundred black people. Rumors abounded that the hanged men planned to burn the town, kill the elderly, poison the people, and \"to seize and to approproate the young and handsomest for their villainous purposes.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pat Jennings; Sam Smith; Cato", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.79866, 32.77282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1977, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Waxahachie", "Location": "Waxahachie", "Lat": 32.39383, "Long": -96.86053, "Description": "July: More rumors of poison and insurrection. White vigilance committee targets black population. Several lynchings occur - at least four, maybe more. Committee of Vigilance in session all day.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.86053, 32.39383 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1978, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "July: Three suspiscious men pursued by vigilantes searching for Gordon. They men had stolen some mules. One, Frank Mulligan drowned when trying to escape across a river. Jesse Ogden was thought to have escaped. The vigilantes captured Samuel K. Dunn. A trial sentenced Dunn to twenty-five lashes and banishment.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, July 25, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Target Classification": null, "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Pollock", "Persons Named as Targets": "Frank Mulligan; Samuel K. Dunn; Jesse Ogden", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1979, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "July: Carl Wood and two friends, irritated with the Rocky Mountain News, seized William N. Byers from his officer, and took him to Harrison's saloon. The men made threats against Byers's life, but Harrison helped him escape out a back door. Wood and a friend, George Steele, went to shoot Byers. Instead, Steele was shot and killed and Wood arrested. A People's Court tried Wood, defended by A.C. Ford. The court ordered Wood banished instead of lynched, to the chagrin of the News.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, 22.", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Press; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Carl Wood; George Steele", "Persons Named as Targets": "William N. Byers; Carl Wood", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1980, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Near Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: Vigilantes lynch John Shear for alleged horse theft. Shear was a member of the city council and a founder of the city library.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Shear", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1981, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "South Carolina", "Location": "Silverteill, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "September: Vigilantes attack John N. Smith because he had taken in and protected a free black woman and her family. Accusing Smith of being an abolitionist, they, after failing on a first attempt, seized Smith, took him to the RR depot, and told him to leave town and never return.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John N. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1982, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Mob attempts to take murderer James Gordon from officials. Althogh they roughed him up, ultimately their efforts failed. Gordon had murdered John Gantz in Denver and there were many Germans who knew the victim in Leavenworth. A judge had ordered Gordon's release because of jurisdictional questions.", "Source": "Gower. \"Vigilantes,\" Colorado Magazine, 41 (series) 1941, 93-104 and Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Gordon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1983, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Near Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: Vigilantes lynch James Latta for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Latta", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1984, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: Vigilante court tries, convicts and sentences to hanging murderer James Gordon. A marshal took Gordon from Leavenworth to Denver for this purpose. Gordon was hanged on October 6th. The court had no legal basis. W.P. McLure served as Gordon's lawyer, William Larimer served as a judge. ", "Source": "Gower. \"Vigilantes,\" Col. Mag., 41 (1941) 93-104 and Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Legal; Marshal; Law Officer; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Gordon", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1985, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Near Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: Vigilantes shoot A. C. Ford for alleged horse theft. Ford was a lawyer. Note reading \"Executed by the Vigilance Committee\" found on Ford's corpse. ", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal; Lawyer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "A. C. Ford", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1986, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: A man called Black Hawk lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Black Hawk", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1987, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Fremont Springs", "Location": "Fremont Springs", "Lat": 41.14384, "Long": -101.03878, "Description": "September: Edward Creighton reported that a \"lynching\" had occured on the plains. Lynching here used in the old way, meaning simply crowd punishment. Edwards had shot a man named Torry in the head, but not fatally. The men at the encampment siezed Edwards and gave him one hundred lashes on his bare back. They left him go thereafter. Creighton was present when this all happened.", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, October 11, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Edward Creighton", "Persons Named as Targets": "Edwards", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -101.03878, 41.14384 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1988, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Tuskegee", "Location": "Tuskegee, Macon Co.", "Lat": 32.42377, "Long": -85.69402, "Description": "October: Burning of enslaved \"boy belonging to Maj. Cocke.\"", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.69402, 32.42377 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1989, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Pottawattamie Co.", "Location": "Pottawattamie Co., IA", "Lat": 41.25752, "Long": -95.67644, "Description": "October: Hanging of Philip McGuire for allegedly kidnapping and attempting to sell a man and woman into slavery as well as for alleged theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 209 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Kidnapper; Slave Trader", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip McGuire", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.67644, 41.25752 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1990, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Gang of ruffians, about 100 strong, attack an under-manned Engine company 19 on its way to a fire. The attack occurred at 19th street. The gang drove the firemen off, wounding several and upset and damaged the engine.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.182-183", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1991, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "November: William Park McLure, a judge under the provisional government, arrested for attempted murder. McLure refused to recognize the authority of the court, and walked out. Re-arrested, McLure was found guilty. Twenty of McLure's friends rescued him from custody, however, and spirited him away to Ki Harrison's Saloon. He later took refuge at the Post Office After the rescue, McLure's friends made threats against The Rocky Mountain News. An armed mob then gathered outside the post office to sieze McLure. Edward Wynkoop eventually persuaded McLure to pay his bond and the excitment ended.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, November 3, 1860", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Attempted Murderer; Legal; Judge", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Jail; Law Officer; Judge", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Park McLure", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Park McLure", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1992, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Jayhawkers try and hang border ruffian Russell Hirds for \"man stealing.\" He had hunted down and returned to Missouri a fugitive slave.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.243", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Russell Hirds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1993, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Callaway Co.", "Location": "Callaway Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.80802, "Long": -91.90516, "Description": "November: Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of white woman", "Source": "St. Louis Bulletin, November 8, 1860, quoted in Sante Fe Gazette, December 15, 1860 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.90516, 38.80802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1994, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Glenwood", "Location": "Glenwood, Mills Co.", "Lat": 41.0465, "Long": -95.74156, "Description": "November: Vigilance Committee arrests George Gordon for horse stealing. They held a trial and sentenced Gordon to death. Law enforcement arrived at the last second and rescued and took custody of Gordon.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, November 10, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Gordon", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.74156, 41.0465 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1995, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Golden", "Location": "Golden", "Lat": 39.75714, "Long": -105.22052, "Description": "November: Residents of Golden whip a person for stealing.", "Source": "The Western Mountaineer, November 8, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.22052, 39.75714 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1996, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Spring Gulch", "Location": "Spring Gulch", "Lat": 39.25348, "Long": -107.22194, "Description": "November: A legal dispute erupts over a house in Spring Gulch. When the Spring Gulch judge ruled against one man, he turns to Nevada district for help. The judge in Nevada issues an inuction, ordering the property not to be sold. The Spring Gulch men ignored this order and sold the house. Nevada district issued warrents to arrest the judge, sheriff, and deputy of Spring Gulch, and succeeded in capturing the judge. After some sort of trial, the Spring Gulch judge was ordered to never serve as judge again in Spring Gulch, lest he recieve thirty nine lashes and be fined fifty dollars. The Spring Gulch judge refused to recognize the court or judgement, and labeled the Nevada actors as a \"lawless mob.\" The judge eventually left without punishment.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, November 24, 1860", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Judge; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -107.22194, 39.25348 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1997, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "December: People's Court lynches Patrick Waters for the alleged murder of Thomas R. Freeman.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William N. Byers", "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrick Waters", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1998, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "December: Criticism of the lynching of Pat Waters met with a threat in the paper. \"Legal gentlemen, we advise you to be careful of how you trifle with the interests of this community, or you may speedily meet woth retributive justice from the hands of the People.\" The article was signed \"Vox Populi.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, December 20, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Press", "Target Classification": "Legal; Lawyer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1999, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Arizona City", "Location": "Arizona City", "Lat": 32.75186, "Long": -111.67314, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Mateo García hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Semi-Weekly Southern News, 30 Jan. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.67314, 32.75186 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2000, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: Public meeting commemorating the 1st anniversary of John Brown's execution attacked by a mob. Frederick Douglass, among others, fought against the attacks.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiane", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Political; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2001, "year": 1861, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "Authorities arrested James Bouve and John S. Iler for assualting and robbing a local woman. A crowd gathered, formed an extralegal committee, and interrogated both men in their cells. Iler confessed. An extrajudicial trial was then organized. Iler was granted leniancy, but the crowd voted to lynch Bouve. One man, Robert A. Howard, begged the crowd to let the law handle justice, but he was not heeded. Vigilantes stormed the jail and hanged Bouve from a ceiling beam. Iler was told to leave, and shots were fired at him, possibly to scare him, as he ran.", "Source": "Sorenson, History of Omaha, 123.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail; Marshal; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Bouve; John S. Iler", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2002, "year": 1861, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Interior of State", "Location": "Interior of the State, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "Burning of \"favorite household servants\" for alleged \"revolt\" and murder of master's family", "Source": "New York Times, December 1, 1861 as listed on Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2003, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/01", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Jefferson Township", "Location": "Near Welby", "Lat": 39.83797, "Long": -104.95864, "Description": "Janurary: Jefferson Claim Claim Club founded.