var Racial = {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"name": "Racial",
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } },
"features": [
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 45, "year": 1786, "date": "1786\/03", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "March: When two \"moorish\" men appeared mysteriously in town and cold answer questions put to them by a young lawyer (in the street) a mob immediately assembled and the men were taken up. But when carried to a woman who could speak their language it turned out that they were two Jewish men from Algiers who had traveled from Virginia overland.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, April 6, 1786", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Jewish; Algerian", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 117, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Bluet. Evangelist John Marrant describes how he was harassed by a mob of about 40 who interrupted his preaching in the West end of Boston. Marrant escaped immediate harm, returned to his home, followed by the crowd who then pelted rocks on his house.", "Source": "Brooks. \"Emergence of a Black Print Counterpublic,\"WMQ, 3rd ser., 62 (2005), 76", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White Supremacist", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Marrant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 147, "year": 1792, "date": "1792\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: About 9 o'clock in the evening about 20 black people assembled \"in a riotous manner\" in Catherine St. They threw some fire into a stable but two or three citizens interceded and chased the black people away - all escaped and not much damage was done. The fire was taken from a bonfire some children had set at the corner of Almond St.", "Source": "N.Y. Diary, October 3, 1792", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 163, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/9", "State": "Delaware", "Sublocation": "Milford", "Location": "Milford, DE", "Lat": 38.91133, "Long": -75.42867, "Description": "September: A crowd, terrfied of Yellow Fever, seized dry goods coming from Philadelphia, and, afraid of the possibility of contagion, burned the load. A woman in the wagon was stripped and tarred and feathered. A black man, who drove the wagon, escaped \"with the utmost difficulty.\"", "Source": "National gazette. [volume], October 02, 1793, Page 387, Image 3", "Type": "Envrionmental; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Woman; Merchant; Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humilation; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.42867, 38.91133 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 201, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Western Penn", "Location": "Western Penn", "Lat": 40.900937, "Long": -79.714604, "Description": "August: James Brison was driven into exile by Whiskey Boys (others had, too). Two days after he left, a mob search the house of a state deputy attorney that Brison had stayed in the first night out. They also chased a \"Mulatto\" woman they believed was Brison in disguise.", "Source": "Baldwin, p.168", "Type": "Tax; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Tax; Whiskey Boys", "Target Classification": "Elected Official; Woman; Black; Legal; Attorney; Multiracial", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Brison", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.714604, 40.900937 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 304, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Sailors from the US ship Maryland riot between 11 and 12 o'clock at nigt in Argyre street, Fell's Point. \"A large bowditti of those sailors\" gutted a grocer's shop there, destroying all the goods and dispersing them in the street. They beat the grocer and nearly murdered a neighbor. Then the sailors went to the Market house where, if it had not been for the spirited interference of the watch, a black man, who was already badly beaten, would have been killed. With the aid of some citizens several of the rioters were secured and the disturbance was quelled.", "Source": "N.Y.Argus, August 27, 1799", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Racial; Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 3, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 330, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A large number of black people, about 250, surrounded Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen's house, threatened to burn it to the ground, murder all the white people inside and free a number of enslaved people. They were armed with clubs, with a small crowd gathering in the morning and increasing its numbers until the night. The black people were supposedly French. In the evening the watch was called, some resistance was made and 23 were arrested. Riot occurred on Eagle street.", "Source": "NYC General Session 0.9,1801", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; French; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 343, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Black people marched through street, knocking down at least one white man, proclaiming that they would \"show them San Domingo.\"", "Source": "Smelse.Dem Rep., p.44; Chanring.History of the USII, p.134", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 346, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Elkton", "Location": "Elkton, Md", "Lat": 39.609286, "Long": -75.825092, "Description": "September: A number of united Irishmen, canal workers, left off work, went to the race track armed with bludgeons and (??). There they paraded about and became involved in a fight with some blacks. They demolished one free black person's stall and chased the rest of the blacks toward town. The blacks bought protection from the whites. Several gentlemen of the races attempted to intercede. The Irish attacked these gentlemen too and a battle ensued between this mounted gentry armed with whips and Irish ruffians. Some of the gentry were injured, but it is inplied that the rioters got the worst of it, a few of whom, it was said, died afterwards. On their approach to the races the Irish are reported as declaring they could whip double their number of Americans.", "Source": "N.Y.E.P., October 13, 1804", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Protestant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.825092, 39.609286 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 367, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Trustors of African American church complain their church being disturbed by boys and want watchmen to protect them.", "Source": "MCC, 4, p.389", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 403, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Trustees of the African Methodist church complain of riots at their place of worship and against Duncan McDonald, a watchman, for neglect of duty.", "Source": "MCC5: 272, 278", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Methodist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 404, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Wilkinson Co.", "Location": "Nauches", "Lat": 31.216894, "Long": -91.296589, "Description": "September: A number of men bound and abused a \"savage,\" almost within sight of the court house in Wilkson Co., with several suits pending in court, and farry (??) the testimony of a witness these men seized the witness, pulled him from his horse, tied him to stakes, whipped him unmercifully, and cut off both his ears.", "Source": "N.Y. Spectator, November 5, 1808", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Native; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.296589, 31.216894 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 424, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Eighteen black people, both male and female tried for riot. It really appears that they were just very rowdy and disrespectful. All, except for one who was never tried, was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 9, 1809", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Woman", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 457, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/12", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "December: A constable came aboard a NY ship and demanded with a warranted written in French the custody of one crew member - a black man. The captain refused and insisted that the constable get an English warrant. This the constable refused to do. The constable even went and got a written note from the mayor saying that the warrant was valid. Still, the captain remaind steadfast and while he went himself to discuss the issue with the mayor the constable at the head of nine or ten of the city guard and with sabres drawn, attempted to board the vessel. This was opposed by the sailors who armed with handspikes drove them off. The captain arrived to help quell the disturbance. One sailor was dangerously wounded, while several of the guard were hurt.", "Source": "NY Gazette, January 24, 1811", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Black", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 476, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: In the evening there was some sort of confrontation as a gang of young gentlemen harassed a black man in front of St. Paul's on Broadway. When another black man came to his rescue the young gentlemen relented. This gave birth to a brief newspaper debate as to who was in the wrong.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, December 10,11,13, 1811", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 485, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Two black men, carriers of \"necessary tubs in the night time,\" were persistently harassed one evening. Eventually this led to a scuffle and a charge of riot against a shoemaker black man. No conviction was resulted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 11, 1812", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 528, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: About eight or ten people collected in the forenoon in front of the Chatham street theater and beat and insulted black people and some whites.", "Source": "SC Police C. - cases 7433 11", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 532, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: At Northern Liberties a series of race riots occurred between blacks and whites. Reports of a white man being mortally wounded by a stone heaved by a black man and a black shooting and wounding a white with a musket exist. In retaliation, the African American meeting house on the corner of Brown and Fourth streets was attacked and stripped of its weather boards. The sheriff managed to quell the disturbance and several persons were arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, November 12, 1813", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 539, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Complaint of \"sundry Inhabitants\" of the \"riotous conduct of boys assembling on Sundays at the African church corner of Leonard and Church street and of the extreme late hour of the night to which the exercises in said church are continued…\"", "Source": "MCC7:729", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Black; Religious", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 561, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: The attempt of William and Elizabeth Edwards, both African Americans, to replace Andrew Mickle, merchant tailor, with a new tenant ended in a riot. A housing shortage, combined with it being election day, prevented the magistrates from aiding Edwards in evicting Mickle. Taking things into their own hands Mrs. Edwards with a number of African Americans broke into the Mickle apartment and began throwing furniture etc., into the street. Mickle went for the police but returned empty-handed. However, he rallied the gathered crowd, 200 or 300 behind him and counter-attacked. They beat the tenant, a Frenchman. The mayor arrived and installed the Mickles into the aprtment as the last peacable tenants. These are racial here as Mickle was probably Irish (he had shelelish (??) in his apartment).", "Source": "NY City Hall Recorder, June 1816", "Type": "Land; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Landowner; Black; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Landowner; Black; Irish; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Edwards; Elizabeth Edwards; Andrew Mickles", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Edwards; Elizabeth Edwards; Andrew Mickles", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 566, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Several black men were harrassed by, apparently, some Irish men on Bowster street. A white man was also attacked. Two were arrested and tried, one convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1816", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 587, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "St. Mary", "Location": "St. Mary, Md", "Lat": 38.187046, "Long": -76.434074, "Description": "April: Black crowd rioted. At 1st an affray broke out among 150 to 200 African Americans drinking at a (??) shop at St. Inigoes (it was Easter Sunday). The few whites there tried to break it up were turned upon by the African Americans and attacked with sticks and stones. 10 or 20 black people pursued a constable following him to his house after dark, burst in, sacked it, doors and windows were broken in another house, where a gun was fired at them, as well. Rumor had it that a rebellion was contemplated. Several were arrested the next day and thereafter other shops had similar but less serious difficulties.", "Source": "NYEP, April 21, 1817", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; White", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.434074, 38.187046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 601, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Black servant, William Simmons, constantly harrassed by a number of boys. Works for John H. Mathieu. On the night of the 24th some boys rang Mathieu's house door. Simmons opened it and was pelted with stones. Nine persons were tried and convicted of riot.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, August 13, 1818", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Simmons", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 613, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: The African church in the 6th ward was disturbed by two men and unspecified others. The two men refused to leave until the watchmen came and took them away. They were after someone or some people in the chuch. Both convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 8, 1819", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 629, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of African Americans were attacked, beaten and had their tands destroyed by a larger number of youths. This occurred at the marker in Broadway at the Park Gate.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 15, 1819", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 630, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Riot in the evening. Constable arrested a black man on a warrant. In the street, the black man attacked the constable with a stick and continued to hit him when he was down. Other black people joined in. Some whites came to the constable's aid. At first the black people had the upper hand, but eventually the whites got the advantage. Several of the black people were described as \"French persons\" who would not speak a word of English. The riot ended when the prisoner was dragged off in a cart.