var Ethnic = {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"name": "Ethnic",
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } },
"features": [
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 3, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Four days before the British evacuated Ephraim Smith, Inspector of Markets assisted by a party of soldiers cut down the Flymont Bell (??) to prevent the \"Rebels\" from using it when they took over. However, the commandant was informed of this and ordered Smith to return the bell.", "Source": "Devoe.Market Book, p.178-179", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Loyalist; Military; British; Tory; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; American", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ephraim Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 4, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A mob of women \"mostly of the wives of those who had returned from exile\" threatened the British Provost, or keeper of prisons, with hanging. His name was Cunningham and he had been very cruel to American prisoners and was believed to have hung some in the dead of night. Cunningham had remained on duty until the American troops arrived and was intercepted by this mob on his way to the river and an awaiting boat. The mob threatened to hang him on the same gallows he had hung Americans on. But \"some of the more considerate citizens\" and finally George Washington interceded to liberate the man.", "Source": "\"Memoirs of Stephen Allen,\" p. 36-37", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; American; Political", "Target Classification": "British; Political; Legal", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cunningham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 5, "year": 1783, "date": "1783\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: On evacuation day \"A few of the old Whigs\" amused themselves by going through town pulling down the signs of the Tories, especially the taverns who had the English ensign on their signs. One clever tavern keeper had wisely painted a British flag with the American colors on a ship on his sign. The sailors appreciated this foresight and did not harm that sign.", "Source": "\"Memoirs of Stephen Allen,\" p.35", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Whig (Revolution); Political; American", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Loyalist; British; Tory; Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 11, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Some sort of disturbance, probably the harassment of English officers, occurred between 1 and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Statements of disapprobation appeared by the Which mechanics, the Governor, and the Order of Cincinatti.", "Source": "NY Independent Journal March 31, April 3, 1784", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution); American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 13, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Clinton intervened in person to save two British officers from tarring and feathering by a mob.", "Source": "Spaulding....George Clintonp.111", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Whig (Revolution); American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 32, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: British sailors and Tory sympathizer attacked members of a French packet. This aroused the populace and brought forth legislative action. Rioters include (convicted and sentenced) Jeremiah Watson, Joseph Biggs, and James Watson.", "Source": "Pomerantz. p.298", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Political; British; Tory", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jeremiah Watson; Joseph Biggs; James Watson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 39, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: A \"fracas\" occurred between some British officers and some American citizens. A sailor, who held a grudge against the officer for his service aboard a British ship during the war, bumped into one of the officers. Words ensued and a crowd collected. \"Some boys etc.\" followed the officers in their prudent retreat into State st. There the officers asked for and received protection. But not before they had \"gellantly\" (??) drew their swords and \"bid the crowd keep off.\" The crowd was, reportedly, unarmed.", "Source": "N.Y Journal, August 11, 1785", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Youth; American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 41, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: A \"fracas\" occurred between the N.E. ship Friendshipand the Marie Victorie, a French vessel, at the old Ferry Wharf. It occurred at 2:00pm and was triggered over and argument concerning an open slot at the wharf. The French ship had arrived first and N.E. crew, sans the captain, attacked the French twice. The N.E. crew numbered 12 or 14 men. Four of them were afterwards arrested but only three were arraigned to be tried at the September session of the court of O+T.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, August 18, 1785.N.Y. Packet, August 18, 1785.", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 128, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: \"Upwards of thirty foreign sailors, armd with Bludgeons\" unsuccessfully attacked the city watch. It was Irish and English sailors.", "Source": "Pomerantz, p.300", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; Irish", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 155, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Apparently there were a number of riotous scuffles between English and French sailors in this port. It even drew a comment from the British consul there requesting English sailors to keep the peace and a special charge to the Philadelphia Grand Jury.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, June 13, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 157, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/07", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "July: After the French schooner Antigone ran aground, the crew made it to safety to Savannah. However they were arrested and brought before a Justice. He released them but in the meantime a mob had formed to inflict its own sentence. The body of the French crew were protected by the civil authority but one American, a deputy collector of the customs who was apparently involved in the Antigone venture, was turned over to the mob, taken to a wharf and duly tarred and feathered.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, August 19, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Protestant", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Tax Collector", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 158, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A fight occurred between French and English sailors near Dover St.; also at the lower end of King St. Some bloodwas spilled as the combatants were armed with clubs. The watch took off several of them from the house in which the quarrel arose.", "Source": "Alexander Anderson.Diarium…, August 18, 1793;N.Y. Journal, August 21, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 167, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Newburyport", "Location": "Newburyport", "Lat": 42.727944, "Long": -70.881719, "Description": "April: A peaceful show of strength in which \"A large number of jovial tars with outcum cockades in their caps and the American standard displayed attended by military music paraded the streets in a peaceable and orderly manner.\" Evoking the spirit of '76 it was said that here was a militant group ready when called upon \"those lawless depredations which our insidious enemies - the British - have been wontonly committing upon our trade and commerce.\"", "Source": "Labaree.Patriots and Partisans, p.108; fn.Morning Star, 8 15 April 1794", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.881719, 42.727944 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 168, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: Riot in which two British sailors were attacked. After na investigation Judge Samuel Chase ordered the arrest as \"ring leaders\" two men of prominent standing in the community - David Stodder, shipbuilder and captain in militia, and William Reeves, both popular with a powerful political faction. Their refusal at first to pay a bond and the threat of more mob violence caused a precarious situation. Ultimately they offered the surcity, but were never arraigned by the Grand Jury, instead that body offered a presentment against Judge Chase for censuring sheriff and jury.", "Source": "M.P. Andrews.History of Maryland, p.412-419", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "British; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 172, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/02", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "February: The British ship Dedalus detained two men from a N.E. captain. The captain, joined by a number of inhabitants, attempted to burn the frigate in retaliation for their refusal to release. The men were later released. The British captain, out of revenge, fired (??) at the N.E. vessel, killing a horse and doing other damage. The citizens met and resolved not to allow the Dedalus to sail before she unloaded her cargo of provisions for the British fleet and that the French had taken possession of her as the British had taken possession of a ship in neutral Genoa. The whole affair, it is said, was amicably settled.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, March 1, 1794", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 176, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: Some French sailors treated women poorly at the theater, which led to their explusion. Angry, they returned to the harbor and reported that one of their own had been murdered. A contingent of sailors and officers and one citizen return and attack the patrons and horses. Military and armed citizens called out, who put the riot down. Several injured, including a rioting lieutinant.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & Evening Advertiser, 04\/02\/1794", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "French; Sailor; Catholic; Officer", "Target Classification": "American; Woman; Theater; Animal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Therie", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 177, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "April: Disorders in which the English and destitute Santo Domingans were bothered by \"the menacing gestures of Frenchmen in red caps\" and by \"nocturnal parades of armed Frenchmen\" annoyed both state and local authorities although there may have been no real violence committed.", "Source": "Childs.French Refugee Life in the U.S., p.82", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "British; French", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 178, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Balitmore", "Location": "Baltimore and elsewhere", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Threats of violence in Baltimore to British vice-consul Thornton persuaded Consul Phineas Bond to order him out of the city. Baltimore citizens were incensed over the trial of Captain Barney in Jamaica over customs violations. Bond in Philadelphia and the vice-consul in Norfolk were also threatened.", "Source": "Phineas Bond to Lord Grenville, April 17, 1794; \"Letters of P. Bond,\"AHA Report, 1897 p.546", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thornton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 182, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "April: An American who had spoken disrespectfully of the French was tarred and feathered and rode around in a cart through the streets all that day. This despite the mayor's publically requesting the mob to desist.", "Source": "Moreau St. May's Journal, (1793-1798} p.59", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 184, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "May: Crowd tarred and feathered an American sailor who had served on a British privateer. He was paraded through the streets with a large sign that read \"American Pirate\"", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume], August 23, 1794 and Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume], May 06, 1794, Image 3 and https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/data\/batches\/dlc_iranese_ver01\/data\/sn83025878\/print\/1794050601\/0003.pdf", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "American; Sailor; Privateer", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 185, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/05", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "May: Crowd siezed vessels belonging to two British privateers, who were tarred and feathered and paraded through the streets", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume], May 06, 1794, Image 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Privateer; Officer", "Actions": "Humiliation; Seized Person(s); Siezed Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 205, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Winchester", "Location": "Winchester, Virginia", "Lat": 39.190737, "Long": -78.170813, "Description": "September: One man \"damned the Congress and cried 'God save King George'\" was tarred and feathered.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.224 and Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume], September 13, 1794, Image 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Draft", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Anti-Draft", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.170813, 39.190737 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 218, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Whitestown", "Location": "Whitestown, NY", "Lat": 43.10195, "Long": -75.27957, "Description": "November: British agents William Johnson and a Mr. Street were allegedly persuading Native Americans to take up arms against the United States. Americans told Col. Pickering if he did not arrest the agents, they would tar and feather the British agents themselves.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 18 Nov. 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.27957, 43.10195 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 223, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A drunken Englishman stole a French flag and liberty cap. A mob formed to find and punish the man, but he escaped.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States and daily evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 22 May 1795. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "British; Political; American; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Political; American; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Siezed Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 228, "year": 1795, "date": "1795\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Philadelphia reaction to Jay treaty also riotous. Jay was burned in effigy; mass meetings were unruly, and British ministers, his charge and senator William Bingham had the windows of their homes broken and copies of the treaty were publicly burned.", "Source": "Wheeler,Urban Politics. P.97-99", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official; British", "Actions": "Effigy; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Jay; William Bingham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 248, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/07", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Wilmington", "Location": "Wilmington, NC", "Lat": 34.218719, "Long": -77.931798, "Description": "July: French privateer La Bellona came into port. The captain and crew had several run-ins with the citizens and American seamen of the town. These culminated in a \"sailor's brawl\" (Gilpatrick's phrase) in which an American seaman was killed, the privateer guns thrown overboard, and the French tricolor trampled undefoot. The Americans believed that the privateer was enlisting American seamen and planning to molest American shipping leaving Wilmington. There was a trial of the French privateer afterward.", "Source": "Gilpatrick.Jeffersonian Democracy in N.C., p.83", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.931798, 34.218719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 253, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: The proprietors of the Tontine Coffee House removed the tri-colored emblem of French from the Assembly room, claiming it had created disturbances when some persons attempted to rip it down. News of this brought an unruly mob to the doors of the Tontine intending toresotre it. Anticipating this the proprietors had called the watch which dispersed the mob and hustled several persons off to jail.", "Source": "Bernstein. \"Rise of Dem. Rep…,\" p.205-206", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "Political; Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 254, "year": 1797, "date": "1797\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A Francophile patron entered into the Tuntine Tavern and tore down a card with the British and American flags on it. A disturbance resulted.", "Source": "Deconde. (??), p.20", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; French", "Target Classification": "Political; Merchant; British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 284, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/08", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "August: The crew of a Spanish privateer was harassed and the vessel taken up river and burnt by a number of men about midnight. The Spanish vessel had taken two American ships which the Spanish government had later released.", "Source": "NY.Time Piece, August 30, 1798", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Political; Privateer; Alleged Criminal; Hispanic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 290, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: United Irish riot - minor confrontation - long court case involving William Duane.", "Source": "Smith.Freedom's Fetters, p. 279-282", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Duane", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 291, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: Riot when Irish oppose proposed Alien Act.", "Source": "Shear, July '95", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 292, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "February: Intruders William Duane, Samuel Cummings, Dr. James Reynolds and Robert Moore arrested for inciting riot. May be the same riot as above.", "Source": "Wheeler. Urban Politics, p.121 and William Cobbett. Porcupine's Works; Containing Various Writings and Selections, Exhibiting a Faithful Picture of the United States of America; of Their Governments, Laws, Politics, and Resources; of the Characters of Their Presidents, Governors, Legislators, Magistrates, and Military Men; and of the Customs, Manners, Morals, Religion, Virtues and Vices of the People: Comprising Also a Complete Series of Historical Documents and Remarks, from the End of the War, in 1783, to the Election of the President, in March, 1801 (1801).", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Duane; Samuel Cummings; James Reynolds; Robert Moore", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 293, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Vergennes", "Location": "Vergennes, Vermont", "Lat": 44.16719, "Long": -73.253311, "Description": "February: A group of Federalists celebrate Washington's birthday, with toasts to tar and feathing French tories. Other toasts against slavery and Republicans.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 20 March 1799. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; French; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.253311, 44.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 294, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Effigy paddies cause disturbance on day of celebration for St. Patrick in Harmon Street. One man was killed.", "Source": "N.Y. Argus, March 20, 1799", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 297, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Reading", "Location": "Reading, Penn", "Lat": 40.340395, "Long": -75.929428, "Description": "May: Several men with German names complain about deprecations from 15 members of the Lancaster Horse who terrorized locals and cut down liberty poles.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, May 29, 1799", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; German", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.929428, 40.340395 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 334, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A number of Irishmen collected about sunset on the 17th on East George street and harassed nearly everyone who walked by. They attacked a number of people with clubs and stones and shouted \"Huzzah for Dublin, we'll show the Americans freedom.\" Seven were arrested while there was at least 20 others.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions April 16, 1802; MMPO II March 17 and 18, 1802", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 345, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: \"September witnessed a riot begun by several Spanish sailors, who stabbed and dangerously wounded William Barry, a young American sailor. His friends went to a Spanish house and tore it to pieces. Several people were severely hurt during the riot.