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, January 10, 1861", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jonas Brantner; David Wolport; E.D. Baldwin; John Denny; ", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.95864, 39.83797 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2004, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/01", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Russell Gulch", "Location": "Russell Gulch", "Lat": 39.78007, "Long": -105.53463, "Description": "Janurary: A young man shot another man in the head. The crowd shaved and flogged him in punishment, and ordered him to flee town within eighteen hours.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News January 18, 1861", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.53463, 39.78007 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2005, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Union troops on their way to Washington and marching between train stations were attacked by mobs led by \"Plug Uglies.\" Shots were exchanged. Casualties on both sides. 7 soldiers killed, 12 citizens killed.", "Source": "Andrews.History of Maryland, p.511-525", "Type": "Anti-Union; Military; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Plug Ugly", "Target Classification": "Military; Union", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": 12, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2006, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "February: A vigilance committee arrested a soldier named Dodge at Fort Moultrie accused of being a correspondant to the NY Tribune. The committee forced the soldier to leave the state. ", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, February 2, 1861", "Type": "Vigilante; Military; War", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Soldier; Military; Press; Confederate", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dodge", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2007, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/02", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Milledgeville", "Location": "Milledgeville", "Lat": 33.07882, "Long": -83.23375, "Description": "Feburary: A mob siezed an enslaved man, George from jail, where he was being held for alleged rape or attempted rape. The mob burned George to death.", "Source": "Reports of Cases in Law and Equity Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia, 1864-1866, 506-509.", "Type": "Law; Racial; Vigilante; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Legal; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.23375, 33.07882 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2008, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Galveston", "Location": "Galveston", "Lat": 29.29598, "Long": -94.79589, "Description": "March: a \"vigilance committee\" under a Sherman siezes a ship with oil meant for the Galveston lighthouses.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, March 23, 1861", "Type": "Political; War", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Pro-Confederate", "Target Classification": "Military; Union", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sherman", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.79589, 29.29598 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2009, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "March: On the 22nd, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sante Fe Gazette, 13 April 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2010, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Fairfax", "Location": "Fairfax", "Lat": 38.84519, "Long": -77.30513, "Description": "April: A vigilance committee threatens 35 students from the Episcopal Seminary, who flee to the free states", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, April 27, 1861", "Type": "Political; War; Student; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Pro-Confederate", "Target Classification": "Student; Youth; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.30513, 38.84519 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2011, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "April: On the 10th, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Mesilla Times, 23 Mar. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2012, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "El Monte", "Location": "El Monte, CA", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "April: José Claudio Alvitre, accused of murdering his wife, lynched by \"his countrymen.\"", "Source": "Sacremento Union, 6 May 1861.", "Type": "Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Claudio Alvitre", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2013, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 36.065613, "Long": -118.674543, "Description": "May: Vigilantes lynch Cladio Alvitre for murdering his wife.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cladio Alvitre", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.674543, 36.065613 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2014, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle Co.", "Location": "Ogle Co., Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "June: Mob hanged a man on the suspicion that he sympathised with Confederacy. He was also believed to be an arsonist.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.68", "Type": "Anti-Confederacy; War; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Confederate; Confederate Sympathizer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2015, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Trout Creek", "Location": "Trout Creek", "Lat": 38.98191, "Long": -105.08934, "Description": "August: Vigilantes remove alleged claim jumpers from Trout creek.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, August 13, 1861", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.08934, 38.98191 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2016, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Concord", "Location": "Concord", "Lat": 43.20287, "Long": -71.53926, "Description": "August: A mob consisting of the First New Hampshire Regiment Volunteers and others destroyed the printing materials of the Democratic Standard. The paper had printed material that the mob found offensive, charging the army with cowardice. ", "Source": "John B. Palmer v. City of Concord in Amos Hadley, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of New Hampshire", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Soldier", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John B. Palmer", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.53926, 43.20287 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2017, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "Near San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "September: On the 13th, F. Rameris was hanged for alleged sexual assualt. He was rescued, only to be taken from the jail and hanged again.", "Source": "Sacremento Union, 26 Sept 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "F. Rameris", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2018, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "November: At some point, Stephen Conroy jumped a Mr. Minter's claim. Minter belonged to a claim club, which duly dispossesed Conroy. Contry retaliated by allegedly poisoning two of Minter's dogs, and attacked Minter in the street. Later, Conroy again approach Minter making threats, and Conroy shot him dead.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, November 26, 1861", "Type": "Land; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Vigilante; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Stephen Conroy; Minter", "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Conroy; Minter", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2019, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Harrison", "Location": "Harrison", "Lat": 32.51769, "Long": -94.27774, "Description": "September: Burning of Green, an enslaved man, for alleged rape and murder of 12-year-old white girl", "Source": "Marshall Republican (Marshall, TX), September 7, 1861 quoted in New Orleans Picayune, September 12, 1861 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Green", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.27774, 32.51769 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2020, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Milwaukee", "Location": "Milwaukee", "Lat": 43.03145, "Long": -87.95645, "Description": "September: Mob lynched a black prisoner in jail accused of murdering a white. The crowd shouted: \"Damn the n*****s and abolitionists!\" and tried to lynch another black person, but he escaped. The dead man's name was Marshall Clarke.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but..., p.9 and Pfeiffer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Milwaukee Sentinel, Sept 9 1861 and Daily Wisconsin (Milwaukee), September 9 1861.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Anti-Abolitionist; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; White; Pro-Slavery; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Prisoner; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Marshall Clarke", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.95645, 43.03145 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2021, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "October: Young Francisco Cota taken from police officers and lynched. He had shot an Anglo shopkeeper and his wife.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Youth", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Cota", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2022, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Lake Gulch", "Location": "Lake Gulch, CO", "Lat": 39.36912, "Long": -104.85162, "Description": "April: A People's Court, 3000 strong, lynches Solomon Kennedy for alleged murder.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Solomon Kennedy", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.85162, 39.36912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2023, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Topeka", "Location": "Topeka", "Lat": 39.04945, "Long": -95.68338, "Description": "March: A horse thief named Edwards lynched for stabbing a member of the  Pottawatami Nation and attempting to steal his pony. ", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, April 3, 1861", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edwards", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.68338, 39.04945 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2024, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Pro-Union and Pro Secession crowds gather as news of Fort Sumter arrived. Some jostling, hustling, when NC man confronted by an angry pro-Union crowd.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.586", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Political", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2025, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Large crowd gathers outside 337 Chestnut street, believing that a secessionist paper, The Palmetto Flag, was published there. Despite the mayor's entreaties, they would not disperse until a large American flag was displayed from the building. The demonstration convinced the Palmetto Flag publishers to suspend activities. Crowd also threatened a hotel for accidentally displaying flag upside-down and visited several locations demanding display of the flag.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.753-753, 756", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Press", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2026, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Canton", "Location": "Canton, MD", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Mob waited for troop train from Philadelphia, stopped it, forced passengers off and then took over train and went to Baltimore destroying bridges along the way. Other railroad lines also cut.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Railroad", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2027, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Pro-secession mobs active in attacking local targets. One group sacked the German Turner Hall because it was reported that some German turners had volunteered to go to Washington in defense of the capital. Another group attacked the German abolition paper the Wecker at Frederick near Gay street.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.600-601", "Type": "War; Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Press; German; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2028, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: A pro-secession \"Vigilance Committee\" holds permenant sessions in Barnum's Hotel and \"spots\" strangers.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, April 27, 1861", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2029, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelby", "Location": "Shelby, Indiana", "Lat": 41.19475, "Long": -87.34713, "Description": "April: Mob breaks up saloon owned by John Frakes, ostensibly for his pro-Confederate opinions. Frakes shot at the frolickers, and then fled the town.", "Source": "Turbulent Times, 79-80", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Frakes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.34713, 41.19475 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2030, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/05", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Hocking Co.", "Location": "Hocking County, Ohio", "Lat": 39.51238, "Long": -82.45016, "Description": "May: White mob tarred and feathered three black people for making comments that \"they did not relish very well.\" They also asked several familieis to leave the area within six months.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free But…, p.9", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.45016, 39.51238 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2031, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "May: Pro-Union mobs beat outspoken secessionists upon arrival of the retreat of General Banks and rumor or Colonel Kenly's death at Front Royal Virginia. The crowd also beat those they suspected of being secessionists, and on the 26 and 27th sacked some house belonging to suspected individuals and beat other people.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.622-624", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2032, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Thomas Young declared in public that privateersmen should not be considered pirates and justified the shooting of Colonel Ellsworth. For this a crowd attacked him, and eventually seized him and took him to the police. He was released afterwards.