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, July 23, 1819", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; French", "Target Classification": "White; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 688, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/10", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "October: A vigilante group chased and killed a \"negro banditti\" who had long infested the neighborhood of Nelson's Ferry, and had murdered a Mr. Ford. They were escaped slaves.", "Source": "Williams.Rogues in Villainy, p.65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Alleged Thief; Escaped Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 691, "year": 1824, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "Burning of a \"young slave\" for alleged murder", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Violence and Punishment in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 702, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: About 150 black people attacked white officials as they arrested a runaway slave.", "Source": "Richards, p.33", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 704, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/10", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "October: Riot to drive black people out of community. Group of whites attacked black residents, demolishing building. This occurred before the bigger Hardscrabble riot.", "Source": "Warner, p.273,228-229", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 705, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/10", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "October: Hardscarbble Riot - angered by the refusal of black people to get off the sidewalks on the approach of whites, a white mob attacked the Hardscrabble neighborhood that included houses of ill repute - prostitution and taverns - as well as working class African Americans. Approximately 20 houses destroyed. Some black people resisted at least one white person shot. In subsequent trial of whites, defendants aruged they were doing the community a service.", "Source": "Cottrol, p.50-55", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 723, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: A mob collected to prevent the collection of hogs in a hog cart. The black hog cartmen was attacked as were the marshalls present to protect him. In the 8th ward.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 9, 1825", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Hog Collecter; Worker; Cartman; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 736, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Portland", "Location": "Portland, Me", "Lat": 43.658146, "Long": -70.269149, "Description": "November: Whore house riot - several vigilante closings. One resisted and riot resulted. A black man, who had already been convicted of keeping a house of ill fame, was the one whose house was attacked. Shots were exchanged on both sides. One of the rioters was kiled. Several injured. Stones were thrown.", "Source": "NYAmerican, November 14, 1825", "Type": "Moral Panic; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Brothel; Prostitute; Woman; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.269149, 43.658146 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 737, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/11", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Portland", "Location": "Portland, Me", "Lat": 43.658146, "Long": -70.269149, "Description": "November: Attempt to destroy Gray's house - a black barber, because he had been convicted of keeping a house of ill fame. An attack on Saturday night was not that serious. But the following Monday, the rioters' effort were more concerted. Gray fired upon the crowd, killing one, and the mob, although severely damaging the house and returning the fire, did not destroy the building.", "Source": "H+W p.447-450", "Type": "Moral Panic; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Barber", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destryed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.269149, 43.658146 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 741, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Riot against black actor.", "Source": "Weinbaum,M+D, p.37", "Type": "Theater; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Black; Actor; Theater", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 753, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: A white mob invaded black neighborhood, \"N***** Hill,\" on the northside of the Beacon Hill. Several houses destroyed.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100; Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 768, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Several \"negro rioters\" collected around the city hall and attacked persons who were witnesses or engaged in claiming black fugitives from Virginia. Stones were thrown, sticks used, and whites chased in the streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 9, 1826", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "White; Slave Catcher; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 774, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A large riot which saw Irish and watchmen come to blows. Several watchmen were badly hurt - two of their cops were beat in pieces. It apparently started with an Irish attack on a black man while he was walking in Anthony street. All but ten of the rioters were convicted, including Patrick Winters.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 3, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Winters", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 776, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: After refusing to pay a black man for food and drink served at his \"cook shop\" several butchers beat him and disrupted the restaurant.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, March 9, 1827", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Butcher; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 777, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A number of men, probably black men, were suckered into accompanying a white man to just outside Darby and Jones tavern and Canal street. At a signal a gang from inside came charging out and beat on them.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 7", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 783, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: The Union African Church was disturbed at 8 o'clock. A stone was thrown, a mob formed and services interrupted.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 8", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church; Union African", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 787, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/06", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Perry Co.", "Location": "Perry Co., Alabama", "Lat": 32.440236, "Long": -87.236144, "Description": "June: A mob of 70 or 80 persons burned a black person alive because he had stabbed a white man. The black person had been accused of stealing a small piece of property and (the white person?) was stabbed when hassling the black person about it. The black individual was taken to a Justice, who waived jurisdiction in the case and then led the mob himself as its President. This was the 2nd time in the county that a black person had been so burnt.", "Source": "NYEP, July 25, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Legal; Justice; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.236144, 32.440236 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 800, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: Riot between black and white people. Arose from personal quarrel, others become involved. Several injured. First of these. Whites generally aggressors. Inflamed by(??).", "Source": "Scharf.H of P, p.624", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 846, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Glamster Point", "Location": "Glamster Point, NJ", "Lat": 39.972164, "Long": -75.044147, "Description": "August: A camp (?) meeting of black people, which was held for several days, was broken up by white people. This was near Philadelphia.", "Source": "NYStatesman, August 23, 1828", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.044147, 39.972164 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 870, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnatti", "Location": "Cincinnatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: 3,000 free black people were forced to leave.", "Source": "Kerber. \"Abols…and Analysis,\" NYH p.28", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 893, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: The African church on 6th avenue was distubed during services by a number of boys - one of whom wore his jacked inside out. Stones were thrown and a cart ring was threatened to be ued in hitting someone. This kind of activity occurred frequently. Timothy Duffy and Michael Tweeny were indicted and convicted of riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 14, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Timothy Duffy; Michael Tweeny", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 903, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnatti", "Location": "Cincinnatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: In an attempt to enforce an ordinance driving all black people out of town, a mob attacked the dwelling houses of black people, breaking windows and on Thursday and Friday night. On Saturday night a group of black residents armed themselves. When the white crowd attacked, a gun was fired, killing Ely Herricks, a young man. Ten black and seven white people were arrested that night and the mayor, on Sunday morning, issued a proclamation calling all good citizens to assist the constituted authorities in preserving the public peace.", "Source": "NYCommon Advertiser, August 26, 1829", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ely Herricks", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 906, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Ebenezer church in Elizabeth street, probably for black people, was disrupted during divine services. Some scuffle ensued. Two white men were in the church while more were outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 13, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 915, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: White and black people fought in Cedar Ward following a loud and emotional religious service.", "Source": "Nash.Forging Freedom, p.275", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 916, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: \"A riot between blacks and whites arising out of some personal quarrel in which others than the original disputants became involved…; some persons were injured on both sides and some were arrested. This was the beginning of a series of riots in which white people generally the assailants upon the blacks. They were inflamed by prejudice and strong opposition to the doctrines of the friends of the abolition of slavery, which about this time were beginning to be boldly proclaimed.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott.History of Philadelphia, p.624", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 921, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Portsmouth", "Location": "Portsmouth, Ohio", "Lat": 38.750848, "Long": -82.984155, "Description": "January: \"Black Friday\" whites compell eighty black residents to leave town.", "Source": "Werner, p.230", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.984155, 38.750848 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 923, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Butcher Boys of center market frequently set their dogs on the students of the African free school in Mulberry street. On one occasion they had them attack the instructors son. On another occasion they seized a black girl and held her fast until the dogs had almost torn her clothes off.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, February 27, 1830", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Butcher; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Woman; School", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 941, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/09", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "September: Affray between white and black persons on Belkap street. Black people had frequently sassed white people there and this led to the riot. George Stearns suffered a broken leg and one black person was severely wounded. Reportedly \"Walker's Appeal\" had instilled in the African Americans a sense that they had extraordinary privileges.", "Source": "NYEP, September 24, 1830", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Stearns", "Persons Named as Targets": "George Stearns", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 947, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "New Bedford", "Location": "New Bedford", "Lat": 41.651401, "Long": -70.930255, "Description": "October: As militiamen were coming home from muster there was a quarrel with black people in their settlement at Portmouth, one mile east of NB. That was the 15th. On the night of the 16th a mob assembled and burnt two of the black houses on Saturday night.", "Source": "Com. Adv., October 26, 1830", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "White; Military; Militia", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.930255, 41.651401 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 948, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: African Methodist Union Church harassed by a large mob. Stones were thrown and the door was broken open. The church is located 7th avenue between 16 and 17th streets and the disturbance occurred during the services at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7442 8, October 18, 1830", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Black", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 962, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "April: race Riot. African Americans attacked a group of white people bothering several black girls. White people driven off, seven or eight injured.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 964, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "April: Mob of white people invade black district inflicting minor damage.", "Source": "Werner, p.230", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 980, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "New Market", "Location": "New Market, Maryland", "Lat": 39.382025, "Long": -77.268418, "Description": "August: White (Irish) and black railroad workers began fighting Sunday evening. The disturbance was easily quelled. At 3:00pm rioting broke out again. Local citizens interfered, dispersing the Irish, capturing 20. About 400 Irish regrouped and marched into town to rescue the prisoners. Further violence prevented by intercession of Rev. M. Elroy and CW Weaver, Esq. M Elroy bailed the imprisoned rioters, talked the Irish mob down and led them out of town. Several persons injured.", "Source": "NYEP, August 22, 1831", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Actions": "Prison Break; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.268418, 39.382025 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 986, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/09", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "September: Olney street riot - Began as a fight in a dance hall in which one black person beat 5 white people. Spilled out into street as black and white sailors fought one another with the African Americans driving the white people out of the neighborhood on the 21st. Next night white crowd returned, destroying two houses. A black person fired on the white people, killing one. The rioting continued. On the 23rd, 25 militiamen were routed by rioters. On the 24th, two militia companies fired on rioters, killing 4.", "Source": "Coftrol.Afro-Yankees, p.56-57", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Sailor", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Sailor; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 993, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "October: A mob tore down a black individual's shanty on \"Sodom Hill.