\"", "Source": "Scharf and Wiscott.History of Philadelphia,P.519", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Barry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 347, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: George Raymond Marshall with six French officers forcibly recruited a number of French Americans. In the process they broke into a house, destroyed a fence. This action led Raymond to be charged with riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Dcember 10, 1804", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "French; Officer; Military", "Target Classification": "French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Raymond Marshall", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 349, "year": 1805, "date": "1805\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A fracas occurred at Bowling Green. Some Irishmen commented loudly that no American soldier was worth looking at except the Irish Greens. A yankee objected and a fist fight ensued which quickly expanded into a free-for-all. The mayor attempted to intercede but was at first unsuccessful. Some say he himself was knocked down and his stick taken. He rallied, however, and with the assistance of some other gentlemen and the constables the fight was stopped and three or four of the ringleaders were sent off to Bridewell.", "Source": "NYEP, July 6, 1805", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 356, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: After the Leander incident mobs roamed the streets, a British flag was burned, and consul Baclay feared for a time that his house would be burned and he himself seized as a hostage. British officers on shore actually were arrested but subsequently secretly released by city authorities.", "Source": "Perkins.Prologue to War, p.107", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Threat; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baclay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 357, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: After Leander incident \"volunteers\" took a boat, intercepted supplies destined for the British ships at sea and distributed them to the city's poor. Public meetings were also held.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1445-1446", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 362, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: A fracas occurred between the crew of a French frigate and a party of American sailors in Southwark at night.", "Source": "NYEP, October 21, 1806", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 363, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Highbinders riot and Irish riot on Augustus street. Highbinders had a record of attacking whore houses and committing other disorderly acts. They had congregated on the night of the 24th to disrupt possible Catholic services at the B.C. Church at Barclay St. No real trouble occurred except abusing of watchmen. Following night the Irish gathered to protect their religion. The watch attempted to break up the Irish crowd and riot and battle ensued. De Witt Clinton gov. offered reward for ringleader and murderer of watchmen.", "Source": "Matteson MSS - Box 3 and notecards; NYEvening Post, December 26, 1806", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang", "Target Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang; Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 365, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "June: Mob at norfolk reacted furiously to the casualties on the Chesapeake and destroyed the water casks of the British squadron.", "Source": "H. Adams.History of the USIV, p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 366, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: Anti-British riot: The day after the captain of the British ship Craydon fired upon a mutining crew, having wounded two, seamen in harbor got riotous and threatened outrages on the British vessels in port. The Craydon had already put out to sea, and the governor had to call out a very strong militia force to preserve the peace.", "Source": "Matteson MS Notecards", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 372, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Hampton", "Location": "Haufton, Va", "Lat": 37.032954, "Long": -76.341788, "Description": "June: After the Chesapeake affair a mob destroyed the water casks belonging to British frigate Melanfries.", "Source": "Mattesson MSS notecards;Collection of Virginia St. PapersIX, p.5-20", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.341788, 37.032954 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 373, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: In the aftermath of the Chesapeake affair, Augustus Foster, British Secretary of Legation decided to travel incognito and trusted his horses to the separate care of his groom. This proved to be a wise decision when only the presence \"of a somewhat timid soul\" counseling moderation prevented the curricle and horses from being thrown into the Norte River. Foster commented that the ringleader on this occasion, as might be expected, an Irish emigrant.", "Source": "Horseman.Causes…, p.103", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Augustus Foster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 375, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Hampton", "Location": "Hampton, Va", "Lat": 37.032954, "Long": -76.341788, "Description": "July: Two hundred casks of water were destroyed aboard a schooner ready to take them to the British squadron anchored in Lynnhaven Bay. This infuriated Commander Douglas and rumors ran wild of possible British invasion. Vice-admiral Berkely complained to Erskine urging restoration of the casks or punishment of the aggressors.", "Source": "Malone.Jefferson…V, p.422", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Douglas", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.341788, 37.032954 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 376, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: On hearing the rumor that a British vessel was landed at the wharf with military supplies a number of citizens assembled on the evening of the 2nd, boarded the vessel lying off South street wharf. They then unshipped the Audder, carried it to Chestnut street and laid it down in the street opposite the house of the British council.", "Source": "NYEP, July 6, 1807", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Military", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 377, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: An imprudent young man, intending to ridicule the public mourning for the seaman killed aboard the Chesapeake, tied a piece of crepe to the leg of his dog and sent him int othe street. The following morning some \"spirited Americans\" seized the offender and dragged him through the streets as an example to the world that those not with America are against her.", "Source": "NYEP, July 24, 1807", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "American", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 378, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Some Frenchmen, in an armed boat fitted out in Baltimore, boarded and captured the ship Othello from Liverpool. Contrary winds forced them to abandon their prize to the captain. Some militia set out to capture these \"pirates\" but questions over jurisdiction in the case prevented prosecution. Subsequently an act of the assembly provided a law to cover this situation.", "Source": "T.W. Griffith.Annals of Baltimore, p.180-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Militia", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 406, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Gin which had paid duty in England under the orders of Council was voluntarily, on fear of the public reaction, turned over to the citizens of Baltimore to be publicly burned. A great procession and demonstration ensued including a parade and public burning, all very organized.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore, p.781-782", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 407, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Massive public parade and meeting with \"monster processions\" ends in organized destruction of 720 gallons of Geneva Gin which had paid duty in England according to Orders in Council. It might also have served as a victory celebration for Mayor Johnson.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Balto., p.781-782", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 410, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: English shoemaker named Beattie was tarred and feathered, rode in a cart from the corner of South and Baltimore streets to Fell's Point and back again, followed by the mayor and a number of citizens who attempted to rescue him. Beattie had used some offensive expressions concerning the US. Several of the rioters were arrested, tried, and convicted - fined and imprisoned. But they were pardoned by the governor and the fines were remitted.", "Source": "Scharf.History of Baltimore…, p.781", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Merchant", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beattie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 411, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Tar and feathers for journeyman shoemaker because of anti-American or anti-government remarks. Much political capital made of it. Disowned by Republicans.", "Source": "Baltimore Evening Post, October 19, 1808;Baltimore Whig, October 27, 1808", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Merchant; Journeyman; Worker", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 451, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "August: Mr. Jackson, the English Ambassador, was harassed by a mob on his way to visit Canada. On his return trip (in Aug) the town magistrates apologized to him. His effigy was burnt.", "Source": "NYEP, Aug 7, 1810; ColumbianCentinel, July 20, 1810", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Diplomat", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jackson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 457, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/12", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "December: A constable came aboard a NY ship and demanded with a warranted written in French the custody of one crew member - a black man. The captain refused and insisted that the constable get an English warrant. This the constable refused to do. The constable even went and got a written note from the mayor saying that the warrant was valid. Still, the captain remaind steadfast and while he went himself to discuss the issue with the mayor the constable at the head of nine or ten of the city guard and with sabres drawn, attempted to board the vessel. This was opposed by the sailors who armed with handspikes drove them off. The captain arrived to help quell the disturbance. One sailor was dangerously wounded, while several of the guard were hurt.", "Source": "NY Gazette, January 24, 1811", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Black", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 458, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Savannah mob of sailors, spurred by merchants, set the torch to La Franchise and La Vengeance after repeated gun and knife battle which took one American and seven or eight French lives.", "Source": "Browt.MadisonV, p.376", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Merchant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "9", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 459, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: \"a riot took place between French privateers or English sailors; several men on both sides were killed. The privateers were burned and Seurier complained in language such as Napolean might be supposed to expect from his minister in regard to a violent onfragcot the French flag.\" It was something of a diplomatic incident and Madison knew about it.", "Source": "H Adams.History…VI, p.186-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "British; Sailor; Protestant", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 462, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/02", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "St. Helena", "Location": "St. Helena, La", "Lat": 30.830179, "Long": -90.668298, "Description": "February: Resistance to US government persisted in this distrcit. When Sm. Baldwin, formerly a (??) in the Marines, ordered a man run through the body, while Baldwin was trying to execute gov't orders, the population seized Baldwin, tied his neck and legs and threatened to carry him to Baton Rouge or Mobile - Baldwin was leader of the conventionalists.", "Source": "NYEP, March 26, 1811", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Government", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Sm. Baldwin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.668298, 30.830179 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 466, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: French captain of a privateer stoned during heat of French activity against American shipping.", "Source": "Browt.Madison…V, p.315", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Officer; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 472, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "September: After a quarrel with William Chambers, grocer, several French and Spanish sailors were forced to retreat Sunday night. The next day, however, they returned armed with knives and clubs, and reinforced its members with more members of the crew of the French privateer La Vegeance. In the ensuing affray, Williams was murdered and several others wounded. Four of the privateers were arrested while a fifth Jon Chocolate, believed to be the murderer, was picked up the next day. One American sea captain was also severely wounded.", "Source": "NYEP, September 16, 1811", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Spanish; Catholic; Privateer", "Target Classification": "Merchant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Chambers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 473, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah, Ga", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Riot between American and French seamen. Burning of French privateers, militia called out, but abandoned vessel rather than fire on their own countrymen.", "Source": "Matteson - MS - notecards + Box 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 477, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "December: An attempt was made to burn the privateer brig Dilligent, but on the representation of the French consul the mayor caused the ringleader to be apprehended and jailed.", "Source": "NYEP, December 16, 1811", "Type": "Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Privateer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 479, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Several ships were detained by the ice at (??) Point. Two females from the city were going to visit a Portuguese or Spanish ship lying outside the schooner Liberty. While crossing the Liberty's deck they were ordered not to pass that way - these orders were followed by an order to paint their faces. One sailor did this using a tar brush. Seeing this the foreigners streamed aboard, a fight followed in which several men were injured.", "Source": "NYEP, January 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; American; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman; Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 480, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/02", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Baton Rouge", "Location": "Baton Rouge", "Lat": 30.442973, "Long": -91.181329, "Description": "February: A number of Frenchmen were dissatisfied with a ruling of the court. They collected together and went to the courthouse in search of the judge. Not finding him there they dispersed at the urging of Mr. Baldwin who had his office in the courthouse. The next day the rioters returned. Again the Judge was not to be found. This time they vented their anger upon Baldwin, seized the Ct. house, and armed themselves with the cache of weapons stored there. The Sheriff couldn't dislodge them until he got some military assistance. However, no blood was spilt.", "Source": "NYEP, March 5, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baldwin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.181329, 30.442973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 481, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Annapolis", "Location": "Annapolis", "Lat": 38.98362, "Long": -76.49649, "Description": "April: Three English seamen jumped ship. Officer and armed men pursued but were informed by a J.P. that there was no authority by which they could recapture the deserters. A party of 12 or 15 intercepted the English search party, captured it, and took it into town as \"Prisoners of War.\" Ultimately they released them and returned their arms. One sailor of the party, despite his officer's threats and entreaties, refused to return with the landing party.", "Source": "Niles' Weekly Register, Apri; 4, 1812.", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.49649, 38.98362 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 493, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Aboard the US frigate Essex. When Capt. Porter asked each sailor to take loyalty oath one man, who said he was English, refused. The petty officers had the man tarred and feathered and shipped him to NYC where he was saved from a gathering crowd by a good samaritan who provided him with shelter.", "Source": "Guernsey.NYC During the War of 1812I, p.8-9", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 495, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: John Silva attacked by at least 10 men. Silva was Portuguese.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions July 8, 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Silva", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 513, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Catherine Lowe schoolhouse run by George Mills was disrupted early in the morning by about 12 to 14 Irishmen who broke doors, threatened etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "School", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Mills", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 520, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/02", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "February: On the night of the 5th there was a fracas between Spanish and American sailors in which the Americans got the upper hand. The following evening, Saturday, 20 or 30 Spaniards returned for revenge armed with knives. Provoking the Americans into a fight in Water street they surprised the unarmed Americans. Within a few minutes six Americans were stabbed, one dying on the spot. Soon however the guard arrived and secured the greater part of the murders rescuing them from the enraged populace. The Spaniards were taken to the prison.", "Source": "NYEP, February 16, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 5, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 524, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: In the evening about 10 or 11 o'clock, a great riot occurred at the corner of East George and Henry street. Between 30 or 40 men, who appeared to be sailors, were there. A Spaniard by the name of Manuel Prede was beaten.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7433 5", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Prede", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 530, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/08", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "August: Riot between American and foreign seamen (Swedish and Portuguese) on the docks. Broken up by the Governor's Guard armed with loaded muskets and bayonets. At foot of Long Wharf.", "Source": "Seymour.Ships, Sailors, and Samaratins, p.41", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 531, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Some French gentlemen harassed (??) Beacham, beating her and threatening to destroy her house. They also claimed that they could raise enough Frenchmen to beat the watch which she said she would call to protect her.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 15, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beacham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 540, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: When the German Lutheran church announced that they would have one service in English as well certain people of the congregation were outraged, acted uproariously and were tried for riot. They were acquitted. Note the minister had been threatened", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 10, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German", "Target Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German; Minister", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 541, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Some Spanish sailors burst into a boarding house at the North end of town in search of some Greeks who had wounded a Spaniard the night before. Making a riot and tumult in the street they seized a Greek sailor, tired his hands behind him and drove him to Charleston. When near the yard some Greeks rushed by the sentry for protection. The Spaniards knocked down the guard and were immediately seized and put in (??) by Commodore Bawbridge. 26 were arrested and charged as riotous.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, May 29, 1814", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Greek; Orthodox", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 542, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: A Te Deum to be sung on Sunday at the request of the city's Roman Catholics offering thanks for the release of Pope Pius VII from prison brought the threat of mob violance by a number of indignant Frenchmen. With the promise of 150 to 200 of their countrymen to support them prompt action was taken by the Intendent who ordered out a strong guard. The ringleader was arrested in the body of the church, about to begin the disruption. that night some individuals threatened to burn the schooner Bourbon, bound for NY. It's name was obnoxious to a number of persons, particularly since the vessel carried a white flag with its name emblazoned on it. During the day an attempt was made to haul down the flag, but the crew prevented that from happening.