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.770", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Young", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2033, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/06", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "June: Brawl between Irish and black stevedores, supposedly over the favors of an Irish girl lasted two days in Buckton. Mayor called out storer guards to quell it.", "Source": "Harding. \"Cincinnati Riots,\" 230 N.5", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Target Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2034, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Apex", "Location": "Apex, CO", "Lat": 39.8656, "Long": -105.57021, "Description": "July: John Bishop lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Bishop", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.57021, 39.8656 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2035, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indianapolis", "Location": "Indianapolis", "Lat": 39.76248, "Long": -86.15989, "Description": "July: Mob forced editor of the Sentinel to take public loyalty oath.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.68", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.15989, 39.76248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2036, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Moscow", "Location": "Moscow, Rush County, Indiana", "Lat": 39.48481, "Long": -85.55656, "Description": "July: At a picnic someone shouted hurrah for Jeff Davis. This initiated a riot as Union supporting attacked shoe they thought were Southern in sympathy.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times..,\" p.82", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.55656, 39.48481 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2037, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Haverhill", "Location": "Haverhill", "Lat": 42.77762, "Long": -71.07516, "Description": "August: A mob tarred and feathered and rode on a rail Ambrose L. Kimball, the editor of the Essex Co. Democrat. The publication was reportedly a \"secession sheet.\" The mob forced Kimball to apologize on his knees and swear to never again aid the rebellion through pen. ", "Source": "The Daily Colorado Republican and Rocky Mountain Herald August 28, 1861", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Political", "Target Classification": "Press; Pro-Confederate; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ambrose L. Kimball", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.07516, 42.77762 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2038, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Wayne Co.", "Location": "Wayne County, Indiana", "Lat": 39.8631, "Long": -85.02212, "Description": "August: Mob forcefully broke up Democratic rally.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.68", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.02212, 39.8631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2039, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelby", "Location": "Shelby, Indiana", "Lat": 41.19475, "Long": -87.34713, "Description": "August: Fight broke out between Germans and Americans at a dance at the Turner Hall. Two Germans were stabbed; one American stabbed.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times,\" p.83", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; German", "Target Classification": "American; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.34713, 41.19475 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2040, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Canton", "Location": "Canton, Ohio", "Lat": 40.79833, "Long": -81.37747, "Description": "August: Mob gutted office of the Stark County Democrat because of its opposition to the war.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.68", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Political", "Target Classification": "Anti-War; Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.37747, 40.79833 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2041, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "September: Joseph W. Briggs lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph W. Briggs", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2042, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Indiana", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "September: A man shouted hurrah for Jeff Davis, the marshal arrested him for protection when his friends attempted to rescue him, a riot broke out. At least 50 involved. Several seriously injured.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times,\" p.83-84", "Type": "War; Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Political; Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Political; Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2043, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/10", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Terra Haute", "Location": "Terre Haute, Indiana", "Lat": 39.46724, "Long": -87.4042, "Description": "October: Democratic newspaper office of Journal and Herald gutted by Republican mob. Other newspapers threatened.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.68", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Republican", "Target Classification": "Press; Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.4042, 39.46724 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2044, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Stockton", "Location": "Stockton, California", "Lat": 37.95579, "Long": -121.2972, "Description": "November: Anti-squatters attempt to evict John Balkwill from land that A. Drullard had bought from a Mexican claim. A gunbattle ensued with the attackers using a cannon on one well-entrenched man. When the sheriff arrived, he arrested the attackers for riot.", "Source": "Hittell. III, p.689-690", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Balkwill", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.2972, 37.95579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2045, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/12", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "December: A soldier was arrested and placed in the city jail. Officers and soldiers arrived and demanded the man's release. The jailer, being alone, gave the soldier up.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, December 21, 1861", "Type": "Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Soldier; Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2046, "year": 1862, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Empire", "Location": "Empire, CO", "Lat": 39.76004, "Long": -105.6823, "Description": "A People's Court lynched John Fillmore for alleged murder. ", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Fillmore", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.6823, 39.76004 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2047, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/01", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "January: Sheriff Howe attempted to arrest a soldier from Cpt. Cook's cavalry company on a two-week old warrent. Howe attempted to place the soldier in the county jail, but twenty of the prisoner's fellow soldiers assualted Howe and rescued their comrade. Later, Howe again arrested the man, prompting three or four of his comrades to make threats and gallop their horses through the crowd. An hour later, fifty fully armed soldiers, led by a mounted petty officer, surronded the jail and again rescued the man. Finally, Cook had the man arrested once again and delivered to Howe.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, January 7, 1862", "Type": "Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Soldier; Officer", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Jail", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Howe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2048, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/01", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City, NE", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "January: Two alleged Jayhawkers were killed by the people of Nebraska City. One was forced under the ice of the Missouri River until he drowned. The other was allowed to run before he was shot in the back.", "Source": "Julius S. Morton and Albert Watkins, History of Nebraska From the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region (Lincoln, NE: Western Publishing, 1918), 324.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Jayhawker; Guerilla; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Freestater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2049, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/01", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Near Peak's Mill, Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., KY", "Lat": 38.2984, "Long": -84.81247, "Description": "January: Hanging of \"slave of 'Miss Pearce'\" for alleged rape and murderous assualt", "Source": "New York Times, Jan. 14, 1862 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.81247, 38.2984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2050, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/03", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Lake Elizabeth", "Location": "Lake Elizabeth, California", "Lat": 34.665197, "Long": -118.397614, "Description": "March: Five persons allegedly lynched for cattle rustling.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Cattle Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.397614, 34.665197 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2051, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "New Albany", "Location": "New Albany, Indiana", "Lat": 38.291254, "Long": -85.833344, "Description": "July: white mob beat, shot, and vadalized black section of town after a black person shot two whites. One black person killed. Many injured.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.833344, 38.291254 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2052, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo, Ohio", "Lat": 41.682649, "Long": -83.535607, "Description": "July: Racial strife over wages left one dead, several wounded and black shanties torn down.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.535607, 41.682649 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2053, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, Luzerne Co., PA", "Lat": 41.506797, "Long": -75.55603, "Description": "September: Enrollment officer on armed guard and Catholic priest at 1st successfully in enrolling Irish miners. Some scuffling occurred and some women arrested. In the evening a crowd attacked the hotel with the enrollment officer in it. In the ensuing riot stones were thrown and the military fired into the crowd, fatally shooting one man and wounding several others.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "Military; Anti-War; War; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Priest; Military; Enlistment Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.55603, 41.506797 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2054, "year": 1862, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo", "Lat": 41.64844, "Long": -83.54146, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mi Hist., 58 (1974)", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.54146, 41.64844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2055, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "March: Mob pelted Wendell Phillips with eggs and stones during his attempt to give a speech. He was whisked away when the crowd threatened to lynch or tar and feather him.", "Source": "Voegili.Free But…, p.18", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Wendell Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2056, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "April: Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mi Hi, 58 (1974) 11", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2057, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass", "Location": "Cass, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "May: Strikers at the Hecksherville Colliery stopped the pumps that kept the mines free of water. In the Swatara district miners marched to neighboring mines and stopped the engines drawing the coal. The sheriff and a small force failed to disperse the crowd and the governor ordered a battalion to the area. Before it arrived the strike was settled.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.125", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2058, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Jacksonville", "Location": "Jacksonville, Illinois", "Lat": 39.7968, "Long": -89.64551, "Description": "May: Constable and six man posse enter Portuguese section - called Madiena - to recover a stolen horse. They were attacked by about 100 armed Portuguese. Later, Fry returned with white mob. But bloodshed avoided. This was referred to as the Battle of Madiera.", "Source": "Doyle.Social Order, p.129", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.64551, 39.7968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2059, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: 40 slaves attempting to enter the city routed the police and were only subdued by the arrival of Federal troops.", "Source": "Messner. \"Black Violence,\" p.22", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Slave; Black", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Military; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2060, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Peoria", "Location": "Peoria, Illinois", "Lat": 40.69512, "Long": -89.59262, "Description": "July: Crowd of whites break into jail and beat a black prisoner who had slashed a policeman with a razor.", "Source": "Voegili.Free but…, p.35", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Prisoner; Jail", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.59262, 40.69512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2061, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "July: Protestors violently interrupt military rally in protest over draft.