\"", "Source": "Richards, p.38", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1012, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany, NY", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "May: residents living near a house on Lodge street, between Beaver and Howard became tired of the noise and disturbances there. Both black and white families resided in the house. The locals tore down the house. The mayor, the high constable, and several watchmen were at the scene, but were unable to stop the riot.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.98", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1036, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Two black people arrested as escaped slaves. While being taken between City Hall and Bridewell - their case still pending, there was an attempt to rescue them. The two officers escorting them were struck and pushed aside, but several officers came to their assistance and the mob was soon repulsed. Four ringleaders arrested. No white persons involved.", "Source": "NYEP, November 14, 1832; SC PC 7445, November 15, 1832", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1041, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Approximately 40 to 50 persons rioted between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon on Christmas day. Most seem to have been Irish. Several stones were thrown and some fighting. There may have been an attack against a black person. Occurred on 3rd avenue.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 6, December 26, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1047, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Hog cart riot - supposedly a \"gang of half naked, whooping and barbarous negroes.\" In evening the hog collectors were surrounded by an indignant mob, pelted with stones, and escaped only with great difficulty.", "Source": "NYEP, August 23, 1833", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1078, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/06", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "June: A mob of about 40 black people rescued an escaped slave from his owner. They surronded and beat the sherriff. A posse chased the black people into the countryside and managed to arrest a few but the (??) escaped. A committee was formed to investigate the riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit 1824-1847,\"Michigan History, p.263-265", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1106, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Black people riot to protect an ex-slave. A Virginia gentleman claimed a black man as a runaway. Black people attempted to rescue him. But they were unsuccessful. Some were arrested. Six were convicted and sent to jail for 8 or 9 months.", "Source": "Mor. Court and NY Eng, May 5, 1834", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; White", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1113, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.109037, "Long": -76.88685, "Description": "June: Railroad workers again rioted in the evening. One man killed, two others seriously injured. Some Gerrons and oe Native American attacked.", "Source": "NYEP, June 28, 1834", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "German; Native", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.88685, 39.109037 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1116, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Camden", "Location": "Camden, NJ", "Lat": 39.944731, "Long": -75.116344, "Description": "July: Race riot concerning self-improvement. About 50 white people fought with some black people returning from a Sunday afternoon church service.", "Source": "Werner, p.273-239", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.116344, 39.944731 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1121, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Anti-abolitionists - July 7 disruption of black meeting in Chatham street chapel; July 8 disruption of Morally (??) meeting in Clinton hall; July 9 attack on L. Toppman's house, forced entry into Chatham st. chapel, riot at Bowery Theater; July 10, assault on Rev. Sam. Cox's house and church; July 11, attack on A. toppman and Co. store, Cox's church, Rev. Henry Ludlow's church; rampage against stp. black people.", "Source": "Richards, p.113-120", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church; Black; Religious; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "L. Toppman; Sam Cox; Henry Ludlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1123, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "July: Presbyterean minister preached a sermon on Friday evening entitled, \"Sin of Slavery,\" and planned to take a collection for the anti-slavery society. Large crowd formed outisde, some charge and drove minister and congregation out. Crowd then demolish the interior and smashed windows. They went to the minister's house but he wasn't there. Next night a mob attacked a black own barber shop. One black man had attended the meeting.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 16, 1834", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Presbyterian; Black; Religious; Church; Abolitionist; Merchant; Ant-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1124, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Bufallo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: At night at least a dozen black people rioted, attacking several houses including: the the house used by the Bd of Health for smallpox hospital and the house of a respectable Frenchman. Constable Furmen with friends quelled the disturbance. There was some resistance. One black man drowned when he tried to escape by jumping into the canal.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White; French; Hospital", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1128, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: A gang of about 50 men assaulted son of James Forton, one of the wealthiest black residents in town.", "Source": "Werner, p.188", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Forton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1131, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: White mob begins by attacking \"flying horses\" amusement establishment that had been used by black and white people. But then turned to assaults on black people and their property for three nights. Two churches and over 30 houses destroyed, damaged, or looted. One black person died from the wounds inflicted during beating. 100s flee. Authorities use militia, etc., to quell the riot along Philadelphia.", "Source": "Curray, p.106-7", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1133, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "August: Racial rioting. 1st two days minor skirmishes between black and white people. One 3rd day, black persons attacked a white man in an attempt to protect their property. About 30 white people then marched into the black section and attacked several houses and fired off some guns.", "Source": "NYEP, August 27, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1134, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "August: For several nights whites break windows, etc, of black homes. On the 19th a crowd of 50 or 60 marched into the black area of town, stoned houses and fired guns.", "Source": "Werner. \"Columbia Race Riots,\" p.177-178", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1135, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Pa", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "August: Race riot concerning job competition, amalgamation fears and desire to drive black residents out of community. Windows broken by roving gangs of whites followed by attacks on black homes. Labor competition a big issue here. African Americans beaten in off-again on-again violence.", "Source": "Werner, p.198-202, 273", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1139, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit, Michigan", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "September: Minor race riot.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1140, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "September: Mob tore down home of a black family that had somehow offended whites.", "Source": "Werner, p.239, 270", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1141, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Trenton", "Location": "Trenton, NJ", "Lat": 40.216086, "Long": -74.757715, "Description": "September: Race riot, probably over self-improvement. Crowd outside African Methodist church then threw rocks and broke windows. Congregation fled.", "Source": "Werner, p.273, 178", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; African Methodist", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.757715, 40.216086 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1143, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "September: Crowd of white workers destroy property - porch, windows, entered house and rifled papers - of affluent black people - especially lumber merchant Stephen Smith.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.174-175", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1147, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Every black person on the Battery was compelled by a mob to run for shelter in the nearest building. Few black people showed up the next day. In the afternoon, the rioters numbered \"hundreds\". Most were young men about 20 years old.", "Source": "NYEP, September 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1148, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: In the afternoon a barouche was attacked by a mob because the servant driver was black. A lady and her daughter in the coach were in danger.", "Source": "NYEP, September 25, 1834", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Woman; White; Black; Worker; Driver", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1150, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Large crowd gathered at the Battery to watch a balloon ascension; amused themselves by taunting and beating some African Americans in the crowd.", "Source": "Werner, p.178", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1151, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, Penn", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "October: White crowd attacks homes of four property belonging to African Americans. Stealing and looting proprerty for at least one and destroying property. One black person injured.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.176-177", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1161, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/12", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "August: Dr. Reuben Crandall was to give lectures at Georgetown Univ., brought some antislavery publications with him. He lft some in a store. A large mob formed to injure him. He was protected by being arrested. Also strike and Snow and race riot.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.359", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Mechanic", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Employer; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beverly Snow; Reuban Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1171, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/02", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, PA", "Lat": 40.033791, "Long": -76.499668, "Description": "February: White mob attacks (??) black person, freezing cattle and threatening to pull down his house.", "Source": "Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.179-180", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.499668, 40.033791 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1178, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/05", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mobile", "Location": "Mobile, AL", "Lat": 30.752871, "Long": -88.018008, "Description": "May: Burning of Black man for allegedly murdering children", "Source": "James Elbert Cutler, Lynch-Law and Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States (New York: Longman, Green, and Co., 1905), 108 from Michael J. Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice: Origins of American Lynching (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2011).", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.018008, 30.752871 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1180, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "June: Some sort of anti-black riot. Whites harrassed a black church the 9th and attacked the black people on their way home from services. One black man got a gun and shot two white people. The white mob then went to his house and tore it down. The next evening a large white crowd invaded the black neighborhood called \"Sinking Fund\" and demolished two more houses.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1185, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "June: Fearing a slave insurrection, whites held a meeting, seized several African Americans, tortured them and elicited confessions of a slave insurrection.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection…,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1187, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Minor race riot over slave rescue. Slave catcher had gone into Canada to capture escaped slave and family. Black people from Buffalo pursued him and liberated the captives in Hamburgh, NY. But upon returning to Buffalo they ran into police and citizens at the ferry. A fight ensued. Injuries on both sides. 8 to 10 black people arrested, but family escaped.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Slave Catcher; White", "Actions": "Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1188, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Mob summarily hanged the slaves who had been suspected of organizing a conspiracy. Also seized two white \"steam doctors\" and organized a committee to deal with insurrection. They elicited a confession from one of the whites.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; White; Steam Doctor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1189, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Fear of slave insurrection swept the state. The Livingston vigilance committee seized a poor man who had brought a load of corn to sell in Yazoo. Despite the efforts of Henry Foote, the comm. Hanged the man on the testimony of 3 secured black people.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.361", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1190, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Two white people seized, sentenced by committee to be hanged. Both were executed.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1194, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Hinds Co.", "Location": "Hinds Co., Miss", "Lat": 32.29319, "Long": -90.261495, "Description": "July: Slave insurrection scare infects county and several committees form. When two leading committeemen allowed suspects to go free because of lack of evidence, one, William L. Sharken, came under mob attack. On night of July 6 an armed band from Madison Co. attempted to capture Sharkey. They tried again, but Sharkey defended himself, killing one.