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, July 9, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "French", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Sailor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 555, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: Sunday - an Irish sailor led his company in flogging and tar and feathering an English sailor. The Englishman had been part of a press gang in England and had destroyed the Irishmen's protection.", "Source": "NYEP, October 2, 1815", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 575, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: A riot between British seamen and others. Thomas Hatchman had seized a pig belonging to a British Brig. He was going to return it when a group of British seamen decided to take things into their own hands. Hatchman, who was apparently an American seaman, fired three times into British crowd, killing Wiliam Misgrove. Hatchman was subsequently acquitted.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, February 5, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Seized Property; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Hatchman", "Persons Named as Targets": "Wiliam Misgrove", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 580, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lansingburgh", "Location": "Lansingburgh, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "March: A \"stuffed Paddy\" was paraded in this town, mocking the Irish and their patron saint.", "Source": "N.Y.Shamrock, March 29, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 581, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: Insulted by a British brig's flying a tricolor vane, local French citizens rioted. Armed with pistols and swords they ordered the Bitish captain to take down the vane. He refused. They attacked, killing the captain and four of his crew. 100 shots were fired. The masts were cut down. Gen. Ripley ordered out his men, arrested 15 rioters. The mayor ordered them released - the captains in part threatened to tar and feather the mayor. The 1st mate and 10 or 12 seamen were also taken into custody. The British consul declared himself and the others prisoners of war and the ship a prize. The next day every English ship in port flew the tricolor vane.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, April 17, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 582, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: A British and French ship lie next to one another at the levee. On the 17th a dispute arose concerning the stage leading to the levee. It was limited and settled with the British officer bound to keep the peace. Thereafter it was noticed that the British ship had a tricolor tails on its vane. This was believed to be an insult to the N.O. French community. The next morning a crowd appeared and the mayor ordered the British officer to remove the vane. He did so, but in the afternoon, with an insurance from the US Army commander that the tails was not an insult to American pride, he hung it again. A mob rapidly formed and with the mayor present, who did nothing, took over the ship, cutting down the vane, rigging, chopping the main and mizzen masts, and firing into the cabin where the captain and British consul were . More damage would have been done had a detachment of the US infantry come up. 2 or 3 rioters were arrested, other were taken later as the mob dispersed.", "Source": "NYEP, April 23, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 586, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: Riot starts with argument between French and English captain.", "Source": "National Register III, p.270, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Officer", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 588, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: At Tammary Hall about 200 Irishmen rioted at the Wigman, destroyed most of the furniture in the Long Room and sent several Tamarites to the hospital before the arrival of the mayor and the police ended the (??). The riot was triggered by the General Committee's refusal to nominate Thomas Emmett for the assembly. This forced Tammary to re-asses its position on the canal, the one issue which bound the Irish to Clinton and helped account for their shifting ground and appeal to the Irish voter thereafter.", "Source": "Mushkat.Tammary…, p.58-60", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 619, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: About 2 o'clock, just as the merchants returned to dinner, a number of Irishmen rioted. They were enflamed by the \"Stuffed Paddy\" hung on the schooner Appomatax's top sail yard arm. They entered the ship, which had been seized by the custom officers, cut away the rigging and did other damage. The ship lay at the foot of Gray street at Smith's dock. Several gentlemen, who attempted to stop the proceedings, received some blows. This included one of the Judges of the city court. Eight or ten men were arrested for riot. The stuff paddy was hung by some boys as a prank.", "Source": "NYEP, March 20, 1819", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 673, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: About 100 sailors marched \"with drums, fifes, and colors, stopping at public places, and going to the city hall and huzzahing.\" Reason: A ship to be brought by the Columbian government had hired a smaller than anticipated interim crew at short wages. Eventually the civil authority was sent for; some of the ringleaders were taken. The rest dispersed peacably.", "Source": "NY.Statesman and Advertiser for the Country, September 16, 1822", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Columbian; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 686, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: A yankee and Irishman quarrelled while working in paving a court. A fight ensued and a large crowd gathered. The crowd went to the Irishman's house, demolished the windows with stones and brick bats. One watchman, who tried to interfere, was slightly stabbed. It took several constables to restore order. One man was arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, June 24, 1823", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Police; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 698, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A procession of Orangemen marched out of the city towards Greenwich village, then settled mostly by Irish Catholics. They had banners waving and a band playing \"croppies lie down\" and other equally provocative ditties. In the ensuing fight no one was killed but \"the orangemen received a sound thrashing and were driven into the city where upon the sheriff arrested every man he could find in Greenwich village. Over a hundred Irishmen were arraigned and charged with riot and disturbing the peace and were almost certain of conviction. In the September term of the court of sessions, the Judge was about to pass sentence when Thomas Addis Emett walked into the court room for another case and defended the Irishmen speaking loudly of the intolerance in the city.", "Source": "Murphy and Mannion.The Hist. of the Soc. Of The Friendly Sons of St. Pat., p.257", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Orangeman; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 699, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, NY", "Lat": 43.172167, "Long": -78.695694, "Description": "July: On the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne, Irish canal workers broke out into fighting among themselves usuing shereliahs and brickbats.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, July 23, 1824", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.695694, 43.172167 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 719, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: \"Irish Shillelah frolic\" took place in the morning near the marble buildings. Several hundred Irishmen were involved. Probably an Irish-Orange disturbance. It was \"Paddy up stairs\" vs \"Paddy downstairs\". It began over a disagreement about a raffle. There had been several clashes during the week. Constables Hays and Homan were there. Both were attacked and lucky to escape with their lives. About 10 ringleaders were arrested.", "Source": "NYAmerican, March 31, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hays; Homan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 720, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Twelve Irishmen charged with rioting. Some fighting occurred on the 30th, but the big battle was on the 31st. The Irishmen fought the watch and constables as well.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 721, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish and Yankee cartmen came to blows over the use of large cart (??). The Irish didn't like the yankee using them. Stones were thrown and blows exchanged. Might just be an A+B.", "Source": "NYAmerican, May 9, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 729, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/10", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Charlottesville", "Location": "Univ. of VA", "Lat": 38.039672, "Long": -78.49897, "Description": "October: Disorder on opening - students wanted the administrations to give them an additional summer vacation. On Sept. 30, night, a bottle of urine was thrown through a professor's window. On Oct. 1, 14 students disguised in masks met on the lawn and were spotted by two professors. When the profs tried to detain them a brick was thrown while the other was attacked with a (??). One student cried in the scuffle \"Down with the European professors.\" Jefferson was involved in the disciplinary action.", "Source": "Novak.Rights of Youth, p.126-128", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "University; Professor; European", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49897, 38.039672 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 732, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Orange-Irish riot on the wharfs between race and vine streets. 100 to 200 persons involved. The mayor and the police quelled the disturbance. Several ringleaders arrested. The cause was \"European politics,\" while on board, emigrating to America, Orangemen celebrated July, the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. The ribbonmen on board objected, but in the ensuing battle they were outnumbered and lost. But when they landed in Philly, their numbers were augmented.", "Source": "NYEP, August 3, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 733, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: At Harlem, P. Samler had his house surrounded \"by a number of men collected together to tear down his house…and his house was stoned and the door broken open and part of the roof torn off by them and they entered and both him and his wife…were beaten and a declaration was made that no de-Irishman should live on the commons...\"", "Source": "SC PC 7438 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "P. Samler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 738, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: A riot occurred at the Park Theater on the appearance of Edward Keane in Richard III. The shouting and hissing were so loud that the play could not be heard.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1652", "Type": "Theater; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor; British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edmund Kean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 739, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: A cry of murder was raised from a house in Broad street by Irish immigrants. When entering, one of two watchmen was struck with an ax. An Irishman was arrested. The Gazette says that there was a riot among the Irish on Broad street.", "Source": "NYAmerican, December 15, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 740, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: When Edmund Keane appeared on the stage after a 4 year absence in his native England the audience remembered his unkind comments of 1821 and pelted him with a \"fusilade of missiles both hard and soft\" and was driven off the stage by the \"mobocratic rowdies.\" He soon apologized for his earlier comments in the paper.", "Source": "Moody. \"Astar Place Riot,\" p.24", "Type": "Theater; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Actor; British", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Edmund Kean", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 748, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Irish cartman beat up on James Anderson because they suspected that he was not a Roman Catholic and because he worked too hard on a job with them. A+B case.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 749, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "March: Rioters broke several lamps and windows belonging to the corporation, broke windows at the French Minister's and carried off his lamps.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 8, 1826", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Diplomat; City Corporation", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 751, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Large scale riots among Irish. It began as an argument between some coopers' boys and some Irishmen over how the latter carelessly handled some barrels. The riots began on Tuesday afternoon and were not quelled until Friday. The disturbances ranged from the mill-pond to Broad street. Several ringleaders were arrested. Many could not raise bail and were committed until the August Municipal court.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 20, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 752, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of apparent Irishmen rioted in Pearl street opposing Marshalls and resisting arrest. It started with some Irishmen attacking a peaceful passerby.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 774, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A large riot which saw Irish and watchmen come to blows. Several watchmen were badly hurt - two of their cops were beat in pieces. It apparently started with an Irish attack on a black man while he was walking in Anthony street. All but ten of the rioters were convicted, including Patrick Winters.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 3, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Winters", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 817, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A Greenwich Irish laborer died of tetanus. The attending doctor asked the landlord, who had care of the man and his belongings, if he could do an autopsy. He said okay…while the doctor and colleage were dissecting the deceased, a \"robust countryman of the deceased\" came and started to argue with them. He left and returned with a mob which threatened violence unless the doctors ceased their barbarous handling of their countryman. Luckily the doctors escaped unscathed. But the 1st doctor was harassed for several days thereafter.", "Source": "Statesman, April 4, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Doctor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 819, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Thirteen men indicted for riot. A house, which formerly belonged to RG Stuyvesant, on 1st ave was stoned and almost broken into by a large crowd of 200-500 persons. There was talk of having the satisfaction of the Irish. The watch was called to quell the disturbance and were resisted. The house opposite to Stuyvesant's was partially demolish and fences were likewise torn down.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 11, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "RG Stuyvesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 844, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson River", "Location": "Hudson River", "Lat": 42.570786, "Long": -73.756873, "Description": "August: Steamboat Henry Eckford had its passage from NYC to Albany disturbed by a riot. The steamboat carried in tow a number of freight barges which also carried passages. A dispute between the captain and two Irishmen over the amount charged to a female passenger led to a riot as the barge was cut adrift by the riotors and an attempt was made to board the steamboat. Several of the rioters were arrested.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, August 5, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain; Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.756873, 42.570786 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 845, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Kensing weavers riot. Stephen Heimer, a watchman, was killed. Heimer was off duty. He entered an Irish tavern, made noise as he had in the street, 3rd street above Poplar Lowe, and called the owners \"bloody Irish transports.\" Hence he was attacked. He had been asked to be quiet because there was a dying woman in the house. Irish weavers riot, leaving one watchman dead. The rioters seized a building and hoisted a flag of the weaver's trade.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, I, p.623", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Heimer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 886, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Clark's Ferry", "Location": "Clark's Ferry, Pa", "Lat": 40.411313, "Long": -77.00939, "Description": "May: An Irishman refused to pay for his whiskey at a local saloon. After being kicked out he returned with a number of his countrymen to pull down the building and kill the innkeeper Martin. Finding the house secure they began pulling it down. Martin threatened to shoot them, and finally, in desperation, commenced firing. No one was killed, but several were wounded. The sheriff ordered out the posse to restore order.", "Source": "NYEP, May 9, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.00939, 40.411313 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 888, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Nanticoke", "Location": "Nanticoke, Pa", "Lat": 41.203918, "Long": -76.00345, "Description": "May: Near the town \"foreigners\" employed on the North Branch canal rioted. One man was killed, several were beaten. Some of the ringleaders escaped, others were captured.", "Source": "Niles'Weekly Register, June 20, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.00345, 41.203918 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 890, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: When two officers entered a house in Augustus street to levy an execution on the goods of an Irishman, \"a general turn out of his countrymen took place.\" A riot was prevented by the timely arrival of the police. The goods were removed and the officers beat a hasty retreat.", "Source": "New York Statesman, June 2, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 909, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "October: In the lower part of the city riot erupted when some Irish attempted to have a dance at a house. Neighbors through that this was not right and threw some stones at the windows. Duley insulted, the Irish counter-attacked with fist, clubs, and the like. Nearly 200 were engaged in the tumult. The police arrived, and with difficulty arrested 3 or 4 ringleaders and quelled the riot.", "Source": "NYEP, October 30, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 938, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Dunnstown", "Location": "Dunnstown, Pa", "Lat": 41.14301, "Long": -77.423321, "Description": "September: Canal workers riot in dispute with local Germans over apple picking. One killed.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.288", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.423321, 41.14301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 942, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carbondale", "Location": "Carbondale, Pa", "Lat": 41.572129, "Long": -75.501808, "Description": "October: Irish workers fight with native born workers.", "Source": "Grimsted, \"Antebellum Labor\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.501808, 41.572129 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 955, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "February: Riot between American and British sailors. Started as a challenge to a fist fight. Americans drove the British off of the (??) at Kidlel's Wharf. Some damage to property aboard the ship.", "Source": "Spectator, March 8, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; British", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American; British", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 969, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "May: Riot between Irish and Americans. Irish went from shop to shop collecting wood and metal chips. Occassionally, words were exchanged between the native American laborers and Irish. When an American decided to chastise an Irishman on the 17th and probably beat him, the conflict escalated into a general melee on Tuesday night. On Wednesday, the Americans attacked the Irish huts. Several Irishmen were injured. One infant accidently killed. Magistrates interfered but refused to prosecute because no serious damage done.", "Source": "NYEP, May 24, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 977, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Battle of the Bogue celebration riot. Protestant Irish Gideon society held a procession in the southern part of the city, going to a large hall in 5th street. Near Walnut. Irish catholics resented shi and attacked the procession. The mayor and the police broke it up. When the Protestants left the hall the violence renewed. Some prominent people, including a (??) magistrate involved. One man stabbed.", "Source": "Spectator, July 19, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Irish; Protestant; Orangeman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 992, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Theater riot- against English actor Joshua Anderson for having allegedly spoken against US in an argument with an American citizen. On the night of the 13th the audience shouted so loudly as to prevent Anderson from acting. Oranges, etc., were thrown too. On the 15th the audience refused to allow Anderson to act. He didn't still the second half of the performance was marred by the throwing of oranges, apples, etc. The crowd remained for 2hours. When 100 watchmen appeared, (??) and other property were destroyed. The watch ws withdrawn. The next night 1000 people gathered outside. At 9:00pm, stones were thrown and windows broken. The mayor and high constable arrived the but mob dispersed only when the theater displayed an American flag, American Eagle and tricolor.