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mid Hist., 58 (1974) 11", "Type": "War; Draft; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2062, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Lebanon", "Location": "Lebanon, Ohio", "Lat": 39.43411, "Long": -84.20293, "Description": "July-August: Mob destroyed office of Democractic Citizen because of the papers' democratic sympathies.", "Source": "Gray.The Hidden Civil War, p.89", "Type": "Political; War", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Press; Democrat", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.20293, 39.43411 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2063, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Bloomington", "Location": "Bloomington, Illinois", "Lat": 40.46396, "Long": -88.99339, "Description": "July-August: Mob destroyed office of Bloomington Times because of the paper's copperhead sympathies.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.85", "Type": "Political; War", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Press; Democrat; Anti-War; Copperhead", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.99339, 40.46396 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2064, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo, Ohio", "Lat": 41.64844, "Long": -83.54146, "Description": "July: Employees of grain and produce firms rioted over the use of black workers.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.99-100", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Employer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.54146, 41.64844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2065, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Rioting between white and black boatmen triggered by competition over jobs and wages. Irish coworkers attacked black people, their homes (setting some on fire) and beat African Americans. Some African Americans retaliated by attacking and burning Irish houses.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 257", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2066, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "July: Omnibus riot. A bus driver refused to let a black person ride the bus. Mob threatens to attack African Americans.", "Source": "Voegili.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2067, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Irish dock workers angered by black workers working for less, rioted for two days, including attacks on black homes.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.195", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2068, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "July: Crowds had milled about town all day. In the evening hecklers called out to a soldier that \"he would not go and fight to free n*****s\" a general fight broke out.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times,\" p.87", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-War; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2069, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Oquawka", "Location": "Oquawka, Illinois", "Lat": 40.93117, "Long": -90.95019, "Description": "July: Crowd attacks man believed to have Southern sympathies and give him 29 lashes, forcing him to take a loyalty oath.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.105", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Political", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.95019, 40.93117 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2070, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass", "Location": "Cass, Schuykill, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "August: Miners stopped a Harrisburg - bound train loaded with recruits and draftees, releasing those who did not want to go to war. Later, a court upheld the release by saying the township had met its quota.", "Source": "Aurand.From MM, p.97", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2071, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: White workers attack black employees at a tobacco factory and attempt to burn the building. Black people were women and children.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 261; NY Tribune, August 6, 1862", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2072, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Irish dock workers attack black dock workers.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 260-261", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Dock Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Dock Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2073, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Crowd of men and women attacked deputy marshals who were making the enrollment of citizens liable to the draft. The marshals arrested one man and soldiers dispatched to guard the streets.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.301", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2074, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Mauch Chunk", "Location": "Mauch Chunk, PA", "Lat": 40.87488, "Long": -75.73091, "Description": "September: 25 women stoned two enrolling officers working for the draft. Four women were arrested and jailed without bail.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.99", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.73091, 40.87488 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2075, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, PA", "Lat": 41.49509, "Long": -75.5372, "Description": "September: Irish women drive off enrolling officer and two US cavalry men guard from \"Shanty Town.\" The Irish women attacked a German shoestore and beat people there. When the officer later entered the coal mining offices, men joined the attack, and broke into the office. More stones, etc. thrown but again enroller escaped. From 150-500 rioters involved.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.100-101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic; Miner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer; German; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.5372, 41.49509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2076, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: Quarrel among troops enrouter for Washington eruped on Washington avenue. Approximately 20 soldiers wounded. Provost marshall made some arrests and restored order.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.803", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2077, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Blackford Co.", "Location": "Blackford County, Indiana", "Lat": 40.44021, "Long": -85.32782, "Description": "October: Draft riot causes deploy of draft for three days.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.111", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.32782, 40.44021 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2078, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass", "Location": "Cass, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "October: Women hurling stones impeded draft enrollers. Women probably Irish.", "Source": "Palladin.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2079, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cleveland", "Location": "Cleveland, Ohio", "Lat": 41.48206, "Long": -81.69519, "Description": "October: Mob broke box containing names of individuals to be drafted.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.111", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.69519, 41.48206 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2080, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indianapolis", "Location": "Indianapolis, Indiana", "Lat": 39.76248, "Long": -86.15989, "Description": "October: After Democrat John R. Elder challegned the votes of soldiers whose names were not on the poll lists about 20 soldiers attacked him with fists and clubs, forcing him to flee.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.164", "Type": "Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John R. Elder", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.15989, 39.76248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2081, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Northeastern PA", "Location": "Northeastern PA", "Lat": 41.43727, "Long": -75.67092, "Description": "October: Miners and others opposed to conscription stopped a train on the way to Harrisburg loaded with draftees. They offered protection to anyone who left.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.4, 102", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.67092, 41.43727 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2082, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Central City", "Location": "Central City", "Lat": 39.80235, "Long": -105.51284, "Description": "October: The \"Central City boys\" tarred and feathered Dr. A. Phinney, a storekeeper. Phinney had abandoned his wife and daughter and was living with a \"mercenary woman.\" After being \"fully rigged in his new suit,\" Phinney was banished. A subsequent meeting and vote bequethed all of his property to his wife. Phinney had previoslu lived in De Soto and Fort Calhoun Nebraska, and Council Bluffs Iowa.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, October 30, 1862", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "A. Phinney", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.51284, 39.80235 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2083, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Oregon", "Sublocation": "Auburn", "Location": "Auburn, OR", "Lat": 44.85429, "Long": -117.938, "Description": "November: Tom \"The Spaniard\" hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tom the Spaniard", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.938, 44.85429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2084, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Kewaunee Co.", "Location": "Kewaunee County, Wisconsin", "Lat": 44.50858, "Long": -87.62191, "Description": "November: Mob drove draft commissioner temporarily away.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.110", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.62191, 44.50858 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2085, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Port Washington", "Location": "Port Washington, Wisconsin", "Lat": 43.38889, "Long": -87.87305, "Description": "November: Draft rioters, mostly foreign-born, storm the courthouse, destroyed enrollment records and drove the commissioner away. The rioters beat the county judge, the DA and registrar of deeds. The crowd vandalized several homes and wrecked a local factory. 600 troops sent to the area and 50 arrests made.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.111", "Type": "War; Political; Military; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military; Legal; Court; Judge", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.87305, 43.38889 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2086, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "West Bend", "Location": "West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin", "Lat": 43.42489, "Long": -88.18415, "Description": "November: Mob stones houses of prominent citizens and abolitionists in opposition to the draft. 300 troops sent to area.", "Source": "Coakeley.Role, p.234", "Type": "War; Political; Military; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.18415, 43.42489 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2087, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Randolph Co.", "Location": "Randolph County, Alabama", "Lat": 33.30159, "Long": -85.46172, "Description": "December: Armed force took keys away from jailor and let free captured deserters.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.58", "Type": "War; Political; Military; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.46172, 33.30159 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2088, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indiana", "Location": "Indiana", "Lat": 40.26328, "Long": -86.1646, "Description": "December: Mob surrounds house of a farmer who had hired a \"contraband\" - a newly freed black man from the South. They captured the free black man and ordered him out of the community.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.16", "Type": "War; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Farmer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1646, 40.26328 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2089, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Forestville", "Location": "Forestville, PA", "Lat": 40.69233, "Long": -76.3003, "Description": "December: 200 Molly Maguires attack collieries of William Goyne, stopping production and beat at least 15 men. They also closed the colliery store.", "Source": "Deevees.MM, p.51-52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Gang; Molly Maguire", "Target Classification": "Employer; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 15, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Goyne", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.3003, 40.69233 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2090, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Industry", "Location": "Industry, TX", "Lat": 29.97258, "Long": -96.50404, "Description": "December: Confederate draft resisted. Draft resisters drove recruiting captain away and beat a friend of his with sticks and iron bars.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.46-47", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.50404, 29.97258 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2091, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Gold Run\/Blue River", "Location": "Gold Run\/Blue River", "Lat": 39.50356, "Long": -106.02923, "Description": "Unknown victim lynched.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.02923, 39.50356 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2092, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Trinidad", "Location": "Trinidad, CO", "Lat": 37.16949, "Long": -104.50205, "Description": "A man named Baxter killed for possibly alleged theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baxter", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.50205, 37.16949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2093, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/01", "State": "Washington", "Sublocation": "Steilacoom", "Location": "Steilacoom, Pierce Co., WA", "Lat": 47.16919, "Long": -122.6004, "Description": "January: J.M. Bates hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Tacoma Weekly Ledger, Feb. 17, 1863 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "J.M. Bates", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.6004, 47.16919 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2094, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/01", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Madison Co.", "Location": "Madison Co., NC", "Lat": 35.845516, "Long": -82.721819, "Description": "January: About a dozen men loyal to the Confederacy attack two dozen men resisting the drafts. In the gun battle that followed 4 died, 2 one each side.