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.53-55", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William L. Sharken", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.261495, 32.29319 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1195, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: An enslaved boy named Juan attempted to kill his slaveholder. In response, a mob of \"the very lowest classes, with apprentices and half-grown boy\" rioted. Violence began at around nine at night. The mob attacked several black homes between Sixth and Seventh street, beating the occupants severely. The mob then targeted a house occupied by a black barber and several white women, but, finding it empty, left without destorying any property. The riot spread to \"Red Row\" and the mob attacked more black property and persons, including a youth who was beaten. On Christian and Ninth Streets, the mob attacked more black homes, but these were defended and fire was exchanged. Fireman arrived to put out a fire that had been started in Red Row, and the mob attempted to intimidate the firemen away. Some violence against the firemen and their equipment followed, but the troop put out the fire. Several more black people and residences attacked throughout the night. One black man attempted to defend himself with an axe, and rioters beat him harshly as a result. Several white residences attacked as well, either by accident or as a result of companionship with black people. The rioting continued the next night. A group of fifty or sixty black residents had armed themselves and resolved to defend a building if attacked. The incensed the white mob. Eventually, authorities convinced the black fighters to retreat. Meanwhile, in Moyamensing, about two hundred armed black residents reportedly gathered. This group disbanded without violence. Many black families fled the city in fear. ", "Source": "Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania 14, 34-38.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Conover; Johnson; James M'Dermott", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1201, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/08", "State": "Washington, D.C.", "Sublocation": "Washington, D.C.", "Location": "Washington, D.C.", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "August: Beverly Snow attempted to return to DC. White youths assualted him, but he was rescurd by a constable. Snow was placed in jail and was examined by the mayor before being released. Snow left, and swore never to return.", "Source": "New-York Spectator, August 22, 1836.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Multiracial; Merchant", "Target Classification": "White; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beverly Snow", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1202, "year": 1836, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Hot Springs Co.", "Location": "Hot Springs Co.", "Lat": 34.3067, "Long": -92.98964, "Description": "Burning of William, an enslaved man, for allegedly murdering master, another white, and five slaves.", "Source": "Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas, 235-236 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.98964, 34.3067 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1203, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Francis L. McIntosh, a black steamboat hand from Pittsburgh, killed a deputy sheriff and wounded another peace officer in resisting arrest. Overpowered McIntosh was placed in jail. But a mob took him from jail and burned him alive. A judge excused those arrested saying that they had been caught up in the \"electric frenzy\" of abolitionism.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.98;Memoir of Lovejoy, p.165-178", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Legal; Sheriff; Police; Vigilante; Judge", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Steamboat Hand", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francis L. McIntosh", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1204, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinatti", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Fist fight between black and white boys triggered riot. White mobs invaded black neighborhood, set fire to houses, beat black people and forced some to flee. Governor declared martial law, but not before several African Americans killed.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.105-106", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1205, "year": 1836, "date": "1836\/08", "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Helena", "Location": "Helena, Arkansas", "Lat": 34.528041, "Long": -90.590919, "Description": "August: Mob hangs an African American for stabbing a white during a fight.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.590919, 34.528041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1216, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: Insane black man killed a watchman. After the funeral a crowd gathered and threatened black neighborhood. Mayor successfully discouraged them. But that evening black homes were attacked. During fighting another white man stabbed to death.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescot,. p.654-655; Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1227, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Burning of Philadelphia Hall. The hall had only been opened three days and the meeting that night had been cancelled to avoid a riot. The mayor appeared, attempted to dissuade the move, but he gave up in the face of the onslaught of the mob. On the 18th a mob attempted to burn the shelter for colored orphans but were beat back by firemen and others. On the 19th, a group of men attacked a black church, but were prevented from destroying it by officials and militia. Some fighting between black and white people.", "Source": "Warner, p.132-133; Feldberg, p.51-53", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Religious; Church; Firefighter; Law Officer; Militia", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1244, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "April: Inter-racial fistfight leads to whites attacking black population and houses. An interracial peacekeeping force quells the riot.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1245, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "May: Minor race riot. Resulted in the destruction of some black dwellings.", "Source": "Werner, p.273, 247", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1251, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marion", "Location": "Marion, Ohio", "Lat": 40.59083, "Long": -83.13732, "Description": "September: After a court decided in favor of a fugitive slave, the Virginians attempting to gain possession of him, seized the black person and brandishing pistols and knives at the spectators. A mob quickly formed and attacked the Virginians. In the melee, the black person escaped.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Law; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Southerner", "Target Classification": "Black; Freed Slave; Slave; Court; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.13732, 40.59083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1254, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "September: Fewer than 50 persons destroy one building - the dwelling of \"Negro Doctor\" John Woodward for allegedly mistreating two women patients.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.104", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Doctor; Professional", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Woodward", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1265, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, O", "Lat": 40.03923, "Long": -84.19901, "Description": "Minor race riot over education.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.19901, 40.03923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1266, "year": 1840, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1281, "year": 1840, "date": "1840\/09", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Dubuque", "Location": "Dubuque, Dubuque Co., IA", "Lat": 42.518756, "Long": -90.684951, "Description": "September: Nat, a Black man, flogged to death for alleged theft", "Source": "Chicago American, September 18, 1840 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nat", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.684951, 42.518756 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1285, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Union Point", "Location": "Union Point, MS", "Lat": 39.01098, "Long": -94.48256, "Description": "Burning of a \"runaway slave\" for alleged murder, rape, and robbery", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, ed., Lynching in America: A History in Documents (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 76-77, source: Mississippi Free Trader, March 8, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.48256, 39.01098 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1294, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1302, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Evansville", "Location": "Evansville, Indiana", "Lat": 37.97892, "Long": -87.56002, "Description": "August: Minor race riot in effort to drive African Americans out of community.", "Source": "Werner, p.112, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.56002, 37.97892 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1303, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "New Albany", "Location": "New Albany, Indiana", "Lat": 38.28766, "Long": -85.82486, "Description": "August: Minor race riot to drive African Americans out of community over education and self-improvement. Mob burned building housing black church and school.", "Source": "Werner, p.112, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; School", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.82486, 38.28766 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1304, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/09", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Maysville", "Location": "Maysville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.63675, "Long": -83.75941, "Description": "September: Minor race riot to drive black people out of community and over self-improvement. Free black people attacked a church built for slaves - burnt down.", "Source": "Werner, p.135, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.75941, 38.63675 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1305, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Several days of fighting between white and black people. African Americans wound several whites. On the 34d as many as 1800 whites invade black neighborhood. African Americans fire on them and the whites used a cannon. At 2:00am militia establish cease fire. Officials convince black people to surrender arms, and promise that their homes and families would be protected, 200-300 black people surrender to authorities, mob ignores officials (??).", "Source": "Woodson. \"Negroes in Cincinnati,\"J of NH(1910) 13; Richards, p.122-129; Werner, p.113-137", "Type": "Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1308, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Pevely", "Location": "Pevely, Jefferson Co., MO", "Lat": 38.28332, "Long": -90.39493, "Description": "Hanging of black man for alleged murder and robbery", "Source": "Goodspeed's History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford, & Gasconade Counties, Missouri (Chicago: The Goodspeed Publishing Co., 1880), 405 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.39493, 38.28332 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1309, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "East Feliciana Parish", "Location": "East Feliciana Parish, LA", "Lat": 30.82561, "Long": -91.0341, "Description": "Burning of two \"runaways\" for alleged murder, rape, and kidnapping", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 388-389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.0341, 30.82561 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1311, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Schuykill River, PA", "Location": "Schuykill River, PA", "Lat": 40.271, "Long": -75.79456, "Description": "Irish workers fight with black people.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"A-C,\" 9, 21 n.23; Slaughter.Bloody Dawn, p.39", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; White; Black", "Target Classification": "Irish; White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.79456, 40.271 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1312, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Raleigh", "Location": "Raleigh, NC", "Lat": 35.78455, "Long": -78.63946, "Description": "Mob attempted to lynch black abolitionist Lunsford Lane. Included was a coat of tar - and presumably feathers. Both mechnics and rich people involved. Lane managed to escape with the help of some friends.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) Lansford Lane,Narrative of Lansford Lane…,Boston 1845", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Mechanic; Worker; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lunsford Lane", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.63946, 35.78455 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1313, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Community and Order\"", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1314, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "Black crowd fails in effort to free George Latimer, escaped slave, from his captors.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.23", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1319, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Plainville", "Location": "Plainville, MA", "Lat": 42.00378, "Long": -71.33316, "Description": "Summer: Rowdies tore down tent of black worshippers, sang obscene songs and ran horses off. Next day, evangelists ambushed rowdies and tied several up.", "Source": "Murphy.Ten Hours, p.74-75", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Protestant; Black; Religious", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.33316, 42.00378 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1326, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Black people march to celebrate emancipation in WI under black Temperance auspices. Whites (probably Irish) attack the parade. They followed this with assaults on black people and the destruction of some buildings, including the black Presbyterian church and black-owned assembly hall. Initially sheriff and posse routed by mob; but militia and additional police quell the rioting.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.196", "Type": "Racial; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1334, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Pendleton", "Location": "Pendleton, Indiana", "Lat": 39.99902, "Long": -85.74404, "Description": "Mob clubbed and severely injured Frederick Douglass.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.74404, 39.99902 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1337, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/02", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Copiah Co., MS", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "February: Hanging of \"negro men of Mr. Burdy\" for alleged rape, murderous assualt, and robbery", "Source": "Courier de La Louisiane, March 1, 1843 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1341, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Anti-abolition or anti-black riot. Target, as in earlier 1842 riot, was an English confectioner. Nine year old girl brought from New Orleans with masks escaped with help from Abolitionists. Owner incites crowd, who throw stones at Cornelius Burnett's home. But mayor's prompt show of force and arrest, especially on 2nd night, limits violence.", "Source": "Richards, p.42,69; Werner, p.137-138", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; White; Slavecatcher", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cornelius Burnett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1342, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: A group of sailros assaulted four black people. When the black people defended themselves, a crowd appeared that beat every black person that appeared. This occurred in North Square. Several were injured. Of those arrested, all were Irish. Police and firefighters quelled the riot.