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M+D, p.38-39", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "Actor; British; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Theater", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joshua Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1009, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Theater riot against English actor (??) Anderson. The manager asked the audience if they would let him act. They agreed, but a crowd of 5,000 objected and broke in, overrunning the stage and doing enough damage to keep the theater closed the next day.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.38-39", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; British", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1015, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: Affray between NY sailors and Spanish stevedores. The stevedores had knives, but the sailors won.", "Source": "NYEP, August 4, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1041, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Approximately 40 to 50 persons rioted between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon on Christmas day. Most seem to have been Irish. Several stones were thrown and some fighting. There may have been an attack against a black person. Occurred on 3rd avenue.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 6, December 26, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1043, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Laborers and gentlemen mix it up in the evening at 3rd ave and 19th. Two carriages going downtown came a bit too close to a line of cart taking dirt to be dumped. The Irish laborers driving the cart and others drinking in a nearby grocer objected. A scuffle ensued which had to be broken up by the police.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, CC - 6", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Class", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1044, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pennsylvania", "Location": "Pennsylvania", "Lat": 40.932085, "Long": -77.601813, "Description": "August: German canal worker, Charles Hickenbottom, murdered by about 20 other canal workers. One worker had been dismissed, 20 of his fellow workers quit in sympathy. They then went down to the canal about one mile and attacked Hickenbottom. 11 arrested and charged with murder. Five charged with A+B and riot.", "Source": "NYEP, August 6, 1833", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Canal Worker; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.601813, 40.932085 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1050, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Dunnsburg", "Location": "Dunnsburg, PA", "Lat": 41.247361, "Long": -76.979092, "Description": "August: Riot between laborers working on the Great Island Dam and a number of boatmen. On Saturday morning a dispute over a boatload of stone, the laborers wanted it placed on the dam, led to a riot which continued until Sunday evening. One Irish laborer was killed. Several people were wounded. The militia was called out Sunday to quell the disturbance.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, August 30, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.979092, 41.247361 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1065, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: Irish and protestant Americans fight during Thanksgiving celebration at Roger McGowan's restaurant. One yankee died in the fight.", "Source": "Hammet, \"Two mobs…,\" p.899", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1066, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: When Benjamin Daniels looked into an Irish dancing party through a window, his gaping was greeted by an attack. So terrific was the beating that Daniels died the next day. Engraged by Daniels' death, a mob formed the next evening and attempted to demolish Roger McGowan's house, the site of the Irish dance. The navy sent some men who temporarily halted the destruction, but as soon as they left, the mob finished its work.", "Source": "Com. Adv., December 2, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Daniels", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1113, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.109037, "Long": -76.88685, "Description": "June: Railroad workers again rioted in the evening. One man killed, two others seriously injured. Some Gerrons and oe Native American attacked.", "Source": "NYEP, June 28, 1834", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "German; Native", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.88685, 39.109037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1130, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Burning of Ursuline Convent. Large crowd outside, disperses, but then reassembles around midnight. 40-50 organized men burst in. Nuns and students escape and convent burnt. Next night mob of men and boys burn fences and trees and all else left on convent ground. Next night over 1,000 men roamed city but did little damage. On night of August 15 rioters burned a shanty in Charleston occupied by about 35 Irish laborers", "Source": "Billingston. \"Burning the Convent,\" p.4-24", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Youth", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Woman; Religious; Nun; Student; Irish; Convent", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1132, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Bloomfield", "Location": "Bloomfield, NJ", "Lat": 40.791803, "Long": -74.195897, "Description": "August: Saturday night 20 or 30 men \"with faces blackened, painted with various colors, or veiled\" entered William Iles' porter house, tied his hands and took him to a field. There they stripped him and treated him in a shameful manner. Others dumped the contents of his shop in the stream. Iles is an immigrant.", "Source": "NYEP, August 21, 1834", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Iles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.195897, 40.791803 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1149, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Irishmen and nativists fought one another. In Sept. there was a brawl involving almost 1,000 persons. Some of the fighting was between Protestant and Catholic Irish.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.55,66", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1158, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "November: Baltimore and Ohio railroad workers - mainly Catholic Irish - riot. Troops called in from Washington DC. Grimsted says this riot included battle between Protestants and Catholics.Scharf says attack focused on contractor. Indeed, contractor's house attacked and he was beaten. Next day superintendent John Watson and two others killed. 300 Irish laborers arrested.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Watson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1169, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Fight between Irishmen and nativists. While fighting a fire, the firemen had built a fire on property belonging to a nearby gas company to keep themselves warm. The Irish workers objected. A scuffle ensued that included an attack on chief engineer James Crulick. In the melee that followed 10 to 20 arrested.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55, 62-63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Crulick", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Crulick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1174, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broadway Hall riots between immigrant Catholics and Native Americans. Meeting of Protestant Assoc. broken up by Irish. Debate at hall over \"Is Popery compatible with Civil liberty?\" by both Cathlics and Protestants. Mob broke in, drove off speakers and destroyed furniture and fixtures.", "Source": "Headley, p.309; Billington, p.60, 63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1183, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Five Point riot between \"Americans\" and foreigners. Police quell. Dr. W.M. Caffrey killed and Justice Lowdnes wounded. Foreigners the Irish - if this is the same riot reported by Billington. Rioters gutted a tavern. Shots fired.", "Source": "Headly, p.95; Weinbaum, p.55; Billington, p.196; Werner, p.38", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "W.M. Caffrey; Lowdnes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1184, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: When an Irishman beat up a boy a mob formed that entailed special action by the Common Council before peace could be restored.", "Source": "Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1186, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indiana", "Location": "Indiana", "Lat": 40.206619, "Long": -86.141541, "Description": "July: Faction fight among canal workers o nthe Wabash and Erie. Militia ordered in.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.289", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.141541, 40.206619 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1191, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "July: Irishmen attacked citizens on principle streets, in turn were disbanded by mobs of natives. The Irishmen numbered 30 or 40 and were laborers employed in grading streets along the river. The assaulted sailors, local citizens and other \"damned Yankees\" A hastily formed posse of \"worthy citizens\" was bloodied in attempt to arrest the mob, which dispersed of its own accord.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit,\" p.267; Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1199, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1200, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1208, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Broad Street Riot. A fire engine ran into an Irish funeral procession. The resulting fight, estimates suggest, included 15,000. Irish taken out of the tennements and beaten. 800 horsemen helped to quell riot.", "Source": "Lame.Policing the City, p.33; Beals.Brass-Knuckle Crusade, p.73; Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1211, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Upstate NY", "Location": "Upstate NY", "Lat": 43.06203, "Long": -73.94074, "Description": "September: Irishman stopped passerby and after finding if they were Catholic or Protestant, beat the Protestants.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.94074, 43.06203 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1220, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Ohio", "Location": "Ohio", "Lat": 41.22709, "Long": -84.63925, "Description": "Canal workers on the Wabash and Erie at Hyunter's Falls burnt a shanty and stable belonging to their employers and then clashed with the law.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.169", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Law Officer; Legal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.63925, 41.22709 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1222, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Louise County", "Location": "Louise County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.23702, "Long": -91.29701, "Description": "Mob whipped James Irwin, an Irishman, acused of claim jumping.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" IJHP, 10 (1972), p.170-171", "Type": "Land; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.29701, 41.23702 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1223, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/01", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "January: Canalworkers fight off English workers and scuffle with militia.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.219, 290", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Target Classification": "English; Miltia", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1224, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "May: Militia and Irish workers scuffle again as Irish workers threaten to blow up the canal because of non-payment.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.290", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Miltia", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1225, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Hagerstown", "Location": "Hagerstown, MD", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "May: Ethnic labor riot. No Irish involved.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9, 21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1241, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Little Orleans", "Location": "Little Orleans, Md", "Lat": 39.628037, "Long": -78.388116, "Description": "August: Irish workers fight with Germans. This involves canal workers. One dead. Militia ordered in, arrests and imprisonments.", "Source": "Way,Common Labour, p.193,223-224", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.388116, 39.628037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1250, "year": 1839, "date": null, "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "Fall: Chesapeake and Ohio canal worker fight. Irish and Germans against each other. Troops called in and 10 rioters shot before disturbance quelled.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker; Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Canal Worker; Worker; Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1260, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: 50 firemen forced their way into a German tavern, broke bottles and a table. They were ejected, but returned with reinforcements. One fireman shot as he was breaking in the door. Other shots followed. Porbably several wounded.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.153", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1263, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "October: Ethnic rioting led to the death of at least one person.", "Source": "Billington, p.198", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1267, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Street battle between Bowry boys and German musicians outside the American Hotel. The musicians had promised to serenade singer Fawny Elssler. The Boys intended to break this up.", "Source": "Buckly. \"To the Opera House,\" p.53", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Nativist", "Target Classification": "German; Musician", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1272, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: German-Irish fight at a beer garden. Mayor and militia disperse.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1284, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Group of German-Americans fought a street battle against police.", "Source": "Nissembaum.Battle, p.96", "Type": "Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "German; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1287, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Carrollton", "Location": "Carrollton, Louisiana", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: Mostly German ropewalk workers beat manager to death and severely injured two others while they investigated charges that the workers had treated brtually a crippled worker.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Workers,\" p.10,11,23,24", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Ropewalk Worker; German", "Target Classification": "Manager", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1307, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "West Manor, Albany County, NY", "Location": "West Manor, Albany County, NY", "Lat": 42.651673, "Long": -73.812429, "Description": "Late: Palmer Banton, undisguised and a group of \"Indians\" kidnapped a Dutchman from his farm because he did not support the anti-rent movement. They intimidated him, and forced him to jump up and down 3x and shout \"Down with the Rent.\" After about five hours he was released.", "Source": "Pendleton, p.103-104", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Farmer; Anti-Renter", "Target Classification": "Dutch; Farmer", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Palmer Banton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.812429, 42.651673 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1310, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati, Ohio", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Rioting broke out after a parade of German military companies when one of the officers killed a boy who was annoying him.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "German; Military; Officer", "Target Classification": "Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1318, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Passage of a bill giving control over public educaation to the state, and hence sympathetic to Catholics led to come rioting the night the bill was passed. Mob chased any Irishman that came into their path and stoned the windows of Bishop Hughes house. The militia was ordered out to guard the city's Catholic churches. Orangemen involved in rioting.", "Source": "Billington, p.154; Cook.Armies, p.22", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Bishop", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1322, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69005, "Long": -76.25998, "Description": "July: Miners marched along the Norwegian RR with clubs and other weapons, compelling workers along the line to quit work. The strikers were largely Irish. That night 150 soldiers arrived, but things had quited down by then.", "Source": "Aurand.From MM, p.68; Palladino.Another Civil War, p.49", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.25998, 40.69005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1325, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Irish RR workers who had wages docked retaliated by burning a bridge.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"AL,\" p.10,11,22,23", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1335, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Ethnic riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Community and Order\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1345, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Anti-Irish violence. Begun over Bible dispute. Erupts in Kensington. Nativist meeting after rainstorm attempts to use local market. Irish resist, and a neighborhood battle erupted. Death of George Shiffler anger nativist crowd. Mayor's attempts to quell disturbance failed. Militia and special police used. St. Michaels and St. Augustine Catholic church attacked.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.663-669; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Shiffler", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1347, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Anti-Irish violence - deaths and injuries. In Southwark. Starts with threat to Catholic church. Militia attempts to defend. Battles ensue with mob and militia. Mob has cannons at times. A total of 14 killed on both sides.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.669-674; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Militia; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "14", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1353, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "After a German newspaper advised its readers to go to the polls armed during an election, nativist mobs forced the editor to flee and other rioting followed.", "Source": "Billington, p.197-198", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Political; German; Press", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1354, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Election riot involving Irish and Native Americans.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1357, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: On the homeward march from hearing a Native American speaker, a group of natives passed a Catholic church. Irishmen, probably gathered to defend their church, attacked the rear of the nativist party. A street battle lasting several hours ensued.", "Source": "Billington, p.237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1358, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Nativist meeting at the Nanny-goat Market disrupted by hecklers and fights. In retaliation for this disturbance, Nativists called for a meeting on Monday the 6th.", "Source": "Werner, p.144-145", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Nativist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1368, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville, KY", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "August: After the editor of the German paper Beobachter advised his readers to go to the polls armed and prepared to defend their right to vote against Nativist poll watchers, a mob, after reading the warning translated in the Louisivlle Journal of nativists, gathered in front of the Beobachter office and forced the editor to flee. This occurred during the Presidential elections.