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.115", "Type": "Anti-Draft; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Confederate", "Target Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.721819, 35.845516 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2095, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "March: Trial of black man, Wm. Faulkner, for allegedly molesting a white and black girl elicits a great deal of attention. At one point during trial, when court visited the scene of the alleged crime, crowd hurled stoned at Faulkner. After he was convicted (he was innocent) on the 6th, Provost Marshall's men used to guard him on way to jail. Guards fired on threatening crowd, killing one man. Angered, whites later attacked black neighborhood, burning houses, assaulting blacks of both sexes. Concerns over draft also in (??).", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit…,\"Michigan History58 (1974) p.4-24", "Type": "Racial; Law; Anti-Draft; Draft; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Draft; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Prisoner; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Faulkner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2096, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Dayton", "Location": "Dayton, Ohio", "Lat": 39.780934, "Long": -84.14882, "Description": "May: Democratic supporters of Clement C. Vallandigham outraged by his arrest by the Army gathered outside pro-Democrat newspaprt office - Empire. About 200 strong they threw stones and fired pistols at window. They also hurled fired \"turpentine balls.\" These caught on and destroyed the Journal building and half a block more. Rioters prevented firefighters from doing their duty. Soldiers arrived. One rioter killed while cutting firehose. Mob dispersed.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.92", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Target Classification": "Press; Firefighter; Political; Democrat; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.14882, 39.780934 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2097, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Oil Spring", "Location": "Oil Spring", "Lat": 38.53027, "Long": -105.21323, "Description": "May: Vigilantes from California Gulch tracked alleged murderers for twelve days. The alleged murderers were two Mexican men. The vigilantes killed one, and one escaped. The vigilantes, going through possessions left behind, found a book. An attempt to translate the Spanish led the Anglos to believe that the Mexican men were out to exterminate as many Americans as possible. The Anglos believed the Mexican men to be the Espinosa brothers", "Source": "The Weekly Commonwealth, May 21, 1863", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.21323, 38.53027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2098, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Newburgh", "Location": "Newburgh, NY", "Lat": 41.495854, "Long": -74.018597, "Description": "June: Mob lynches black person for assaulting an Irish-American woman.", "Source": "Anbinder, p.312", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.018597, 41.495854 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2099, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Rush Co.", "Location": "Rush Co., Indiana", "Lat": 39.652407, "Long": -85.4498, "Description": "June: About 12 men ambushed enrolling officers for draft and killed a US marshall.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.240", "Type": "War; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.4498, 39.652407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2100, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "San Antonio", "Location": "San Antonio, Texas", "Lat": 29.488912, "Long": -98.532532, "Description": "July: Mob hanged Ben Franks, a local cattleman, outside jail after officers had arrested him. Frank was charged with murder and robbery.", "Source": "Sonnechison.10 Texas Feuds, p.81", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ben Franks", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.532532, 29.488912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2101, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Start in protest of $300 exemption clause of draft. Includes attacks on homes and shops of the rich, but quickly black people become the main focus of rioters' wrath. African Americans lynched from light posts, homes and institutions destroyed. Concerted fight with authorities. Army ordered in and massive street battles ensue. At least 105 died.", "Source": "Cook, Headley, Bernstein.", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Draft; Draft; Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; War; Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Reformer; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed; Mutiliation", "Recorded # Killed": "105", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2102, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/08", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "South English", "Location": "South English, Keokuk Co., Iowa", "Lat": 41.452187, "Long": -92.090175, "Description": "August: Battle between local copperheads and soldiers, led to several deaths. Governor ordered in 11 companies of home guards to restore order.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.164-165; Coaklen.Role, p.261-262", "Type": "Political; Anti-War; Military; War", "Rioter Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union", "Target Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.090175, 41.452187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2103, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Dawville", "Location": "Dawville, Illinois", "Lat": 40.149358, "Long": -87.629359, "Description": "August: Mob of about 400 besieged office of local provost Marshall over the draft. Five people killed before military put down the riot.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.262-263", "Type": "Anti-Draft; Draft; Military; Political; War", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.629359, 40.149358 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2104, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Conflict between coscripts and neighboring farmers over trespassing. One farmer shot and killed.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.809", "Type": "Military; War", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Conscript", "Target Classification": "Farmer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2105, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Audenreid", "Location": "Audenreid, PA", "Lat": 40.913126, "Long": -75.992349, "Description": "November: Mob of miners broke into the home of George K. Smith and killed him. Smith, a mine operator, had apparently given a list of employees to a draft officer.", "Source": "Aurand, p.98", "Type": "Labor; Draft; Anti-Draft; Military; Political; War", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Mine Operator; Employer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George K. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.992349, 40.913126 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2106, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/11", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Montana", "Location": "Montana", "Lat": 46.987185, "Long": -108.704999, "Description": "November: Vigilantes active throughout the area to punish robbers and murderers who had hitherto been proected by the corrupt officers of the law. Thirty men hanged.", "Source": "H+W, p.462-465", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Thief; Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "30", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -108.704999, 46.987185 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2107, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Crowd of 200 arrested 5 Anglo drifters who allegedly murdered a prospector and resisted arrest. All five lynched.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "White; Drifter; Anglo; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2108, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: Convicted murderer of an Anglo rancher, Manuel Cerredel, seized aboard steamer taking him to San Quinton and hanged from a yard arm.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.24", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Cerredel", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2109, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: Charles Wilkens, convicted of murdering John Sanford, merchant, was dragged from the court room and hanged in a nearby corral.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.24", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Wilkens", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2110, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Chino", "Location": "Campo Chino, CA", "Lat": 34.01506, "Long": -117.69278, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Luis Seyra and Cosmé Nuñez seized from authorities and killed for alleged murder.", "Source": "House Ex. Doc #73^24 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luis Seyra; Cosmé Nuñez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.69278, 34.01506 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2111, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Galveston", "Location": "Galveston, Texas", "Lat": 29.29598, "Long": -94.79589, "Description": "Soldiers riot over meager provisions. They turned their guns on the town and forced commandant to give them what they wanted.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.52", "Type": "Military; War; Food", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Military; Officer", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.79589, 29.29598 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2112, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Galveston", "Location": "Galveston, TX", "Lat": 29.29598, "Long": -94.79589, "Description": "Soldiers took their meager rations and burned them in the street.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.52", "Type": "Military; War; Food", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Military; Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.79589, 29.29598 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2113, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Alabama", "Location": "Alabama", "Lat": 32.96761, "Long": -86.70003, "Description": "Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.220", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.70003, 32.96761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2114, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Texas", "Location": "Texas", "Lat": 30.60119, "Long": -96.15935, "Description": "Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.220", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.15935, 30.60119 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2115, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Virginia", "Location": "Virginia", "Lat": 37.93673, "Long": -77.49058, "Description": "Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.220", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.49058, 37.93673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2116, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "North Carolina", "Location": "North Carolina", "Lat": 35.67926, "Long": -77.84753, "Description": "Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.220", "Type": "War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.84753, 35.67926 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2117, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Waterloo", "Location": "Waterloo, Iowa", "Lat": 42.49292, "Long": -92.34526, "Description": "Soldiers on leave seized an agent of the Dubuque Herald and repeatedly ducked him in the river.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.220", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.34526, 42.49292 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2118, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass Township", "Location": "Cass Township, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "January: 40 Molly Maguires attacked the house of John McDonald breaking his windows and doors and threatening to kill him. He escaped.", "Source": "Dewees.MM, p.52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Molly Maguire; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John McDonald", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2119, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/02", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Hamtrunck", "Location": "Hamtrunck, Michigan", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "February: Gang of African Americans assaulted a white man.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mid. Hist. 58 (1974) 13", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2120, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/02", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Keokuck", "Location": "Keokuk, Iowa", "Lat": 40.39762, "Long": -91.38931, "Description": "February: About 75 convelescing soldiers from a nearby military hospital attacked the offices of the Keokuk Constitution (Dem paper) wrecking the presses and dumping the type out of the window.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.142", "Type": "Military; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Democrat; Political; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.38931, 40.39762 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2121, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Hook and Ladder company 18 attacked Engine Company 26.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.30", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2122, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: 28 deserters arrested and a small riot occurred when sympathetic citizens attempted to rescue them.", "Source": "McCay.Civil War and NYC, p.185", "Type": "Military; War; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-War; Deserter", "Target Classification": "Legal; Military", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2123, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Richmond", "Location": "Richmond", "Lat": 42.47579, "Long": -88.30837, "Description": "March: Mob attacks newspaper office.