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100-101", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1399, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, KY", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "August: Mob suppresses Cassius Marcellus Clay's newspaper True American. A vigilance committee dismanlted the press boxed the parts and sent them to Cincinnati.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MHOR(1942) p.361-362", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Press; Reformer; Abolitionist; Political; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cassius Marcellus Clay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1422, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, PA", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "June: Crowd of African Americans rescue two fugitive slaves taken to the court house by slave catchers. Attempts were made in the court house and in the street. Stones, clubs, and canes used. Slaveholder knocked down by stones, injured and subsequently died.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christians, p.50-51", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher; Slaveholder; Pro-Slavery; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1424, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Harrisburg", "Location": "Harrisburg", "Lat": 40.272046, "Long": -76.876657, "Description": "Crowd that listened peacefully to Garrison, threw eggs, firecrackers, stones, garbage, etc., when Frederick Douglass began to speak.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.876657, 40.272046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1426, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Spring: Local black people rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk the individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1427, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., MO", "Lat": 38.40104, "Long": -91.00077, "Description": "April: Enslaved man named Eli lynched for allegedly murdering and attempting to rape a white woman, and attempting to kill her son", "Source": "Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1914), 254n61 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.00077, 38.40104 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1428, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/05", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New London", "Location": "New London, CT", "Lat": 41.3557, "Long": -72.09988, "Description": "May: Race riot. No details.", "Source": "Werner, p.247, 273", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.09988, 41.3557 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1432, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Winter: Local African Americans rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1434, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "St. Croix Valley", "Location": "St. Croix Valley", "Lat": 45.41262, "Long": -92.63973, "Description": "Hanging of a Native man named Paunais for alleged murder of White trader", "Source": "Marilyn Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" Minnesota History 55, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Paunais", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.63973, 45.41262 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1451, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Phillips Co.", "Location": "Phillips Co. AR", "Lat": 34.37981, "Long": -90.81906, "Description": "Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Orville W. Taylor, Negro Slavery on Arkansas (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1958), 235 as listed in Pfiefer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.81906, 34.37981 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1457, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Post-election riot at the California House pub led to race fighting leaving several black and white people dead. Fire set to California House spread to several other buildings. Rioters fight firemen. Two firemen killed, one Irishman, and one black boy. At least nine whites and 16 blacks injured. African Americans attempted to fight back at California house and elsewhere. Militia called out to quell riot.", "Source": "Feldsburg.Philadelpha Riots, p.5", "Type": "Political; Racial; Firefighter; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": 25, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1458, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 36.065613, "Long": -118.674543, "Description": "December: Yankee miners drive a Chilean party out, hanged the major (??), whipped several others and cropped the ears of still others. At one point before these punishments, an American had been killed.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Worker; Miner; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.674543, 36.065613 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1464, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Mill", "Location": "Sutter's Mill, CA", "Lat": 38.80434, "Long": -120.89355, "Description": "April: Yankees purge the area of all Chileans, Mexicans and Peruvians.", "Source": "Pitt.Beginnings of Nativism, p.25", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.89355, 38.80434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1469, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Mob assembled planning to destroy new black episcopal church. But authorities stepped in and with some difficulty broke the crowd up.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.97", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Episcopalian; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1470, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Chippewa Falls", "Location": "Chippewa Falls", "Lat": 44.93583, "Long": -91.38937, "Description": "July: Hanging of unnamed Native man for allegedly stabbing a lumberjack", "Source": "Western Historical Company, History of Northern Wisconsin (Chicago, 1881), 195 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.38937, 44.93583 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1471, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "Summer: Company of veterans called \"the Hounds\" attack hispanics from Chile, Peru, and Mexico. At least one killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Military; Veteran; Gang", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1473, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa", "Location": "Mariposa, CA", "Lat": 37.48615, "Long": -119.96456, "Description": "August: Hispanics harassed in the Southern diggings and driven to new sights.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian; Miner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.96456, 37.48615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1481, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Dry Diggings", "Location": "Dry Diggings", "Lat": 38.72751, "Long": -120.7998, "Description": "December: A Mexican hanged for alleged theft.", "Source": "Placer Times (Auburn), 19 Jan. 1850; Rough Abstract of a Forty-Niner Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.7998, 38.72751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1483, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sarage's Diggings", "Location": "Sarage's Diggings", "Lat": 37.83648, "Long": -120.23159, "Description": "Late: Unknown Mexican hanged for allegedly stealing a mule.", "Source": "Calif. Historical Marker 446; Weston, Mother Lode Album as listed in William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.23159, 37.83648 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1488, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Isiah Rynders and his \"Empire Club\" disrupted annual meeting of Garrisonians.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Isiah Rynders", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1491, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "Committee of five organized to warn out man who helped black people in their efforts to establish their own freedom.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\"S. Cal. Q54 (1972) 15", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1496, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: A small group of men whipped and then killed Juan Chapa Guerra under the mistaken impression that he was Juan Chapa García.", "Source": "Report of the Committee of Investigation of the Mexican Government as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Chapa Guerra; Juan Chapa García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1501, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Clay Co.", "Location": "Clay Co., MO", "Lat": 39.29333, "Long": -94.40306, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved woman for allegedly assualting mistress with an ax", "Source": "R. Douglas Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 248 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.40306, 39.29333 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1502, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/06", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Culpepper County", "Location": "Culpepper County", "Lat": 38.47631, "Long": -77.99381, "Description": "June: A black man named Grayson arrested for the murder of David W. Miller on \"wholly insufficient\" evidence. After the murder, \"bystanders, under the great excitement of the moment, forgetful of the mild spirit of our law\" tortured the accused man. Statements made during this torture used against Grayson. The court ordered a new trial, but a mob stormed the jail and hanged Grayson themselves.", "Source": "Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, 1850-1851 Cases: Volume VII, 318-319", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Grayson", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.99381, 38.47631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1504, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "July: Hanging of Francisco Flores for alleged murder.", "Source": "Wisconsin Democrat, Aug. 1850 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1516, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Agua Fria", "Location": "Agua Fria, CA", "Lat": 37.48485, "Long": -120.02009, "Description": "January: A mob of 500 anglos and 200 \"foreigners\" hanged a man named Pablo for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacremento Transcript, 21 Jan 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pablo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.02009, 37.48485 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1517, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Columbus", "Location": "Columbus, GA", "Lat": 32.46252, "Long": -84.99167, "Description": "Hanging of Jarrett, and enslaved man, for alleged rape", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jarrett", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.99167, 32.46252 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1520, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: Anglo vigilance committee hanged a Mexican man for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1521, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Shaw's Flat", "Location": "Shaw's Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.00751, "Long": -120.4094, "Description": "June: On 15 June, a crowd of between one and three thousand lynched Antonio Cruz and Patricio Janori for the alleged murder of an Anglo.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 28 June and 1 July 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Cruz; Patricio Janori", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4094, 38.00751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1523, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Downieville", "Location": "Downieville, California", "Lat": 39.560148, "Long": -120.828421, "Description": "July: Miners lynched a Mexican woman, Josefa Segovia, because she was an \"evil body who corrupted innocent young American men.\"", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34 and Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Woman; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Josefa Segovia", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.828421, 39.560148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1524, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Austin", "Location": "Austin, TX", "Lat": 30.26248, "Long": -97.74838, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Enda Junkins, \"Slave Plots, Insurrections, and Acts of Violence in the State of Texas, 1828-1865\" (MA thesis, Baylor University, 1969), 40 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.74838, 30.26248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1526, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Christiana", "Location": "Christiana, PA", "Lat": 39.95409, "Long": -75.996213, "Description": "September: A marshal, a posse and a slave owner attempt to get fugitive slaves at William Parker's. 15-25 black people engage in a gun battle with them. One white person - the slave owner - killed, several others seriously wounded.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.996213, 39.95409 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1527, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "Attempted rescue of William Dorsey, a fugitive slave. A large number of black people participate. Fight with officials, etc.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.36-37", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1530, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Culpepper County", "Location": "Culpepper County, VA", "Lat": 38.47631, "Long": -77.99381, "Description": "January: At Hazel River Works a riot between white and black workers left one black person (?). The whites later fought among themselves.", "Source": "Wesley.Negro Labor, p.79", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Worker", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.99381, 38.47631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1531, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, PA", "Lat": 40.03102, "Long": -76.50063, "Description": "January: Attempted rescue of fugitive slave in custody of officials. A lot of noise, but not too much violence.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.50063, 40.03102 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1532, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Black people rescue fugitive slave Fred Williams. Officials put up no real resistance. About 20 African Americans involved.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62-63", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1534, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "April: Crowd unsuccessfully attempts to free fugitive slave Thomas Sims.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1541, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Grayson County", "Location": "Grayson County, VA", "Lat": 36.67771, "Long": -81.23183, "Description": "September: A vigilance committee seized John Cornutt for being a backer of a Northern anti-slavery preacher in the neighborhood. A mob of 200 stripped Cornutt, tied him to a tree and severely whipped him until he promised to sell his property and leave the state.