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.122", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Political", "Target Classification": "German; Press; Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1370, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pennsvylvania", "Location": "Pennsvylvania", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Drunken foreigners attacked and damaged a Lutheran church.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Lutheran; Church; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1375, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Connecticut", "Location": "Connecticut", "Lat": 41.59782, "Long": -72.62739, "Description": "September: Foreign workmen riot.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.62739, 41.59782 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1378, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Efforts to control pigs running loose in the streets triggered riotous resistance by the Irish owners.", "Source": "Billington, p.196; Cook.Armies, p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1398, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: During the great fire at New street a fireman went into a German grocery at the corner of Beaver and Pearl streets and had some refreshment. He told the proprietor to charge it to his company. When the proprietor attacked him, demanding payment, forty firemen rushed in and demolished his store.", "Source": "Costello.Our Firemen, p.183", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1404, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Theater riot at Palmo's theater against a Scottish singer named Templeton.", "Source": "Buckly. \"To the Opera House,\" p.192", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Theater", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Theater; Scottish; Actor; Singer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Templeton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1410, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish workers fight with Germans.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9,21", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; German; Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; German; Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1411, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Anti-Catholic lecturer attacked by foreign mobs. This occurred elsewhere, too.", "Source": "Billington, p.198", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Nativist; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1412, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Unskilled Irish laborers demand raise from 65 cents a day to 87.5 with longer daylight hours. Employers ordered the strikers out of their shanties - built on nearby land - and replaced the strikers with newly arrived German workers. The Irish refused to go, attacked the Germans and would have driven them off had the militia not been called out.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.99", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "German; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1425, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Port Jervis", "Location": "Port Jervis, NY", "Lat": 41.37461, "Long": -74.69248, "Description": "February: Irish workers fight with Germans.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9, 21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; German", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.69248, 41.37461 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1436, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northampton", "Location": "Northampton, MA", "Lat": 42.31714, "Long": -72.6342, "Description": "Irish workers on the railroad struck for better pay. They assaulted a sheriff trying to disperse them and dragged him off his horse.", "Source": "Clark.Roots of Rural Capitals, p.259", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.6342, 42.31714 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1448, "year": 1848, "date": "1848\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Angry native tailors attacked a German tailor working at lower prices, cutting his hair and may have tarred and feathered him in his shop in the German Over-The-Rhine area.", "Source": "Ross.Workers…, p.184", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; German", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1457, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Post-election riot at the California House pub led to race fighting leaving several black and white people dead. Fire set to California House spread to several other buildings. Rioters fight firemen. Two firemen killed, one Irishman, and one black boy. At least nine whites and 16 blacks injured. African Americans attempted to fight back at California house and elsewhere. Militia called out to quell riot.", "Source": "Feldsburg.Philadelpha Riots, p.5", "Type": "Political; Racial; Firefighter; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": 25, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1458, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 36.065613, "Long": -118.674543, "Description": "December: Yankee miners drive a Chilean party out, hanged the major (??), whipped several others and cropped the ears of still others. At one point before these punishments, an American had been killed.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Worker; Miner; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.674543, 36.065613 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1459, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Firefighters attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.94", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1461, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Irish and American fire companies fight and riot during a wharf fire at the levee.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1464, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Mill", "Location": "Sutter's Mill, CA", "Lat": 38.80434, "Long": -120.89355, "Description": "April: Yankees purge the area of all Chileans, Mexicans and Peruvians.", "Source": "Pitt.Beginnings of Nativism, p.25", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.89355, 38.80434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1471, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "Summer: Company of veterans called \"the Hounds\" attack hispanics from Chile, Peru, and Mexico. At least one killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Military; Veteran; Gang", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1473, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa", "Location": "Mariposa, CA", "Lat": 37.48615, "Long": -119.96456, "Description": "August: Hispanics harassed in the Southern diggings and driven to new sights.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian; Miner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.96456, 37.48615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1476, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: Germans celebrating in an upper floor of a tavern on Front street attacked by the Shifflers. They stabbed one German and beat three more. The Shifflers then wrecked the inside of the tavern.", "Source": "Laurie. \"Fire Companies,\" p.80-81", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Firefighter; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "German; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1481, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Dry Diggings", "Location": "Dry Diggings", "Lat": 38.72751, "Long": -120.7998, "Description": "December: A Mexican hanged for alleged theft.", "Source": "Placer Times (Auburn), 19 Jan. 1850; Rough Abstract of a Forty-Niner Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.7998, 38.72751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1483, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sarage's Diggings", "Location": "Sarage's Diggings", "Lat": 37.83648, "Long": -120.23159, "Description": "Late: Unknown Mexican hanged for allegedly stealing a mule.", "Source": "Calif. Historical Marker 446; Weston, Mother Lode Album as listed in William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.23159, 37.83648 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1484, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Striking tailors ransack a store that made non-union clothing. Police intervened and a general battle ensued. Two strikers fatally wounded, others seriously injured. 32 German tailors arrested and ultimately plead guilty to A+B. Fines levied ranging from $5 to $50.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Union; German", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Non-Union; Strikebreaker; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1496, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: A small group of men whipped and then killed Juan Chapa Guerra under the mistaken impression that he was Juan Chapa García.", "Source": "Report of the Committee of Investigation of the Mexican Government as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Chapa Guerra; Juan Chapa García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1504, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "July: Hanging of Francisco Flores for alleged murder.", "Source": "Wisconsin Democrat, Aug. 1850 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1506, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York", "Location": "New York", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Tailors' strike for 50% wage increase. English, Irish and Scottish tailors participate; Germans did not. The result was several attacks in the streets on German men and women and their work taken from them. 40 strikers arrested and German joined the strike. Dagler portrays the riot a little differently. Strikers included Germans who fought with workers at Longstreet tailor shop. Clubs, sticks, and fists used. When arrests were made, strikers attacked police, who with reinforcements, beat them off.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.101-105; Dagler. \"Labor,\" p.80-81", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Irish; English; Scottish; Striker", "Target Classification": "German; Strikebreaker; Worker; Tailor; Woman; Legal; Law Officer; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Property; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1515, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Women clothing workers, probably German, physically assault another group of workers for havingtaken over their jobs. This occurred at 34th street near 11th avenue. Strike caused by cut in wages.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81, 115-116", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Woman; Worker; Tailor; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Striker; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1516, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Agua Fria", "Location": "Agua Fria, CA", "Lat": 37.48485, "Long": -120.02009, "Description": "January: A mob of 500 anglos and 200 \"foreigners\" hanged a man named Pablo for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacremento Transcript, 21 Jan 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pablo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.02009, 37.48485 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1518, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Calaveras Co.", "Location": "Calaveras Co., California", "Lat": 38.222055, "Long": -120.663704, "Description": "April: An organized company of French soldiers forcibly ejected by 900 Americans storming their encampment. Two French and one American killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.663704, 38.222055 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1519, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Hoboken", "Location": "Hoboken, NJ", "Lat": 40.737621, "Long": -74.031269, "Description": "May: Rowides assault large body of Turnverein Germans celebrating Pentecost with a picnic. Germans counter-attacked, and drove the rowdies off. Germans demolished furnishing of house where rowdies hid. Rowdies destroyed a German's house. Reinforced, the rowdies continued the battle and tried to prevent the Germans from returning to NYC. At least one killed, maybe as many as 4. Plenty more wounded.", "Source": "H+W p.309-312", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; German", "Target Classification": "American; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.031269, 40.737621 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1520, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: Anglo vigilance committee hanged a Mexican man for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1521, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Shaw's Flat", "Location": "Shaw's Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.00751, "Long": -120.4094, "Description": "June: On 15 June, a crowd of between one and three thousand lynched Antonio Cruz and Patricio Janori for the alleged murder of an Anglo.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 28 June and 1 July 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Cruz; Patricio Janori", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4094, 38.00751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1522, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "June: After a merchant caught an Australian thief robbing his safe, a group of merchants held a vigilante trial, found the man guilty and hanged him. One of the leaders cried, at the moment of execution, \"Every lover of liberty and good order lay hold of this rope.\"", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.5", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Merchant; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Australian; Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1523, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Downieville", "Location": "Downieville, California", "Lat": 39.560148, "Long": -120.828421, "Description": "July: Miners lynched a Mexican woman, Josefa Segovia, because she was an \"evil body who corrupted innocent young American men.\"", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34 and Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Woman; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Josefa Segovia", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.828421, 39.560148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1529, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Rowdies attack a Greenwich Street house where Hungarian offices were located. The Hungarians represented Catholicism. Police fight mob.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Legal", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Hungarian; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1533, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "February: Mob attempted to seize two prisoners, accused of murder, but held off by militia and police. As many as 1,000 involved. The prisoners were Australians.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.3", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Law Officer; Militia; Military; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer: Australian", "Actions": "Threat; Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1535, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "New Jersey", "Location": "New Jersey", "Lat": 40.15496, "Long": -74.35996, "Description": "May: Riot against hiring aliens by city government.", "Source": "Billington, p.335", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.35996, 40.15496 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1539, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: News of execution of American filibusters in Cuba led to rioting against the Spanish. Mobs sacked the office of the Spanish newspaper La Union, wrecked a cigar shop kept by a Spaniard, and attacked the Consul office, tearing down the sign, burning the flag and looting the Consular office and at least 10 Spanish-owned coffee houses and tobacco shops.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.140-142", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Merchant; Press; Political; Diplomat; Catholic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1540, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Crowd of several hundred parade and then burn an effigy at Federal Hill because of the execution of 50 Americans in Cuba for participation in a revolution there.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.532", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1542, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: German celebration turned into Catholic-Protestant riot.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1544, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "November: Irish workers fight with Hungarians.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.9,21", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Hungarian", "Target Classification": "Irish; Hungarian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1545, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Seco", "Location": "Campo Seco", "Lat": 38.22704, "Long": -120.85346, "Description": "November: On the 15th, a man named Domingo lynched by a mob for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, 6 Jan 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.85346, 38.22704 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1546, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Rich Gulch", "Location": "Rich Gulch", "Lat": 38.33071, "Long": -120.63041, "Description": "December: On the 22nd, two Mexicans hanged by a vigilance committee for alleged murder.", "Source": "Journals of Alfred Doten as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.63041, 38.33071 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1547, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "MA", "Location": "MA", "Lat": 42.33285, "Long": -71.27057, "Description": "December: Riot against hiring aliens by city government.", "Source": "Billington, p.335", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.27057, 42.33285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1548, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Mexican-American bandits kill local judge. Some bandits apprehended. Several taken from court house and hanged.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" 57 (1972), 17", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; American; Hispanic; Vigilante; Alleged Bandit; ALleged Criminal", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Prisoner; Mexican; American; Hispanic; Alleged Bandit; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1555, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/02", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Belen", "Location": "Belen, NM", "Lat": 34.66193, "Long": -106.77129, "Description": "February: Patricio Chaves and Domingo Ramón Apodaca hanged for unknown reason on 16 February.", "Source": "Archives of the Archdiocese of Sante Fe; Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patricio Chaves; Domingo Ramón Apodaca", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.77129, 34.66193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1558, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Mexican hanged by vigilantes for alleged murder, \"in the presence of the 'whole people - all concurring'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1559, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: A Mexican accused of murder captured in Mexico and returned to Texas to be lynched.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1560, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Six Mexicans shot by Anglos for allegedly murdering Thomas Harris.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1561, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 1st, A vigilance committee convicted and hanged Carlos Esclava for alleged theft. A crowd of between 800 and 1000 estimated to be present.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 3 April 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Esclava", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1562, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 12th, a man named Flores was taken from officers and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 3 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1563, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Election riot between Germans and Native Americans (WASP?) in 1st ward, German ward. Maybe Irish attacked, too.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176; Faherty. \"Nativism and Midwest Ed.\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "German; American; Nativist; Irish; Political", "Target Classification": "German; American; Nativist; Irish; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1564, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "One hundred miles from Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "April: On the 29th, two Mexicans tracked for over one hundred miles and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 5 May 1852; Collins, Sam Ward as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1565, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yreka", "Location": "Klamath river near Yreka", "Lat": 41.73165, "Long": -122.63781, "Description": "May: John Balthus, described as a \"Half-breed Mexican,\" convicted for theft of $800 in gold by a vigilance committee. The vigilantes shot and killed Balthus.