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.162", "Type": "Military; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.30837, 42.47579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2124, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Belleville", "Location": "Belleville", "Lat": 38.51894, "Long": -89.98521, "Description": "March: Mob attacks newspaper office.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.162", "Type": "Military; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.98521, 38.51894 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2125, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Columbus", "Location": "Columbus, Ohio", "Lat": 39.97088, "Long": -82.98983, "Description": "March: Party of 100 or so destroyed newspaper office of Samuel Medery's Crisis. Mob probably composed of soldiers who opposed the paper's position on the war. Armed with sabers and revolvers, they were prepared to beat back any opposition. They proceeded in a workmenlike manner. Officers and police disperse them.", "Source": "Rosebaum. \"Mobbing of the Crisis,\" Ohio St. Arch and History (1950) 150-153", "Type": "Military; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Medery", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.98983, 39.97088 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2126, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Hose companies 9 and 50 slugged it out.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.30", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2127, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Cartersville", "Location": "Cartersville (Connersville?), Indiana", "Lat": 39.63968, "Long": -85.14223, "Description": "March: Mob of soldiesr and Union League men seize Democratic politician Harrison H. Dodd while he was changing trains on a trip from Danville to Indianapolis. They jostled and insulted him, some threatened to hang him, others tar and feather him. However, some moderates managed to get him released.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Harrison H. Dodd", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.14223, 39.63968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2128, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Salisbury", "Location": "Salisbury, NC", "Lat": 35.66964, "Long": -80.47035, "Description": "March: Successful Bread riot by women.", "Source": "Tire. \"Bread or Blood,\" Civil War Times Illustrated, 12 (1974) 12-191", "Type": "Food; Economoc", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.47035, 35.66964 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2129, "year": 1863, "date": null, "State": null, "Sublocation": "Midwest", "Location": "Midwest", "Lat": 40.23333, "Long": -87.49303, "Description": "Spring: Democratic party rallies sometimes broken up by Republican rowdies or by soldiers on leave.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.162", "Type": "Military; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.49303, 40.23333 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2130, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish longshoremen strike. For three days strikers beat up blacks along the cosk in an effort to enforce an \"all-white\" rule and enforce standard wage. Metropolitan police also fought with strikers and when they attempted to protect black people.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Legal; Law Officer; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2131, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Richmond", "Location": "Richmond", "Lat": 37.55033, "Long": -77.469681, "Description": "April: Women lead bread riot. First march on governor's mansion, then go to the markets, break into stores and take various items like shoes, etc. Little if any bred involved, although that was their basic demand. Crowd break up with the arrival of officials. Not Mary Jackson charged with misdemeanor.", "Source": "Tice. \"Bread or Blood,\" Civil War Times, Illustrated, 12 (1974) 12-191", "Type": "Food; Economoc", "Rioter Classification": "Woman", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Elected Official; Governor", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Mary Jackson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.469681, 37.55033 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2132, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indianapolis", "Location": "Indianapolis", "Lat": 39.76248, "Long": -86.15989, "Description": "May: 20,000 attend Democratic meeting to protest Valladigham's arrest. Some Democrats and soldiers engage in fisticuffs as soldiers interrupted the meeting. Arrests were made. Later, soldiers stop trains carrying Democrats from meeting and confiscated weapons. Republicans, later referred to this as battle of Pogue's Run.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.98", "Type": "Political; Military; War", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Republican; Military", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Seized Property; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.15989, 39.76248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2133, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Continuation of longshoremen's strike turns violent. Irish strikers drive black workers and others willing to work from the piers.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2134, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Isabel", "Location": "Isabel, Illinois", "Lat": 39.65544, "Long": -87.9502, "Description": "June: Draft protestors seized enrollment books, claiming that only Democrats were listed.", "Source": "Sterling, p.256-257", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.9502, 39.65544 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2135, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Hook and Ladder company 4 took on Hose Company 1 and Hook and Ladder Company 3.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.30", "Type": "Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2136, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Indiana", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "June: Rioting broke out between supporters of abolitionist and pro-Southerners on Saturday in what was probably a market day. Several (??) torn down and cattle and swine allowed to enter a garden.", "Source": "Turbulent Times, p.94", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; War", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2137, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Pleasant Township", "Location": "Pleasant Township, Illinois", "Lat": 40.35067, "Long": -90.31036, "Description": "June: Mob harassed Provost Marshall B.F. Westcake during enrollment.", "Source": "Sterlings. \"Civil War Draft Resisitance,\" 256; Klement.Copperheads, p.79", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "B.F. Westcake", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.31036, 40.35067 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2138, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "June: Mob pelted provost Marshall with bricks, etc., and left him unconscious and dead in the street. Rioters were Irish and acted after two Irishmen had been arrested for failing to give named to enrolling officers. Several (??) involved.", "Source": "Sterling. Journal of Illinois St. Hist., p.259; Klement.Copperheads, p.79", "Type": "Draft; Military; War; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2139, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Hancock", "Location": "Hancock, Illinois", "Lat": 40.41535, "Long": -91.18556, "Description": "June: Bands of armed men visited enrolling officers in the middle of the night demanding enrollment lists.", "Source": "Sterling. \"Civil War Draft Resistance,\" p.255", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.18556, 40.41535 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2140, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Pottawattamie Co.", "Location": "Pottawattamie Co., IA", "Lat": 41.25752, "Long": -95.67644, "Description": "July: A man named Miller hanged for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 210 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miller", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.67644, 41.25752 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2141, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Draft riots quickly quelled.", "Source": "Lofton.Northern Labor, p.272; Boston Herald, July 1, 1863", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2142, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Clark County", "Location": "Clark County", "Lat": 39.40758, "Long": -87.68975, "Description": "July: 50 mounted men terrorized the family of enrolling officer C.F. Andrews, searched for enrollment books and threatened to kill him.", "Source": "Sterling, p.258", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "C.F. Andrews", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.68975, 39.40758 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2143, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Franklin County", "Location": "Franklin County", "Lat": 37.99635, "Long": -88.91888, "Description": "July: Armed band of 100 deserters disrupted draft enrollment.", "Source": "Sterling, p.258", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Military; Deserter", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.91888, 37.99635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2144, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July-August: After the Draft Riots, beatings of black people by gangs of white boys continued through the summer.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.66", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2145, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Oconee", "Location": "Oconee, Illinois", "Lat": 39.28488, "Long": -89.10808, "Description": "July: Sixty armed men threatened to seize enrollment books.", "Source": "Sterling, p.257", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.10808, 39.28488 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2146, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Irish stevedores attack black stevedores for supposedly taking white jobs. Shots exchanged, some black and white people wounded. Whites attacked black neighborhood called \"Dug's Dive\"", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. Hist., 34 (1949) 262", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Stevedore", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2147, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Draft riot began when crowd of angered women attacked two provost marshals who had come to serve papers in the North End. Idle men soon joined the women and beat a police officer. At dinner time the crowd swelled and the police were forced to retreat and barricade themselves in the North Station house. The mayor called upon the militia who repulsed an attack on the armory using cannon fire. Police and militia turned back the mob from Dock Square, where the mob hoped to obtain weapons. Soon after, the riot ended.", "Source": "Lowe.Policing the City, p.133-134", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Militia", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2148, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Staten Island", "Location": "Staten Island, NY", "Lat": 40.58755, "Long": -74.14899, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Mob burns carbarn of S.I. RR at Vanderbilt's landing. Attack homes and business of African Americans. Beat and maybe kill some black people.", "Source": "Ruekstin. \"Draft Riots\"", "Type": "Racial; Military; War; Draft; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant; Railroad", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.14899, 40.58755 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2149, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Rioting against the draft and blacks started at Renssler Iron Founding and Albany Mail works. African Americans threatened.", "Source": "Loften. \"Nothern Labor\", p.272", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2150, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Draft riot - 300 to 400 laborers from local foundry marched through town, demanding an end to the draft, stoned andd gutted the office of the Troy times, threatened a black church and released 80 prisoners from jail. Several houses gutted, too.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.256-257", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Press; Religious; Church; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2151, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "July: Minor draft riot.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor…,\" p.272", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2152, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Jersey City", "Location": "Jersey City, NJ", "Lat": 40.72494, "Long": -74.06945, "Description": "July: Minor draft riot.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Nothern Labor,\" p.272", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.06945, 40.72494 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2153, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Portsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, NH", "Lat": 43.077091, "Long": -70.751494, "Description": "July: Draft riot. Local police manage to quell it.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.258-259", "Type": "Military; War; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.751494, 43.077091 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2154, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "July: Mob of German-Americans gathered around the courthouse and prevented the provost-marshal from drawing names for the draft. A group of soldiers appeared and mob broke up.", "Source": "Shankman. \"Draft Resistance,\" p.195", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2155, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/09", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Raleigh", "Location": "Raleigh, NC", "Lat": 35.78455, "Long": -78.63946, "Description": "September: Georgia troops attempt to capture unionist editor W.W. Holden when they couldn't find him they raided the office of his paper, the Standard and threw the tape and some papers in the street. Two hundred of his supporters retaliatedby attacking the office of the State Journal, the Confederate paper, completely demolishing the office.", "Source": "Tatum.Disloyalty, p.122", "Type": "Military; War", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Press; Union; Pro-Union; Pro-Confederate; Confederate", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "W.W. Holden", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.63946, 35.78455 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2156, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/10", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, OH", "Lat": 39.92346, "Long": -83.82179, "Description": "October: Republicans rally and then harassed Democrats. The Reps visited the homes of prominent Dems \"hissed, groaned\" and threw stones at the windows, breaking many. Black and white people did this together.