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) p.367", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Cornutt", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.23183, 36.67771 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1543, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Syracuse", "Location": "Syracuse, NY", "Lat": 43.04484, "Long": -76.1459, "Description": "October: Crowd of white and black people forcefully rescue captured fugitive slave William Henry or Jerry. Some prominent people, including Gerrit Smith, encouraged the riot with their opposition to Jerry's arrest. The first attempt to rescue him from the courthouse succeeded temporarily. But that night a crowd busted into the Courthouse to wisk him away.", "Source": "Galpin. \"Jerry Rescue,\"NYH(1995) p.19-34", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; White", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Gerrit Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.1459, 43.04484 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1545, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Seco", "Location": "Campo Seco", "Lat": 38.22704, "Long": -120.85346, "Description": "November: On the 15th, a man named Domingo lynched by a mob for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, 6 Jan 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.85346, 38.22704 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1546, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Rich Gulch", "Location": "Rich Gulch", "Lat": 38.33071, "Long": -120.63041, "Description": "December: On the 22nd, two Mexicans hanged by a vigilance committee for alleged murder.", "Source": "Journals of Alfred Doten as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.63041, 38.33071 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1548, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Mexican-American bandits kill local judge. Some bandits apprehended. Several taken from court house and hanged.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" 57 (1972), 17", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; American; Hispanic; Vigilante; Alleged Bandit; ALleged Criminal", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Prisoner; Mexican; American; Hispanic; Alleged Bandit; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1555, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/02", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Belen", "Location": "Belen, NM", "Lat": 34.66193, "Long": -106.77129, "Description": "February: Patricio Chaves and Domingo Ramón Apodaca hanged for unknown reason on 16 February.", "Source": "Archives of the Archdiocese of Sante Fe; Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patricio Chaves; Domingo Ramón Apodaca", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.77129, 34.66193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1558, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Mexican hanged by vigilantes for alleged murder, \"in the presence of the 'whole people - all concurring'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1559, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: A Mexican accused of murder captured in Mexico and returned to Texas to be lynched.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1560, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Six Mexicans shot by Anglos for allegedly murdering Thomas Harris.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1561, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 1st, A vigilance committee convicted and hanged Carlos Esclava for alleged theft. A crowd of between 800 and 1000 estimated to be present.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 3 April 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Esclava", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1562, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 12th, a man named Flores was taken from officers and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 3 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1564, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "One hundred miles from Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "April: On the 29th, two Mexicans tracked for over one hundred miles and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 5 May 1852; Collins, Sam Ward as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1565, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yreka", "Location": "Klamath river near Yreka", "Lat": 41.73165, "Long": -122.63781, "Description": "May: John Balthus, described as a \"Half-breed Mexican,\" convicted for theft of $800 in gold by a vigilance committee. The vigilantes shot and killed Balthus.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 18 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Mixed Race; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Balthus", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.63781, 41.73165 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1566, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, CA", "Lat": 38.0229, "Long": -120.40317, "Description": "May: Anti-Chinese action, expelling all Asians from the camp. The same thing was done in other camps.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Asian; Chinese", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.40317, 38.0229 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1567, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Indian Bar", "Location": "Indian Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.01202, "Long": -121.20204, "Description": "June: Americans expell all foreigners, and flogged some Hispanics.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.20204, 40.01202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1568, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa Creek", "Location": "Mariposa Creek, CA", "Lat": 37.25559, "Long": -120.28558, "Description": "June: Self-appointed ranger company led by \"Captain\" Reynolds arrested a Mexican operator and 20 workers in defiance of 400 outraged Mexicans and French. They sold off the mine equipment and distributed $1000 to the American crowd as payment for their time.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Reynolds", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.28558, 37.25559 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1569, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 10th, a mob of mostly French goldseekers lynched José Cheverino for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 16 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; French", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Cheverino", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1570, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 11th, Cruz Flores lynched for allegedly being an accomplice to murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 12 and 14 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accomplice", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cruz Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1571, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 20th, Domingo Hernandez lynched by a vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Aug. 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo Hernandez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1572, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Vigilantes removed Capistrano Lopez and an unknown Mexican from jail and lynched them for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 28 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Capistrano Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1573, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Creek", "Location": "Sutter's Creek, CA", "Lat": 38.39187, "Long": -120.80431, "Description": "July: On the 21st, a vigilance committee lashed a Mexican, Pansa, 75 times and hanged him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 23 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pansa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80431, 38.39187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1574, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: On the 24th, a vigilance committee lynched Doroteo Zavaleta and Jesús Rivas for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 31 July 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doroteo Zavaleta; Jesús Rivas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1577, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: During longshoreman strike, strikers threatened and assaulted those who worked. German and black workers used as strikebreakers and had to be escorted to their homes by police. Most strikers were Irish.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.82, 130; Times, October 23, 1852", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Black; German; Worker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1578, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: On the 29th, Reyes Feliz hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 16 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reyes Feliz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1579, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: On the 12th, Cipriano Sandoval, Benito Lopez, and Barumas all lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cipriano Sandoval; Benito Lopez; Barumas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1580, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mora", "Location": "Mora, NM", "Lat": 35.97255, "Long": -105.33211, "Description": "Late: Gabriel Luhan and José de la Cruz Vigil (a \"Hispanicized Navajo\") hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Native; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gabriel Luhan; José de la Cruz Vigila", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.33211, 35.97255 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1584, "year": 1853, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "African Americans failed at resucing an escaped slave recaptured by authorities.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1585, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yankee Camp", "Location": "Yankee Camp, CA", "Lat": 39.02946, "Long": -120.86116, "Description": "January: \"Big Bill\" lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Democratic State Journal, 31 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Big Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.86116, 39.02946 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1586, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Murphy's Camp", "Location": "Murphy's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.13807, "Long": -120.45999, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Elias S. Ketchum Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.45999, 38.13807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1587, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angel's Camp", "Location": "Angel's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.0726, "Long": -120.53938, "Description": "February: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican lynched after confessing to have aided outlaw Joaquin Murrieta.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accessory", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.53938, 38.0726 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1588, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Montery, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 8th, two unknown Mexicans seized from authorities after alleged horse theft. The men were lynched.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1589, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "February: On the 15th, vigilance committee hanged Antonio Valencia for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 17 Feb. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Valencia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1590, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Andreas", "Location": "San Andreas, CA", "Lat": 38.19664, "Long": -120.67932, "Description": "February: On the 20th, Juan Sanchez lynched for admitting to being a part of Joaquin Murrieta's outlaw band.", "Source": "Placer Herald (Auburn), 5 Mar. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.67932, 38.19664 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1598, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: Hanging of young enslaved man for alleged murder of master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1599, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: An enslaved, black preacher hanged for allegedly influencing young man to murder master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Religious", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1600, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "July: On the 25th, Palonio Sanchez, an alleged horse thief, seized from authorities and lynched.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 29 July, 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Palonio Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1605, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Boone Co.", "Location": "Boone Co., MO", "Lat": 38.96198, "Long": -92.33266, "Description": "August: Enslaved man hanged for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 249 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.33266, 38.96198 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1606, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smith Co.", "Location": "Smith Co., Texas", "Lat": 32.4017, "Long": -95.25006, "Description": "August: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged rape and murder", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.25006, 32.4017 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1607, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Martinez", "Location": "Martinez, CA", "Lat": 38.01647, "Long": -122.13061, "Description": "September: On the 4th, José Maria Ochoa lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Maria Ochoa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.13061, 38.01647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1608, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "October: On the 13th, Bernardo Daniel, Higuerro, and three unknown Mexicans lynched for the alleged \"murder of San Jose dry goods peddler.\"", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 22 Oct. 1853, 10 Dec. 1853; Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 4 Nov. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernardo Daniel; Higuerro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1615, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Fannin", "Location": "Fannin, TX", "Lat": 28.6963, "Long": -97.23558, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of mistress and mistress's two children", "Source": "Frederick Law Olmstead, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States (New York: Alfred A. Kopf, 1953; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 303 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.23558, 28.6963 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1616, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Large crowd attempts to break into the courthouse to free fugitive slave Anthony Barns. During the attempt, some shots fired, killing one of the deputies.", "Source": "\"The Case of the Courthouse Riot,\"Journal of Negro History, 56 (1971), p.31-42", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1618, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Two murderers sentenced separately to hanging. The Anglo was given a stay; the Mexican was hanged immediately. Mexicans angered at this difference in treatment stormed the jail and lynched the Anglo.