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 18 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Mixed Race; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Balthus", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.63781, 41.73165 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1567, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Indian Bar", "Location": "Indian Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.01202, "Long": -121.20204, "Description": "June: Americans expell all foreigners, and flogged some Hispanics.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.20204, 40.01202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1568, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa Creek", "Location": "Mariposa Creek, CA", "Lat": 37.25559, "Long": -120.28558, "Description": "June: Self-appointed ranger company led by \"Captain\" Reynolds arrested a Mexican operator and 20 workers in defiance of 400 outraged Mexicans and French. They sold off the mine equipment and distributed $1000 to the American crowd as payment for their time.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Reynolds", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.28558, 37.25559 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1569, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 10th, a mob of mostly French goldseekers lynched José Cheverino for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 16 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; French", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Cheverino", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1570, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 11th, Cruz Flores lynched for allegedly being an accomplice to murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 12 and 14 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accomplice", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cruz Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1571, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 20th, Domingo Hernandez lynched by a vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Aug. 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo Hernandez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1572, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Vigilantes removed Capistrano Lopez and an unknown Mexican from jail and lynched them for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 28 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Capistrano Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1573, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Creek", "Location": "Sutter's Creek, CA", "Lat": 38.39187, "Long": -120.80431, "Description": "July: On the 21st, a vigilance committee lashed a Mexican, Pansa, 75 times and hanged him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 23 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pansa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80431, 38.39187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1574, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: On the 24th, a vigilance committee lynched Doroteo Zavaleta and Jesús Rivas for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 31 July 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doroteo Zavaleta; Jesús Rivas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1577, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: During longshoreman strike, strikers threatened and assaulted those who worked. German and black workers used as strikebreakers and had to be escorted to their homes by police. Most strikers were Irish.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82, 130; Times, October 23, 1852", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Black; German; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1578, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: On the 29th, Reyes Feliz hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 16 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reyes Feliz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1579, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: On the 12th, Cipriano Sandoval, Benito Lopez, and Barumas all lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cipriano Sandoval; Benito Lopez; Barumas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1580, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mora", "Location": "Mora, NM", "Lat": 35.97255, "Long": -105.33211, "Description": "Late: Gabriel Luhan and José de la Cruz Vigil (a \"Hispanicized Navajo\") hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Native; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gabriel Luhan; José de la Cruz Vigila", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.33211, 35.97255 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1582, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Lasalle", "Location": "Lasalle, Illinois", "Lat": 41.330127, "Long": -89.09299, "Description": "December: Irish canal workers, angered by a 20% cut in pay, attacked the contractor's house and beat him to a pulp. Before order could be restored, authorities killed one rioter.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Workers,\" p.10,11,23,24;NY Tribune, December 15, 1852", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.09299, 41.330127 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1585, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yankee Camp", "Location": "Yankee Camp, CA", "Lat": 39.02946, "Long": -120.86116, "Description": "January: \"Big Bill\" lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Democratic State Journal, 31 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Big Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.86116, 39.02946 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1586, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Murphy's Camp", "Location": "Murphy's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.13807, "Long": -120.45999, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Elias S. Ketchum Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.45999, 38.13807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1587, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angel's Camp", "Location": "Angel's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.0726, "Long": -120.53938, "Description": "February: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican lynched after confessing to have aided outlaw Joaquin Murrieta.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accessory", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.53938, 38.0726 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1588, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Montery, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 8th, two unknown Mexicans seized from authorities after alleged horse theft. The men were lynched.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1589, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "February: On the 15th, vigilance committee hanged Antonio Valencia for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 17 Feb. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Valencia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1590, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Andreas", "Location": "San Andreas, CA", "Lat": 38.19664, "Long": -120.67932, "Description": "February: On the 20th, Juan Sanchez lynched for admitting to being a part of Joaquin Murrieta's outlaw band.", "Source": "Placer Herald (Auburn), 5 Mar. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.67932, 38.19664 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1594, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "March: Concern for an Irish Catholic girl who had been converted to protestantism and then dissappeared led to crowd action. Militia was called out to prevent an attack on a Catholic church, but one Irish home was torn down.", "Source": "Billington, p.312-313", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church; Irish", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1600, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "July: On the 25th, Palonio Sanchez, an alleged horse thief, seized from authorities and lynched.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 29 July, 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Palonio Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1604, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinoistown", "Location": "Illinoistown, Ill", "Lat": 38.62657, "Long": -90.15161, "Description": "August: Ethnic labor riot. No Irish involved.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Labor,\" p.21", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.15161, 38.62657 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1607, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Martinez", "Location": "Martinez, CA", "Lat": 38.01647, "Long": -122.13061, "Description": "September: On the 4th, José Maria Ochoa lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Maria Ochoa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.13061, 38.01647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1608, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "October: On the 13th, Bernardo Daniel, Higuerro, and three unknown Mexicans lynched for the alleged \"murder of San Jose dry goods peddler.\"", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 22 Oct. 1853, 10 Dec. 1853; Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 4 Nov. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernardo Daniel; Higuerro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1613, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Daniel Parsons arrested for inciting a riot with his nativist speeches. A mob swarmed the mayor's home and Parsons was soon released.", "Source": "Beales.Brass-Knuckle Crusade, p.125; Billington, p.307", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Elected Official; Legal; Mayor", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Daniel Parsons", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1617, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "August: Nativist riot lasting several days. Claim that an Irishman stabbed an American in the back led to Nativist attack on Irish neighborhood. 50-60 houses destroyed with axes, etc. Irish fought back. 8-10 killed, many injured. Began August 7th, election day.", "Source": "McMaster, p.8,87; Billington, p.421", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1618, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Two murderers sentenced separately to hanging. The Anglo was given a stay; the Mexican was hanged immediately. Mexicans angered at this difference in treatment stormed the jail and lynched the Anglo.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.20-21", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; Vigilante; Hispanic; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Prisoner; Protestant; Anglo; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1626, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angle", "Location": "Angle, CA", "Lat": 37.34968, "Long": -119.57638, "Description": "February: On the 11, Dollores and an unknown Mexican lynched for the alleged murder of an Anglo. Their bodies were left hanging from the tree to decompose.", "Source": "Columbia Gazette, 25 Feb. 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Woman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dollores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.57638, 37.34968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1629, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Wheeling", "Location": "Wheeling, VA", "Lat": 40.06247, "Long": -80.72126, "Description": "January: Anti-Bedini rioters threaten him. Several hundred Irishmen armed themselves and protected Bedini and the Catholic churches.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio; Irish; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.72126, 40.06247 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1639, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/03", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "March: Mob threatens a convent after charge that an American girl was held there against her will. Authorities, aided by armed Irishmen, prevented the destruction of the convent.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Americam; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Convent; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1644, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Chelsea", "Location": "Chelsea, MA", "Lat": 42.39083, "Long": -71.03187, "Description": "May: Protestant Preacher John S. Orr, the Angel Gabriel, incicted a crowd to break windows of Roman Catholics and tear down the cross. There was also a fight with Irish laborers and a faceoff with police. Troops prevented the destruction of another church.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.86-87; Washington Daily Union, August 23, 1854; Billington, p.305-306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Church; Religious; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.03187, 42.39083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1645, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Street preacher named West incited a crowd at Grand street and East Broadway against Catholics. They marched on City Hall where they assaulted men that looked like Irishmen. The police dispersed the mob, arresting two, both carpenters.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196; Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "West", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1647, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: New York preacher with body guard went to an Irish neighborhood to harrangue about Romanism. A crowd of 1,000 had followed him. Soon numbers swelled to 20,000. Irish began to object, blows exchanged, bricks thrown, pistols fired. Many injured and sixy arrested. Preacher had left soon after fighting broke out. National Guard called out, but by the time they arrived fighting was over.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1648, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Catholic speaker Samuel G. Moses triggered several riots on Sundays. Most serious occurred on the 4th, when Irish broke up the meeting. Pistols were fired and several injuries sustained. The militia had to be called out to quell the disturbance. Native gang called \"Wide Awakes\" involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.319; Cook.Armies, p.21", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1649, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Angel Gabriel (Orr) and Rev. John Booth speak on Atlantic avenue near Hoyt street to crowd of 10,000. Orr started to go over the ferry afterwards, and two Irishmen attacked him. They were arrested, but other Irish came to rescue them. A battle ensued and the militia had to be called in.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197; Billington, p.306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Religious; Preacher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Booth; John S. Orr", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1650, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "June: Know nothing\/Irish riot. Yankees parade militia through Irish neighborhood along Lowell street followed by Yankee boys. Irish throw stones, etc. at them and general disturbance broke out. A few evenings later Irish again in the streets ignore mayor's efforts to disperse them. The Irish reacted this way because they believed there would be an attackon St. Patrick's Convent School.", "Source": "Mitchell.The Paddy Camps, p.135-140", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1651, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Nashua", "Location": "Nashua, NH", "Lat": 42.76441, "Long": -71.46881, "Description": "June: Hector Orr excited a mob to attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Billington, p.366; Beales.Br. Kn. Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hector Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.46881, 42.76441 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1652, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Vicente Rancho", "Location": "San Vicente Rancho, CA", "Lat": 37.30105, "Long": -121.8346, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Nemesio Berreyesa taken from his home and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nemesio Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.8346, 37.30105 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1653, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, NH", "Lat": 42.99685, "Long": -71.45876, "Description": "July: Nativist riot in which houses of Irish Catholics sacked and R.C. church windows broken.", "Source": "McMaster VIII, p.87; Washington Union, July 7, 1854", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.45876, 42.99685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1654, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Bath", "Location": "Bath, Maine", "Lat": 43.91163, "Long": -69.82096, "Description": "July: Street preacher denounces Catholics, Jesuits and foreigners. That evening crowd of 1,500 rushed to Old South Church used by Catholics, gutted the place and set it on fire. Street preacher probably Orr - it was. They displayed an American flag from the church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197; Beale.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.82096, 43.91163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1655, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "July: Nativists burn Catholic church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Beales.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1656, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, MA", "Lat": 42.70582, "Long": -71.16351, "Description": "July: Claiming that the Irish had flown an American flag upside down, know-nothings marched to Irish neighborhood firing pistols and shouting abuse. Some fighting erupted and the Nativists wrecked about 20 Irish homes. Some 1,500 Natvisits involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.16351, 42.70582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1657, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mob attacked cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, but building saved by arrival of police.", "Source": "Billington, p.309", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1658, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Street preacher opposite American Hotel attacked Romanism. Some Irish attempted to interrupt and a fight ensued using fists, brickbats, and clubs.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1660, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Group of German turners attacked by some Irish.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.130; Tribune, July 26, 1854", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1661, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 25th, an unnamed Mexican man lynched with a log-chain for the alleged murder of a Chinese miner.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 8 Sept 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1664, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "September: On the 2nd, vigilance committee hangs José Higuera for alleged murder of an Anglo constable.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1665, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "September: Democrats and Know-Nothings fought each throughout 2nd ward election. Same thing occurred at 6th ward. At least 200 Irishmen came to help Democrats there.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.112-114", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1669, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "Late: Mateo Andrade, an alleged thief, lynched after escaping from San Quentin on the 29th of July.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo Andrade", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1670, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Joaquin river in Contra Costa County", "Location": "Contra Costa Co., CA", "Lat": 37.95884, "Long": -122.03331, "Description": "January: On the 22nd, a vigilance committee hangs Salvador Valdéz and two unknown Chileans for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 27 Jan., 1855", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Salvador Valdéz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.03331, 37.95884 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1672, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Doña Ana", "Location": "Doña Ana, NM", "Lat": 32.39009, "Long": -106.81521, "Description": "March: Four unknown Mexicans taken from jail and lynched \"for robbing an Anglo clerk and 'abusing' his wife.\"", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 31 Mar. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.81521, 32.39009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1673, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jesus Maria", "Location": "Jesus Maria, CA", "Lat": 38.28579, "Long": -120.64723, "Description": "April: On the 22nd, Justo Betancour taken from magistrate's office and lynched.", "Source": "Georgetown Weekly News, 10 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Magistrate", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Justo Betancour", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.64723, 38.28579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1674, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati, Ohio", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Nativist election riots. On the 2nd a mob of 300-400 nativists invade German area and destroyed 1,300 German ballots because of reported ballot stuffing. Intermittent attacks on Germans and Irish followed. German barricaded the streets in the Over-the-Rhine area. When 400 nativists invaded on the night of the 3rd the Germans were well organized and trained, beat them back. Killing two. Scattered violence continued through the 4th.