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.221", "Type": "Military; War; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Political; Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.82179, 39.92346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2157, "year": 1864, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Plattsmouth", "Location": "Plattsmouth", "Lat": 41.00811, "Long": -95.88749, "Description": "Vigilantes captured a horse thief, \"Short Nose Bill,\" and induced him to betray the rendezvous location of his gang. The vigilantes hid Bill at the home of D.A. Young. The thieves were not at the location given by Bill, so the vigilantes returned and threatened to hang the man. Bill pleaded for his life and provided a different rendezvous location, where the vigilantes succesfully found their targets.", "Source": "Olive Gass, The Vigilantes, Nebraska's First Defenders, Nebraska History Magazine, 3-18.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "\"Short Nose Bill\"", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.88749, 41.00811 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2158, "year": 1864, "date": null, "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Plattsmouth", "Location": "Plattsmouth", "Lat": 41.00811, "Long": -95.88749, "Description": "Vigilantes capture three horse thieves and organize their own informal trial. The vigilantes sentences all three men to death. One asked to be shot, but was hanged all the same. One wrote a note to his mother.", "Source": "Olive Gass, The Vigilantes, Nebraska's First Defenders, Nebraska History Magazine, 3-18.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.88749, 41.00811 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2159, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Parker", "Location": "Near Parker, CO", "Lat": 39.51677, "Long": -104.77317, "Description": "September: US troops lynch 5 members of the Reynolds Gang for alleged theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Military; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Gang", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.77317, 39.51677 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2160, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Prescott", "Location": "Prescott", "Lat": 34.53819, "Long": -112.46579, "Description": "June: claim club organized", "Source": "The Arizona Miner: June 22, 1864", "Type": "Land; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club", "Target Classification": "Squatter", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.46579, 34.53819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2161, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver, CO", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "June: Haslet lynched for alleged theft and cheating.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Cheat", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Haslet", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2162, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Bannack", "Location": "Bannack, MT", "Lat": 45.16054, "Long": -112.99615, "Description": "January: Vigilante action against a gang of thieves and murderers. Henry Plummer, sheriff of Bannock and Virginia, led the criminal band. Vigilantes lynched Plummer, George Lane, George Ives, Ned Ray, Buck Stinson, John Wagner alias Dutch John, Red alias Bevens, Brown, Hayes Lyon, Jack Gallagher, Frank Parish, and Boone Helm. Joe Pizanthia, known as \"Spanish Frank,\" hanged and corpse burned.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead and \"LYNCH LAW AMONG THE MORMONS\" Glasgow Herald March 26, 1864", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "13", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe \"Spaniard Frank\" Pizanthia;  Henry Plummer; George Lane; George Ives; Ned Ray; Buck Stinson; John \"Dutch John\" Wagner; Reed alias Bevens; Brown; Hayes Lyon; Jack Gallagher; Frank Parish; Boone Helm", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.99615, 45.16054 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2163, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Natividad", "Location": "Natividad", "Lat": 36.73301, "Long": -121.59671, "Description": "February: On the 9th, Patrocinio Lopez lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 12 Feb 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrocinio Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.59671, 36.73301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2164, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Pedro", "Location": "San Pedro", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 18th, Jesús Arellanes lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "H. H. Bancroft, Reference Notes as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesús Arellanes", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2165, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Missouri", "Location": "Missouri", "Lat": 39.135667, "Long": -92.776356, "Description": "February: Mob seized captured guerilla John F. Bolin and lynched him.", "Source": "Fellman.Inside War, p.120", "Type": "Vigilante; Guerilla", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Guerilla", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John F. Bolin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.776356, 39.135667 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2166, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "Nevada", "Sublocation": "Aurora", "Location": "Auroroa, Nevada", "Lat": 38.27505, "Long": -118.86774, "Description": "February: Vigilantes take 4 men out of jail who had been accused of murder and hanged them. Subsequently they oredered out local toughs from the community.", "Source": "McGrath.Gunfighters, p.94-97", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.86774, 38.27505 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2167, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Paris", "Location": "Paris, Illinois", "Lat": 39.611459, "Long": -87.693453, "Description": "February: Six soldiers and 14 copperheads fight as soldiers attempt to capture cache of arms. Two soldiers wounded, one copperhead killed.", "Source": "Coleman and Spence. \"Charleston Riot,\" p.17", "Type": "Anti-War; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union", "Target Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.693453, 39.611459 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2168, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Appanoose Co.", "Location": "Appanoose Co., IA", "Lat": 40.76406, "Long": -92.86748, "Description": "February: John Seaman shot for alleged horse theft and arson", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 212 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Seaman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.86748, 40.76406 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2169, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Hordin", "Location": "Hordin, Calhoun county, Illinois", "Lat": 39.15611, "Long": -90.619386, "Description": "March: Fatal encounter - after a soldier shot a man who cheered Jeff Davis.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.165", "Type": "Anti-War; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Union", "Target Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Confederate Sympathizer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.619386, 39.15611 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2170, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, Illinois", "Lat": 39.494839, "Long": -88.166293, "Description": "March: Riot occurs on court day between local copperheads and soldiers returning from furlough. Nine killed in gun battle that started as an argument between copperhead and soldiers. Six were soldiers, one a Republican bystander.", "Source": "Coleman and Spence. \"Charleston Riot\"", "Type": "Anti-War; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union; Republican", "Target Classification": "Copperhead; Political; Anti-War; Military; Union; Republican", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "9", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.166293, 39.494839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2171, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Spanish Bar", "Location": "Spanish Bar", "Lat": 39.7564, "Long": -105.5209, "Description": "June: A man flogged and banished for \"attempted outrage on a child.\"", "Source": "The Daily Mining Journal, June 15, 1864", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.5209, 39.7564 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2172, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Nevada", "Sublocation": "La Plata", "Location": "La Plata, NV", "Lat": 39.37784, "Long": -118.22087, "Description": "June: Vigilantes shot and clubbed to death José Aniceto Baldenbro and Simon Montoya for not cooperating with them.", "Source": "Virginia Daily Union (Virginia City), 14 June 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Aniceto Baldenbro; Simon Montoya", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.22087, 39.37784 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2173, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Lager-beer saloon at Tenth ave. Brawl turned into a battle with police. One man killed, six arrested.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.19", "Type": "Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2174, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/08", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Virginia City", "Location": "Virginia City", "Lat": 45.29464, "Long": -111.9435, "Description": "August: Pat Brady shot Lynch while trying to shoot Murphy. The miners organized a hasty trial and lynched Brady that evening. Jem Kelly was deemed an accessory to murder and given fifty lashes.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, August 27, 1864 and Dimdsale, The Vigilantes of Montana, 192", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Accessory; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pat Brady; Jem Kelly", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.9435, 45.29464 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2175, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Virginia City", "Location": "Virginia City", "Lat": 45.29464, "Long": -111.9435, "Description": "Septeber: The \"vigies\" caught Jem Kelly for stealing a mule and hanged him. They had previously given Kelly fifty lashes for accessory to murder.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, September 21, 1864 and Dimsdale, The Vigilantes of Montana, 192", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jem Kelly", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.9435, 45.29464 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2176, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2177, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2178, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69212, "Long": -76.26165, "Description": "January: A crowd of Molly Maguires armed with clubs attacked Thomas Trear and Mr. Benseman.", "Source": "Dewees.MM, p.52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Gang; Molly Maguire; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Trear; Benseman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26165, 40.69212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2179, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/03", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Paris", "Location": "Paris, Edgar County, Illinois", "Lat": 39.6106, "Long": -87.69648, "Description": "March: Group of furloughed soldiers threatened violence, causing Democratic congressman John M. Eden to cancel speech. Democratic supporters however get into brawl with the soldiers.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.165", "Type": "Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John M. Eden", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.69648, 39.6106 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2180, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/04", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "April: Fight between soldiers of 52nd and 33rd Regiments over bragging rights. Some injuries. Serious weapons shown, but not used. An Indianapolis paper reported that the riot was between copperheads and soldiers. Local paper denies this.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times,\" p.96", "Type": "Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2181, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/12", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Leavenworth", "Location": "Forth Leavenworth, KS", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "December: Pvt. Charles Lockman murdered Pvt. John Groce, both of the Second Colorado Cavalry. Disregarding military regulations, the rest of the men, lead by Lt. Wise, organized their own trial and lynched Lockman. Wise would be court martialed, but recieved a remitted sentence.", "Source": "Christopher Rein, The Second Colorado Cavalry: A Civil War Regiment on the Great Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020), 37.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Military; Vigilante; Officer", "Target Classification": "Military; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Lockman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2182, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/01", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Augusta", "Location": "Augusta, Georgia", "Lat": 33.469985, "Long": -81.998972, "Description": "January: Some black soldiers, joined by local black people, foght with whites over \"a widow lady…who at the time had several young ladies staying with her.\" Other Union soldiers quelled the riot, but not until six African Americans had been killed or mortally wounded. The riot followed rumors that some Irishmen had attacks black people.