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.20-21", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; Vigilante; Hispanic; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Prisoner; Protestant; Anglo; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1619, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Leavenworth", "Location": "Fort Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Pro-slavery members of the Squatters Claim Association tar and feather and rail ride William Phillips, free state lawyer.", "Source": "Rister. \"Outlaws and Vigilantes,\" MVHR 19 (1932), 551", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery' Legal; Lawyer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1626, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angle", "Location": "Angle, CA", "Lat": 37.34968, "Long": -119.57638, "Description": "February: On the 11, Dollores and an unknown Mexican lynched for the alleged murder of an Anglo. Their bodies were left hanging from the tree to decompose.", "Source": "Columbia Gazette, 25 Feb. 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Woman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dollores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.57638, 37.34968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1635, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Democrats called a meeting of Germans to obtain support for the national administration's Kansas policy. One thousand showed up, but the pro and anti-slave groups led to fistfights between factions.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.302; Tribune F.24; Herald F. 24, 1854", "Type": "Slavery; Political; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1642, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/04", "State": "Washington", "Sublocation": "Puget Sound", "Location": "Puget Sound", "Lat": 47.67299, "Long": -122.37011, "Description": "April: Unnamed Native man hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pioneer and Democrat (Olympia), April 8, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.37011, 47.67299 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1652, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Vicente Rancho", "Location": "San Vicente Rancho, CA", "Lat": 37.30105, "Long": -121.8346, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Nemesio Berreyesa taken from his home and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nemesio Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.8346, 37.30105 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1661, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 25th, an unnamed Mexican man lynched with a log-chain for the alleged murder of a Chinese miner.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 8 Sept 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1662, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mount Meigs", "Location": "Mount Meigs, Montgomery Co.", "Lat": 32.3631, "Long": -86.1016, "Description": "August: Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "James Benson Sellers, Slavery in Alabama (1940; repr., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 262-262 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1016, 32.3631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1664, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "September: On the 2nd, vigilance committee hangs José Higuera for alleged murder of an Anglo constable.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1668, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/10", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Denton", "Location": "Denton, Caroline Co., MD", "Lat": 38.8844, "Long": -75.82895, "Description": "October: Dave Thomas, a free black man, hanged for alleged murder", "Source": "Baltimore Republican and Argus, October 10, 1854", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dave Thomas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.82895, 38.8844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1669, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "Late: Mateo Andrade, an alleged thief, lynched after escaping from San Quentin on the 29th of July.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo Andrade", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1670, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Joaquin river in Contra Costa County", "Location": "Contra Costa Co., CA", "Lat": 37.95884, "Long": -122.03331, "Description": "January: On the 22nd, a vigilance committee hangs Salvador Valdéz and two unknown Chileans for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 27 Jan., 1855", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Salvador Valdéz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.03331, 37.95884 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1671, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "La Grange", "Location": "La Grange, TN", "Lat": 35.04635, "Long": -89.24406, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved boy belonging to William Turner for alleged murder of overseer", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.24406, 35.04635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1672, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Doña Ana", "Location": "Doña Ana, NM", "Lat": 32.39009, "Long": -106.81521, "Description": "March: Four unknown Mexicans taken from jail and lynched \"for robbing an Anglo clerk and 'abusing' his wife.\"", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 31 Mar. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.81521, 32.39009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1673, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jesus Maria", "Location": "Jesus Maria, CA", "Lat": 38.28579, "Long": -120.64723, "Description": "April: On the 22nd, Justo Betancour taken from magistrate's office and lynched.", "Source": "Georgetown Weekly News, 10 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Magistrate", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Justo Betancour", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.64723, 38.28579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1676, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "El Paso", "Location": "El Paso, TX", "Lat": 31.77285, "Long": -106.46437, "Description": "May: Four unknown Mexicans lynched for '\"outrage on a family.'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 12 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Rapist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.46437, 31.77285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1677, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 7th, a vigilance committee hanged Trancolino, Puertovino, and José for alleged murder.", "Source": "Empire County Argus (Coloma), 11 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Trancolino; Puertovino; José", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1678, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Texas Bar", "Location": "Texas Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.65082, "Long": -122.94344, "Description": "August: On the 10th, Manuel Castro \"Taken from law officers and hanged.\"", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.94344, 40.65082 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1679, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "August: On the 15th, Rafael Escobar taken from law officers and lynched in front of a large crowd.", "Source": "Autobiography of Charles Peters as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Escobar", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1680, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Gopher Flat", "Location": "Gopher Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.39744, "Long": -120.80025, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lycnhed for alleged murder.", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80025, 38.39744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1681, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: A posse, which was seeking suspects in the Rancheria murders, hanged Manuel García and at least six other, unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 25 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1683, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Montgomery Co.", "Location": "Montgomery Co., Alabama", "Lat": 32.334691, "Long": -86.254504, "Description": "August: A slave clubbed a master to death, a Dr. MacDonald, in retaliation for punishment. The slave gave himself up. The whites in the neighborhood, however, becamse so agitated that they burned the slave alive the next day. Subsequently, the whites took up a collection to reimburse the MacDonald family for the cost of the slave.", "Source": "Howington. \"Violence,\"Alabama Rev, 27 (1974), p.227", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.254504, 32.334691 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1690, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Longshoreman's strike. An Irishman attacked a black man who wanted to work. Most African Americans had been intimidated off of the docks by the Irish Longshoreman's society. Armed, the black men fired at the Irishmen. Hundreds of other strikers immediately appeared. But the black man managed to escape.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-210", "Type": "Labor; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Longshoreman; Striker; Strikebreaker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Longshoreman; Striker; Strikebreaker; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Lethal Violence; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1691, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.20683, "Long": -94.81471, "Description": "March: After editor Jeb Patterson complained that border cross voting would hurt the Southern cause in his Parkville Luminary a mob visited him, dumped his type into the Missouri river and threatened to hang him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.27", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Political", "Target Classification": "Press; Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeb Patterson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.81471, 39.20683 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1693, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavanworth", "Location": "Leavanworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "May: Because William Phillips had signed a protest over pro-slavery election a public meeting ordered him to leave Kansas. When he refused, a mob seized him, took him to Weston, stripped him, shaved his head on one side, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail, and then sold him at an auction held \"by a big black n*****.\" Purchased for \"the enourmous sum of one cent and a half\" the purchaser gave him his (??)", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.224", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Black; White", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1696, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Sumter Co.", "Location": "Sumter Co.", "Lat": 32.64802, "Long": -88.20976, "Description": "May: Burning of black man for alleged murder and rape", "Source": "New York Times, June 2, 1855; Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 263 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.20976, 32.64802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1698, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: A deputy constable shot a Mexican while seizing his guitar for debt. Natives rose in revolt, so Anglos organized their own committees. Some 11 prisoners given death sentences by summary court.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal Q., 54 (1972) 22", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "11", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1702, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton, Barbour Co.", "Lat": 31.87765, "Long": -85.45056, "Description": "August: An enslaved man named Bob lynched by hanging", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 263-264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bob", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.45056, 31.87765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1705, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Sparta", "Location": "Sparta, TN", "Lat": 35.92518, "Long": -85.46375, "Description": "September: A riotous mob broke into a jail and lynched an enslaved man accused of rape and murder. ", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice and Weekly Law Gazette 4 (1859): 122-124.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.46375, 35.92518 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1706, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Hill's Ferry", "Location": "One Mile From Hill's Ferry", "Lat": 37.34855, "Long": -120.97997, "Description": "October: On the 19th, a vigilance committee hanged Francisco Tapia, Jesus Pino, Francisco Sanchez, and an unknown German for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 29 Nov. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Tapia; Jesus Pino; Francisco Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.97997, 37.34855 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1708, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Carroll Co.", "Location": "Carroll Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.40212, "Long": -93.47655, "Description": "October: \"Slave of Judge Thomas Clingman\" hanged for alleged murder of master", "Source": "New York Times, October 16, 1855 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.47655, 39.40212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1710, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "November: Crowd seized and \"soused in the Ohio\" and almost drowned a man for robbing a black person of money and then sent him to Kentucky.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer. (1951) 85", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1711, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "November: \"Cairo Justice\" incflicted on two gamblers who swindled a black out of $240.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid Amer. (1951) 77", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Gambler", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1712, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free-soilers burn homes of three pro-slavery men in retaliation for the murder by one of the men of free soiler Charles Dow.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.51", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1713, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Blanton Bridge", "Location": "Blanton Bridge, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free soilers rescue Jacob Branson from pro-slaver sheriff and posse.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.52", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1714, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Corpus Christi", "Location": "Corpus Christi", "Lat": 27.74044, "Long": -97.40196, "Description": "December: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Dec. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.40196, 27.74044 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1715, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Snelling", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "December: On Christmas Eve, an unknown Mexican was siezed from Law Officer and lynched for alleged cattle theft. ", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 30 Dec., 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1718, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kikapoo", "Location": "Kikapoo, Kansas", "Lat": 39.379747, "Long": -94.939369, "Description": "January: When local pro-slavery rangers heard what happened at Easton, they captured free-soil captain Reese Brown. While they debated whether they should try him before killing him, one of the Rangers put an axe into Brown's skull. They deposited his body at his farm's door.