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.188-189", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; German; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1675, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "April: Demonstration against tavern licensing. Germans objected to the measure. Police broke up 1st demonstration, but when the Germans returned prepared for a confrontation a riot broke out. One German killed; one peace officer had his arm blown off by a shotgun.", "Source": "Johnson. (??), p.32", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1676, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "El Paso", "Location": "El Paso, TX", "Lat": 31.77285, "Long": -106.46437, "Description": "May: Four unknown Mexicans lynched for '\"outrage on a family.'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 12 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Rapist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.46437, 31.77285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1677, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 7th, a vigilance committee hanged Trancolino, Puertovino, and José for alleged murder.", "Source": "Empire County Argus (Coloma), 11 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Trancolino; Puertovino; José", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1678, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Texas Bar", "Location": "Texas Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.65082, "Long": -122.94344, "Description": "August: On the 10th, Manuel Castro \"Taken from law officers and hanged.\"", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.94344, 40.65082 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1679, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "August: On the 15th, Rafael Escobar taken from law officers and lynched in front of a large crowd.", "Source": "Autobiography of Charles Peters as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Escobar", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1680, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Gopher Flat", "Location": "Gopher Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.39744, "Long": -120.80025, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lycnhed for alleged murder.", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80025, 38.39744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1681, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: A posse, which was seeking suspects in the Rancheria murders, hanged Manuel García and at least six other, unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 25 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1684, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "August: Nativist mob with knives, muskets, and cannon sought to attack a Catholic church. The mayor dissuaded them, but the nativists attacked Irish neighborhood, burning down houses. In the fighting between the two sidse, at least 20 killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, [.199", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "20", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1694, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "May: Ethnic rioting during municipal election. Several brawls occurred. In one case three Germans were chased from the polls and took refuge in a tavern on Market street. Gun barrels appeared from the upper windows and the Nativists broke in, destroyed furniture and barroom fixtures. Fighting limited to 1st and 2nd wards.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.136-137", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Political", "Target Classification": "German; Political; Merchant; Tavern", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1695, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "May: The American Fire Companies sounded a false alarm and ambushed the German Hook and Ladder company at Main and Eighth streets. They demolished the German wagon and threw it into the Ohio river.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know-Nothing Riots,\" p.137", "Type": "Firefighter; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; German", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1698, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: A deputy constable shot a Mexican while seizing his guitar for debt. Natives rose in revolt, so Anglos organized their own committees. Some 11 prisoners given death sentences by summary court.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal Q., 54 (1972) 22", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "11", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1699, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "July: Know-nothings held a rally in the predominatly Irish 8th ward. During the speaking, some disturbances and rock throwing erupted.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know Nothing Riots,\" p.139", "Type": "Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1704, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "September: Roving band of rowdies attack and maltreat drunken Irishmen.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Middle America (1951) p.73", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1706, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Hill's Ferry", "Location": "One Mile From Hill's Ferry", "Lat": 37.34855, "Long": -120.97997, "Description": "October: On the 19th, a vigilance committee hanged Francisco Tapia, Jesus Pino, Francisco Sanchez, and an unknown German for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 29 Nov. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Tapia; Jesus Pino; Francisco Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.97997, 37.34855 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1714, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Corpus Christi", "Location": "Corpus Christi", "Lat": 27.74044, "Long": -97.40196, "Description": "December: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Dec. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.40196, 27.74044 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1715, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Snelling", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "December: On Christmas Eve, an unknown Mexican was siezed from Law Officer and lynched for alleged cattle theft. ", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 30 Dec., 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1721, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: Crowd took Mexican prisoners - one a bandit involved in 1855 revolt - out of jail and executed both by hanging.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.22", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1722, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterrey", "Location": "Monterrey", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: On the 11th, three unknown Mexicans taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder, apparently with little proof.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 16 May 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1724, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Organization of S.F. vigilance committee by middle and upper class Protestants to counter Irish-Catholic political machine and violence. On May 12, Comm. Seized two accused murderers, tries and executes them. Committee then active in arresting and banishing others. Confronts governor's forces and wins. Tries and executes two others and disbands in August.", "Source": "H+W p.458-462", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Vigilante; Protestant; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1727, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "June: Unknown Mexican \"hanged for stealing horses and robbing a church.\"", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, 8 July 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1728, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: Great deal of election rioting, mostly by know-nothings. At least two men killed and a score wounded. Maybe 4 men killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Asbury.French Quarter, p.295-296", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1735, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: \"Rip-Rap\" and Wanpawoag Clubs attack 17th ward house kept by James clar on Light street, opposite Warren. Bricks used and some shots fired. One man killed, several wounded during half hour battle. Police eventually disperse rioters Nativist battle.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.549; H+W, p.93", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Gang", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; Rip-Rap; Wanpawoag; Gang", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Clar", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1736, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "November: Serious election rioting throughout city, especially at 2nd and 8th ward polls. Eight killed, about 150 wounded as Democrats and know-nothings square off. Some common brought into play as know-nothings, despite strong democratic resistance, carry the day. Other reports (now Scharf) say 17 dead, 67 wounded.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.550-552", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist; Democrat; Know-Nothing", "Target Classification": "Political; Nativist; Democrat; Know-Nothing", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "17", "Recorded # Injured": 67, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1744, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Vigilantes organize, they hang four men, expel many others, breaking up Irish Democratic machine.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.156-188", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Democrat; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1760, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Watsonville", "Location": "Pajaro River, Near Watsonville", "Lat": 36.90904, "Long": -121.75208, "Description": "October: José Castro hanged by Matt Tarpy and his vigilantes for alleged attempted murder. Tarpy and his men had to seize Castro from a group of Mexicans who tried to protect him.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 1 and 15 Nov. 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Matt Tarpy", "Persons Named as Targets": "José Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.75208, 36.90904 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1771, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "January: On the 29th, a mob, angered by the death of an Anglo sheriff, hanged Juan Catabo, shot and decapitated Miguel Soto, and shot Diego Navarro, Pedro Lopez, Juan Valenzuela, and two unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Diego Navarro; Pedro Lopez; Juan Valenzuela; Miguel Soto; Juan Catabo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1772, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Buenaventura", "Location": "San Buenaventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, Encarnacion Berreyesa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "El Clamor Publico (Los Angeles), 28 Mar. and 9 May 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Encarnacion Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1773, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Ventura", "Location": "Near Ventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, José Jesus Espinosa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, Mar. 17, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Jesus Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1774, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 3rd, Francisco or Guerro Ardillero hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Ardillero; Guerro Ardillero", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1775, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Nietos", "Location": "Los Nietos", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 6th, two unknown Mexicans hanged and one shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1776, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 14th, Juan Flores hanged for alleged murder of Anglo sheriff.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 2 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1777, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 16th, a mob of two hundred seized José Anastacio García from jail and lynched him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 28 Feb. 1857; Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12 May 1877 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Anastacio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1778, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "El Monte", "Location": "Near El Monte", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: \"Mexican Joe\" hanged and decapitated for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bartlett, ed. Reminiscences of a Ranger as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mexican Joe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1779, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: José Santos hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pacific Sentinel, 21 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Santos", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1780, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe", "Location": "Sante Fe, NM", "Lat": 35.68641, "Long": -105.96308, "Description": "March: On the 11th, Manuel Ribera was \"shot through the bars of his jail cell\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 14 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Ribera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.96308, 35.68641 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1782, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Goliad", "Location": "Near Goliad", "Lat": 28.66828, "Long": -97.38883, "Description": "April: 8 unknown Mexicans lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Antonio Herald, 18 Apr. 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.38883, 28.66828 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1796, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Bowery Boys and Dead Rabbits battle it out in the 6th ward. Arrival of Metropolitan Police had little effect. Beaten by the Dead Rabbits, only the arrival of a crowd of Bowery Boys enabled the Police to retreat. Twelve were killed, including two policemen. 41 injured. More fighting continued the next day and two regiments of militia needed to quell the disorder.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.41", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "12", "Recorded # Injured": 41, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1799, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Two Germans fighting collected a great crowd on the corner of 3rd street and Ave B. With the fight over two policemen arrived to disperse the crowd. When one man refused to move, a policeman clubb him. The crowd became threatening. Sergeant Lockwood arrived in the German area with seven more policemen and asserted his authority. He and the police were driven back under a hail of brickbats and rocks. More police arrived and clubbed their way through the crowd. They began to shoot. Crowd dispersed. One man killed.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.44-45", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lockwood", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1805, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Escondido Creek", "Location": "Near Escondido Creek", "Lat": 28.8515, "Long": -97.80954, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged killing of a cow.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Aug 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.80954, 28.8515 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1812, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: More election rioting as know-nothings prevent immigrant from voting and win local elections. 11,898 to 2,792. In the 8th ward. Ser. William Jordan of the police killed.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.558-563; H+W, p.93", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Jordan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1817, "year": 1857, "date": "1875\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Irish and Native American (WASP?) riot.", "Source": "Headley, p.310-311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1820, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Omaha", "Location": "Omaha, NE", "Lat": 41.25819, "Long": -95.93812, "Description": "February: Members of the Omaha Claim Club arrested an Irishman named Michael Callahan for alleged claim jumping. Callahan was repeatedly dunked under the frozen ice of the Missouri River to induce him to surrender the claim. After three submersions, Callahan finally gave in. He would die within the year, probably of sickness resulting from the torture.", "Source": "Sorenson, Early History of Omaha, 106.", "Type": "Land; Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Claim Club; Squatter", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Michael Callahan", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.93812, 41.25819 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1835, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Irish and Native American (WASP?) riots.", "Source": "Headley, p.310-311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1836, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Irish attack and eventually beat up some German picnickers.", "Source": "Degler, p.130-131, N.2; Tribune, June 30, 1857", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1839, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: German target company attacked by Irish and some boys on 39th street.", "Source": "Degler; Times, July 15, 1857", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Youth", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1847, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Young boilermakers, tinsmiths, and brassfinishers riot during elections against nativism. Some arrested.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.110, 102", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Boilermaker; Tinsmith; Brassfinisher; Worker; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Nativist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1852, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Brownsville Nueces Valley Weekly, 23. Jan 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1853, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: Jesus Anastasia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal, 26 Feb. 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesus Anastasia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1856, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Albuquerque", "Location": "Albuquerque, NM", "Lat": 35.0834, "Long": -106.65368, "Description": "March: Carlos Martínez beaten and hanged for alleged assault on girl aged 8 or 9.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Martínez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.65368, 35.0834 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1858, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "El Moro", "Location": "El Moro, NM", "Lat": 35.04345, "Long": -108.32109, "Description": "May: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 15 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -108.32109, 35.04345 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1859, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "May: On the 13th, Santos Peralta lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Santos Peralta", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1865, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Americans and Catholics fight.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1868, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Workers strike at water works. Refuse to let others work. Irish-Americans split. Sheriff assaulted.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1870, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "San Antonio", "Location": "Near San Anontio, TX", "Lat": 29.488912, "Long": -98.532532, "Description": "May: On the 29th, 40 masked men seized Nicanor Urdiales, Pablo Longoria, Francisco Huizan, and Felipe Lopez from Mission San Jose for alleged theft. The vigilantes lynched the men.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicanor Urdiales; Pablo Longoria; Francisco Huizan; Felipe Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.532532, 29.488912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1878, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: Joaquin Valenzuela and Luciano Tapia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joaquin Valenzuela; Luciano Tapia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1879, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: Know-nothing ruffians invade the Registrar of Voters and seized registration lists. They held them for several days, striking opponents off the list.", "Source": "Asbury.French Quarter, p.297", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Know Nothing; Political", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1881, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 12th, Pío Linares shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pío Linares", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1882, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 14th, Miguel Blanco, Rafael Herrada, and Deiderio Grijalva lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miguel Blanco; Rafael Herrada; Deiderio Grijalva", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1883, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 19th, José Antonio García lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Antonio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1884, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 28th, Nieves Robles shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nieves Robles", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1892, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Irish and German laborers fight near the Miami Canal when Germans agreed to work less wages than the Irish, thus threatening Irish jobs.", "Source": "Ross.Workers…, p.104", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "German; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1893, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "September: Party of rowdies attack newspaper office of the German paper Correspondent, corner of Baltimore and Gay streets, storing the building and breaking windows.