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Military; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Prostitute; Brothel", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Military; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Prostitute; Brothel", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.998972, 33.469985 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2183, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Men from New York regiment fought with black soldiers in the 21st US colored troops. Fighting began with a shooting skirmish at the market place on the 8th. Ended with New Yorkers ordered out of the city. At least one black person killed.", "Source": "Williamson.After Slavery, p.258", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Military; New Yorker", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Military; New Yorker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2184, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/09", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, Tennessee", "Lat": 36.507059, "Long": -86.886934, "Description": "September: Confederate guerillas killed one black person, tortured some, and robbed others.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Guerilla", "Rioter Classification": "Guerilla; Confederate; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.886934, 36.507059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2185, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Alexandria", "Location": "Alexandria, VA", "Lat": 38.805391, "Long": -77.044221, "Description": "December: Riot on Christmas Day between white and black people. 14 black people and 2 white people killed.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247; Hennessey, p.17", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "16", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.044221, 38.805391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2186, "year": 1865, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "An attack on Edward Ingersall (not sure by one or more persons) for a speech he made in NY. He defended himself with a cane and then drew a pistol. He was arrested for A+B. Outside Spring Garden Hall a crowd gathered and threatened to lynch him. His brother arrived and attempted to offer bail, but the charge was enlarged to treason. On leaving, Ingersall was attacked and injured by the crowd. Edward was sent elsewhere to avoid further disorder.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, p.825", "Type": "Unknown", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edward Ingersall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2187, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/04", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "April: A people's court tries William Tabor (?) for rejoicing at the assasination of Abraham Lincoln. The court proposes flogging, shaving, tar and feathering, and banishing the man. Eventually, he is simply surrendered to the military.", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, April 21, 1865", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; War; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court; Pro-Union", "Target Classification": "Pro-Confederate", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Tabor", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2188, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/04", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Kearney", "Location": "Kearney", "Lat": 40.70021, "Long": -99.08891, "Description": "April: A teamster, Fox, murdered a man named Eldred en route to Colorado. Members of the 17th Kansas captrued Fox and brought him to Kearney, where a \"people's court\"  sentenced him to hanging. Fox requested the sheriff of the people's court shoot him instead, and refused both blindfold and hand bindings. The sheriff accomodated these wishes, and \"the fiend thus atoned blood for blood, as he deserved.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, April 11, 1865", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; People's Court; Military", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Fox", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -99.08891, 40.70021 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2189, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/04", "State": "Washington", "Sublocation": "Walla Walla", "Location": "Walla Walla", "Lat": 46.0647, "Long": -118.34063, "Description": "April: Angered by horse and cattle theft, the citizens of Walla Walla formed a vigilance committee. The vigilantes proceeded to hang 15 men. Doc. Reed, \"N***** Jim,\" McKenzie, Tom Reeves, Charles Wilson, and Joseph Petis all named as victims of the lynching. The newspaper does not condem the action.", "Source": "Seattle Weekly Gazzette, April 27 1865. Also listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Alleged Cattle Thief; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "15", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doc. Reed; N***** Jim; McKenzie; Tom Reeves; Charles Wilson; Joseph Petis", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.34063, 46.0647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2190, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Berne", "Location": "Berne, Albany County, NYS", "Lat": 42.62509, "Long": -74.13336, "Description": "May: Farm of Hiram Secor sold under Supreme Court decree for Van Rensselaer. Band of masked and disguised Indians ejected new occupants. Efforts to put them back in were resisted and sheriff had to use armed force.", "Source": "Rosendale. \"Closing Phases…,\" Proc. Of NYS H.S., 8 (1909) 239", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Landowner", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.13336, 42.62509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2191, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Mills Co.", "Location": "Mills Co., IA", "Lat": 41.02694, "Long": -95.62883, "Description": "May: Hanging of James Henderson for alleged horse theft and threat to blow up the treasurer's office", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 217", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Anti-Government", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Henderson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.62883, 41.02694 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2192, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Mankato", "Location": "Mankato", "Lat": 44.1625, "Long": -94.0011, "Description": "May: John Campbell, a Native man, hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Campbell", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.0011, 44.1625 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2193, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Eight Miles from Montery", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: Juan Higuera, the son of 1854 victim, lynched for alleged murder of a deputy.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 19 May 1865 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2194, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/06", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Pottawattamie Co.", "Location": "Pottawattamie Co., IA", "Lat": 41.25752, "Long": -95.67644, "Description": "June: Man named Lacey hanged for alleged theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 217-218 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lacey", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.67644, 41.25752 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2195, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Hancock and Houghton, Michigan", "Location": "Hancock and Houghton, Michigan", "Lat": 47.12134, "Long": -88.57485, "Description": "July: Upper Peninsular copper miners riot and strike. Military intimidates them back to work.", "Source": "Rodgers. \"Deliverance,\" MH, p.16-21", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.57485, 47.12134 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2196, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Marquette", "Location": "Marquette, Michigan", "Lat": 46.55455, "Long": -87.40443, "Description": "July: Upper Peninsular iron miners strike over wage cut and riot, destroying property. Military brought in two times to intimidate the miners back to work.", "Source": "Rodgers. \"Deliverance,\" MH, p.16-21", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Striker; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.40443, 46.55455 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2197, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Nashville", "Location": "Nashville, Washington Co.", "Lat": 38.34194, "Long": -89.38312, "Description": "July: Hanging of a man named \"White\" for alleged murder and arson", "Source": "New York Times, July 16, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "White", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.38312, 38.34194 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2198, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelburn", "Location": "Shelburn, Sullivan Co.", "Lat": 39.17872, "Long": -87.39785, "Description": "August: Hanging of man named Miller for alleged murderous assault", "Source": "New York Times, August 5, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miller", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.39785, 39.17872 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2199, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/08", "State": "Oregon", "Sublocation": "La Grande", "Location": "La Grande", "Lat": 45.32397, "Long": -118.09024, "Description": "August: Hispanic man labeled \"Mexican\" hanged for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Seatte Weekly, August 26, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.09024, 45.32397 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2200, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/09", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Chapel Hill", "Location": "Chapel Hill, NC", "Lat": 35.91004, "Long": -79.05733, "Description": "September: College students and other whites attacked a black meeting. The black people counter-attacked with sticks forcing the white people to retreat.", "Source": "Rable, p.29", "Type": "Student; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.05733, 35.91004 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2201, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Niagara city, Niagara co.", "Location": "Niagara city, Niagara co.", "Lat": 43.09937, "Long": -79.04168, "Description": "September: A mob, colluding with local police, torched two houses belonging to Maria Moody. At least one functioned as a brothel. Members of the mob siezed Moody and placed her in the local jail until the destruction was complete.", "Source": "Transcript Appeals. The File of Opinions in Cases Argued before the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, 273-277", "Type": "Moral Panic; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Maria Moody", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.04168, 43.09937 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2202, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/10", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Clinton Co.", "Location": "Clinton Co., IA", "Lat": 41.85018, "Long": -90.22956, "Description": "October: Hanging of James Hiner for alleged horse theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 219 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Hiner", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.22956, 41.85018 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2203, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pit Hole", "Location": "Pit Hole", "Lat": 41.52331, "Long": -79.58105, "Description": "October: Vigilance committee formed in response to highway robberies. Lynch law and \"no mercy\" threatened.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, October 14, 1865", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.58105, 41.52331 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2204, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/10", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Virginia City", "Location": "Virginia City", "Lat": 45.29464, "Long": -111.9435, "Description": "October: Two alleged horse thieves - John Morgan and John Jackson - lynched by Vigilance Committee. To their corpse was pinned the warning \"Road Agents beware.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountian News, October 20, 1865 and Dimsdale, The Vigilante of Montana 106 and Dillon, The Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870, 187", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Morgan; John Jackson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.9435, 45.29464 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2205, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/11", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "November-May: Race riot.", "Source": "Holmes. \"Memphis Race Riot,\" p.197", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2206, "year": 1865, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Chattenooga", "Location": "Chattenooga", "Lat": 35.04205, "Long": -85.29949, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Holmes. \"Memphis Race Riot,\" p.197", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.29949, 35.04205 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2207, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "December: Residents meet to organize a vigilance committee following the murder of John Baldwin and the robbery of $500. ", "Source": "Nebraska Herald, December 20, 1865", "Type": "Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2208, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans, LA", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "December: Black and white longshoremen strike for higher wages. They marched along the levee in a procession and beat up some men still working. The police then interceded, breaking up the strikers.", "Source": "Somers. \"Black and White,\" p.30", "Type": "Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Striker; Longshoreman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Strikebreaker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2209, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Clarkesville", "Location": "Clarkesville, TN", "Lat": 36.52156, "Long": -87.36238, "Description": "December: Riot broke out when a policeman attempted to arrest a soldier. Battle between white and black people; several wounded.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brian, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Military; Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Military; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.36238, 36.52156 ] } }
]
}