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.565; Tuska, p.240", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "German; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1894, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Irish-Italian riot.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Italian", "Target Classification": "Irish; Italian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1895, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "October: Know-nothings prevented their opponents from going near the polls during municipal election.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.565-566;H+W, p.93", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; Know Nothing; Political; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1897, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "November: On the 30th, Pancho Daniel \"taken from jail and hanged\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pancho Daniel", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1898, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Election Day fighting. Mayor interfered in fighting in 6th ward. Dead Rabbits fire into the crowd. Police forget partisans elsewhere as well.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.29-30", "Type": "Political; Gang; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Irish; Political; Dead Rabbit", "Target Classification": "Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1916, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Nebraska", "Sublocation": "Nebraska City", "Location": "Nebraska City", "Lat": 40.67578, "Long": -95.85861, "Description": "May: A German doctor, Raynor, shot Gideon Bennett in the leg. Raynor had been trying to take Bennett to jail when Bennett attacked Raynor with a club, prompting the shooting. Raynor was placed in jail but released, thanks to the testimony of Francis Bell and B.P. Rankin. A mob grew angry at the news of the shooting and threatened to lynch Raynor, but were eventually calmed by Judge Miller.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, May 14, 1859", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "German", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Raynor", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.85861, 40.67578 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1917, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Sonoita Valley", "Location": "Sonoita Valley, AZ", "Lat": 31.67984, "Long": -110.65523, "Description": "May: On the 9th, four unknown Mexicans shot and killed. An Anglo had been murdered, and other Anglos were attempting to drive Mexicans from the region when the killings occured.", "Source": "Tuscon Weekly Arizonian, 12-28 May 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.65523, 31.67984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1929, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tucson", "Location": "Tucson", "Lat": 32.20832, "Long": -110.95956, "Description": "August: On the 3rd, Rafael Polaco hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Weekly Arizonian, 30 June and 20 October 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Polaco", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.95956, 32.20832 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1930, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Near Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "August: On the 23rd, after Francisco Badillo was found not guilty of horse theft, both Badillo and his son were lynched.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 3 Sept. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Badillo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1936, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/10", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tubac", "Location": "Near Tubac, AZ", "Lat": 31.61609, "Long": -111.05073, "Description": "October: Unknown Mexican shot and then had ears cut off for alleged murder.", "Source": "Tucson Weekly Arizonian, 20 Oct 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.05073, 31.61609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1938, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "November: Tomás Cabrera taken from jail and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Corpus Christi Ranchero, 26 Nov. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tomás Cabrera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1962, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City, CO", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "Spring: Unknown Mexican lynched by vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 3 Sept. 1860 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1975, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "July: Unknown, reportedly Mexican victim lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Catholic; Mexican; Hispanic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1982, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Mob attempts to take murderer James Gordon from officials. Althogh they roughed him up, ultimately their efforts failed. Gordon had murdered John Gantz in Denver and there were many Germans who knew the victim in Leavenworth. A judge had ordered Gordon's release because of jurisdictional questions.", "Source": "Gower. \"Vigilantes,\" Colorado Magazine, 41 (series) 1941, 93-104 and Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "German; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": null, "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Gordon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1999, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Arizona City", "Location": "Arizona City", "Lat": 32.75186, "Long": -111.67314, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Mateo García hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Semi-Weekly Southern News, 30 Jan. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.67314, 32.75186 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2009, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "March: On the 22nd, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sante Fe Gazette, 13 April 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2011, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "April: On the 10th, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Mesilla Times, 23 Mar. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2017, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "Near San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "September: On the 13th, F. Rameris was hanged for alleged sexual assualt. He was rescued, only to be taken from the jail and hanged again.", "Source": "Sacremento Union, 26 Sept 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "F. Rameris", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2021, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "October: Young Francisco Cota taken from police officers and lynched. He had shot an Anglo shopkeeper and his wife.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Youth", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Cota", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2027, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Pro-secession mobs active in attacking local targets. One group sacked the German Turner Hall because it was reported that some German turners had volunteered to go to Washington in defense of the capital. Another group attacked the German abolition paper the Wecker at Frederick near Gay street.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.600-601", "Type": "War; Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Press; German; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2039, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelby", "Location": "Shelby, Indiana", "Lat": 41.19475, "Long": -87.34713, "Description": "August: Fight broke out between Germans and Americans at a dance at the Turner Hall. Two Germans were stabbed; one American stabbed.", "Source": "\"Turbulent Times,\" p.83", "Type": "Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; German", "Target Classification": "American; German", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.34713, 41.19475 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2053, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, Luzerne Co., PA", "Lat": 41.506797, "Long": -75.55603, "Description": "September: Enrollment officer on armed guard and Catholic priest at 1st successfully in enrolling Irish miners. Some scuffling occurred and some women arrested. In the evening a crowd attacked the hotel with the enrollment officer in it. In the ensuing riot stones were thrown and the military fired into the crowd, fatally shooting one man and wounding several others.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "Military; Anti-War; War; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Priest; Military; Enlistment Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.55603, 41.506797 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2058, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Jacksonville", "Location": "Jacksonville, Illinois", "Lat": 39.7968, "Long": -89.64551, "Description": "May: Constable and six man posse enter Portuguese section - called Madiena - to recover a stolen horse. They were attacked by about 100 armed Portuguese. Later, Fry returned with white mob. But bloodshed avoided. This was referred to as the Battle of Madiera.", "Source": "Doyle.Social Order, p.129", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.64551, 39.7968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2065, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Rioting between white and black boatmen triggered by competition over jobs and wages. Irish coworkers attacked black people, their homes (setting some on fire) and beat African Americans. Some African Americans retaliated by attacking and burning Irish houses.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 257", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2067, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Irish dock workers angered by black workers working for less, rioted for two days, including attacks on black homes.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.195", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2072, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Irish dock workers attack black dock workers.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 260-261", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Dock Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Dock Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2075, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, PA", "Lat": 41.49509, "Long": -75.5372, "Description": "September: Irish women drive off enrolling officer and two US cavalry men guard from \"Shanty Town.\" The Irish women attacked a German shoestore and beat people there. When the officer later entered the coal mining offices, men joined the attack, and broke into the office. More stones, etc. thrown but again enroller escaped. From 150-500 rioters involved.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.100-101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic; Miner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer; German; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.5372, 41.49509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2078, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass", "Location": "Cass, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "October: Women hurling stones impeded draft enrollers. Women probably Irish.", "Source": "Palladin.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2083, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Oregon", "Sublocation": "Auburn", "Location": "Auburn, OR", "Lat": 44.85429, "Long": -117.938, "Description": "November: Tom \"The Spaniard\" hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tom the Spaniard", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.938, 44.85429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2089, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Forestville", "Location": "Forestville, PA", "Lat": 40.69233, "Long": -76.3003, "Description": "December: 200 Molly Maguires attack collieries of William Goyne, stopping production and beat at least 15 men. They also closed the colliery store.", "Source": "Deevees.MM, p.51-52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Gang; Molly Maguire", "Target Classification": "Employer; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 15, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Goyne", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.3003, 40.69233 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2097, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Oil Spring", "Location": "Oil Spring", "Lat": 38.53027, "Long": -105.21323, "Description": "May: Vigilantes from California Gulch tracked alleged murderers for twelve days. The alleged murderers were two Mexican men. The vigilantes killed one, and one escaped. The vigilantes, going through possessions left behind, found a book. An attempt to translate the Spanish led the Anglos to believe that the Mexican men were out to exterminate as many Americans as possible. The Anglos believed the Mexican men to be the Espinosa brothers", "Source": "The Weekly Commonwealth, May 21, 1863", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.21323, 38.53027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2101, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Start in protest of $300 exemption clause of draft. Includes attacks on homes and shops of the rich, but quickly black people become the main focus of rioters' wrath. African Americans lynched from light posts, homes and institutions destroyed. Concerted fight with authorities. Army ordered in and massive street battles ensue. At least 105 died.", "Source": "Cook, Headley, Bernstein.", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Draft; Draft; Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; War; Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Reformer; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed; Mutiliation", "Recorded # Killed": "105", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2108, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: Convicted murderer of an Anglo rancher, Manuel Cerredel, seized aboard steamer taking him to San Quinton and hanged from a yard arm.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.24", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Cerredel", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2110, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Chino", "Location": "Campo Chino, CA", "Lat": 34.01506, "Long": -117.69278, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Luis Seyra and Cosmé Nuñez seized from authorities and killed for alleged murder.", "Source": "House Ex. Doc #73^24 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luis Seyra; Cosmé Nuñez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.69278, 34.01506 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2118, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass Township", "Location": "Cass Township, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "January: 40 Molly Maguires attacked the house of John McDonald breaking his windows and doors and threatening to kill him. He escaped.", "Source": "Dewees.MM, p.52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Molly Maguire; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John McDonald", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2130, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish longshoremen strike. For three days strikers beat up blacks along the cosk in an effort to enforce an \"all-white\" rule and enforce standard wage. Metropolitan police also fought with strikers and when they attempted to protect black people.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Legal; Law Officer; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2133, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Continuation of longshoremen's strike turns violent. Irish strikers drive black workers and others willing to work from the piers.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2138, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "June: Mob pelted provost Marshall with bricks, etc., and left him unconscious and dead in the street. Rioters were Irish and acted after two Irishmen had been arrested for failing to give named to enrolling officers. Several (??) involved.", "Source": "Sterling. Journal of Illinois St. Hist., p.259; Klement.Copperheads, p.79", "Type": "Draft; Military; War; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2146, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Irish stevedores attack black stevedores for supposedly taking white jobs. Shots exchanged, some black and white people wounded. Whites attacked black neighborhood called \"Dug's Dive\"", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. Hist., 34 (1949) 262", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Stevedore", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2154, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "July: Mob of German-Americans gathered around the courthouse and prevented the provost-marshal from drawing names for the draft. A group of soldiers appeared and mob broke up.", "Source": "Shankman. \"Draft Resistance,\" p.195", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; German", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2162, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Bannack", "Location": "Bannack, MT", "Lat": 45.16054, "Long": -112.99615, "Description": "January: Vigilante action against a gang of thieves and murderers. Henry Plummer, sheriff of Bannock and Virginia, led the criminal band. Vigilantes lynched Plummer, George Lane, George Ives, Ned Ray, Buck Stinson, John Wagner alias Dutch John, Red alias Bevens, Brown, Hayes Lyon, Jack Gallagher, Frank Parish, and Boone Helm. Joe Pizanthia, known as \"Spanish Frank,\" hanged and corpse burned.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead and \"LYNCH LAW AMONG THE MORMONS\" Glasgow Herald March 26, 1864", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "13", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe \"Spaniard Frank\" Pizanthia;  Henry Plummer; George Lane; George Ives; Ned Ray; Buck Stinson; John \"Dutch John\" Wagner; Reed alias Bevens; Brown; Hayes Lyon; Jack Gallagher; Frank Parish; Boone Helm", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.99615, 45.16054 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2163, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Natividad", "Location": "Natividad", "Lat": 36.73301, "Long": -121.59671, "Description": "February: On the 9th, Patrocinio Lopez lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 12 Feb 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrocinio Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.59671, 36.73301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2164, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Pedro", "Location": "San Pedro", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 18th, Jesús Arellanes lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "H. H. Bancroft, Reference Notes as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesús Arellanes", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2172, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Nevada", "Sublocation": "La Plata", "Location": "La Plata, NV", "Lat": 39.37784, "Long": -118.22087, "Description": "June: Vigilantes shot and clubbed to death José Aniceto Baldenbro and Simon Montoya for not cooperating with them.", "Source": "Virginia Daily Union (Virginia City), 14 June 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Aniceto Baldenbro; Simon Montoya", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.22087, 39.37784 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2176, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2177, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2178, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69212, "Long": -76.26165, "Description": "January: A crowd of Molly Maguires armed with clubs attacked Thomas Trear and Mr. Benseman.", "Source": "Dewees.MM, p.52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Gang; Molly Maguire; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Trear; Benseman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26165, 40.69212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2193, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Eight Miles from Montery", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: Juan Higuera, the son of 1854 victim, lynched for alleged murder of a deputy.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 19 May 1865 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } }
]
}