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82-83", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reese Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.939369, 39.379747 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1719, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Easton", "Location": "Easton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.345008, "Long": -95.119207, "Description": "January: Free-soil election disrupted by pro-slave forces. Taunts led to threats and exchange of shots. A southerner was killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.119207, 39.345008 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1721, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: Crowd took Mexican prisoners - one a bandit involved in 1855 revolt - out of jail and executed both by hanging.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.22", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1722, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterrey", "Location": "Monterrey", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: On the 11th, three unknown Mexicans taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder, apparently with little proof.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 16 May 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1723, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe Trail", "Location": "Santa Fe Trail, Kansas", "Lat": 39.348434, "Long": -94.952914, "Description": "May: Eight free-soilers ambush 18 pro-slavery men, killing several.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.952914, 39.348434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1725, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Pottawatomie Creek", "Location": "Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas", "Lat": 38.44404, "Long": -95.082544, "Description": "May: John Brown and 8 followers visit three homes and execute 5 pro-slavery men (two were boys) in brutal massacre.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.110-119", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.082544, 38.44404 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1726, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Prairie City", "Location": "Praire City, Kansas", "Lat": 38.781829, "Long": -95.187765, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery men, after capturing local minister, road into town to be met by 20 or 50 free-soil men, who fired upon them. Two men killed. Next day free-soil men, with John Brown and company attack Captain Pate's pro-slavery force of 50. Although free-soil men outnumbered, they capture Pate and half his men. Two opposing forces in area almost collide, but federal troops arrive and restore order.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.12-124", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Religious; Minister", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown; Pate", "Persons Named as Targets": "Pate", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.187765, 38.781829 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1727, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "June: Unknown Mexican \"hanged for stealing horses and robbing a church.\"", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, 8 July 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1729, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.527216, "Long": -94.707369, "Description": "June: Free soilers attack a half-built fort and a pro-slavery man killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.707369, 37.527216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1731, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Free-soil men capture Fort Titus. One free-soiler killed, 2 pro-slavery killed. A cannon used. Titus captured and sent to Lawrence.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137-139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1732, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawatomie", "Location": "Osawatomie, Kansas", "Lat": 38.498662, "Long": -94.948956, "Description": "August: Missourians under the leadership of General John Reid, at the invitation of pro-slavery interim governor attacked this free-soil town. Forty free-soilers ambushed them and resulting gun battle led to 5 free-soilerss killed, 3 wounded, and 2 killed and 3 wounded pro-slavery. After driving off the free-soil forces, pro-slavery men ran into Frederick Brown, John's son, and killed him. They then sacked the town. Shortly thereafter 2 larges forces (1300 each) fired a few volleys at each other and separated.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Missourian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Reid", "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.948956, 38.498662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1733, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Pro-slavery forces called regulators attack William Phillips' house. He and his brother-in-law killed two, but Phillips was killed, too. Regulators also shipped 150 free-soilers down river that and the next day.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.149", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1734, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Hardteville", "Location": "Hardteville, Kansas", "Lat": 39.29885, "Long": -95.33271, "Description": "September: Free-soilers under John Swift attacked and captured the town. One defender had been killed. Four-pounder used. Later government troops capture free-soilers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154-155", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Swift", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.33271, 39.29885 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1740, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "April: About 50 ruffians on their way to Kansas from Alabama and Georgia fell upon three men, shot and beat them at the levee.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer., (1951) p.72", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1742, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Reverend Pardee Butler seized by pro-slavery men and after discussing killing him, tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.102", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Religious; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pardee Butler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1743, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Junction of California and Fort Scott roads. Free-soil gang looted Bernhard's store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernhard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1745, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "May: Under Sheriff Sam Jones, and after a federal marshal had obtained the arrests he came for, pro-slavery forces sacked the town, burnt down the Free State Hotel (attempts to blow it up failed) and burnt Free State Governor Robinson's house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.103-109", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Elected Official; Governor; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Robinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1746, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery forces burn John Brown Jr's home, Theodore Weiner's store for John Brown Sr.'s massacre. Both were held as captives and turned over to federal authorities.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.120-121", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown Jr.; Theodore Weiner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1747, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "June: Major Henry Titus of the Law and Order militia went to Captain Samuel Walker of Free State militia at the fork of the Lecompton and California roads. Titus had 15 men, Walker, 30. Free soil men drove off pro-slavery men in a hail of bullets.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130-131", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Miltia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus", "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1750, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Summer: Captain Emory's Regulators rounded up free-soilers and sent the down the river(?) by the boatload.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Emory", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1752, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "August: Eight miles from LeComptones skirmish fought between Sam Walker's men (free soil) and Henry Titus pro-slavery men. Inconclusive.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1753, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.52602, "Long": -94.70689, "Description": "August: Free soilers under Jim Lone capture Fort Franklin (pro-slavery) after three hour gun battle.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jim Lone", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70689, 37.52602 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1754, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Tecumseh", "Location": "Tecumseh, Kansas", "Lat": 39.0476, "Long": -95.57902, "Description": "August: Free-soilers from Lawrence pillage homes of pro-slavery settlers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.57902, 39.0476 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1755, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Lecompton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Pro-slavery men under Sheriff Sam Jones burned houses of seven Northern familiesin pro-slavery capital.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.142", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Legal; Law Officer; Sherrif", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1757, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Alexandria", "Location": "Alexandria, Kansas", "Lat": 39.27662, "Long": -95.11172, "Description": "September: About 150 free soilers attack and pillage the town.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.150", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.11172, 39.27662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1758, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawkee", "Location": "Osawkee", "Lat": 39.23206, "Long": -95.4665, "Description": "September: Free-soilers devastate the area.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.4665, 39.23206 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1759, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "Fall: George (Murderer of Barber Clarke) led a raid that destroyed crops, stole horses and cattle nad burned free-soil homes.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.219", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": null, "Riot Scope": null, "Persons Named as Rioters": "George", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1760, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Watsonville", "Location": "Pajaro River, Near Watsonville", "Lat": 36.90904, "Long": -121.75208, "Description": "October: José Castro hanged by Matt Tarpy and his vigilantes for alleged attempted murder. Tarpy and his men had to seize Castro from a group of Mexicans who tried to protect him.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 1 and 15 Nov. 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Matt Tarpy", "Persons Named as Targets": "José Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.75208, 36.90904 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1763, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/11", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, Adams Co.", "Lat": 38.68886, "Long": -83.6077, "Description": "November: Bill, a black man, hanged for alleged rape", "Source": "New York Times, December 4, 1856 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.6077, 38.68886 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1767, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Rogersville", "Location": "Rogersville, TN", "Lat": 36.40482, "Long": -83.00497, "Description": "Burning of black man for alleged \"sundry foul, revolting, and hellish crimes\"", "Source": "New York Times, Sept. 17, 1857.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.00497, 36.40482 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1768, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of George, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1769, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of Bill, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1770, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Chicot Co.", "Location": "Chicot Co., AR", "Lat": 33.28686, "Long": -91.28867, "Description": "Burning of black man for alleged murder and rape", "Source": "Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 389 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.28867, 33.28686 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1771, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "January: On the 29th, a mob, angered by the death of an Anglo sheriff, hanged Juan Catabo, shot and decapitated Miguel Soto, and shot Diego Navarro, Pedro Lopez, Juan Valenzuela, and two unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Diego Navarro; Pedro Lopez; Juan Valenzuela; Miguel Soto; Juan Catabo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1772, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Buenaventura", "Location": "San Buenaventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, Encarnacion Berreyesa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "El Clamor Publico (Los Angeles), 28 Mar. and 9 May 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Encarnacion Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1773, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Ventura", "Location": "Near Ventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, José Jesus Espinosa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, Mar. 17, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Jesus Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1774, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 3rd, Francisco or Guerro Ardillero hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Ardillero; Guerro Ardillero", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1775, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Nietos", "Location": "Los Nietos", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 6th, two unknown Mexicans hanged and one shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1776, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 14th, Juan Flores hanged for alleged murder of Anglo sheriff.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 2 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1777, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 16th, a mob of two hundred seized José Anastacio García from jail and lynched him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 28 Feb. 1857; Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12 May 1877 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Anastacio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1778, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "El Monte", "Location": "Near El Monte", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: \"Mexican Joe\" hanged and decapitated for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bartlett, ed. Reminiscences of a Ranger as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mexican Joe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1779, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: José Santos hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pacific Sentinel, 21 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Santos", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1780, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe", "Location": "Sante Fe, NM", "Lat": 35.68641, "Long": -105.96308, "Description": "March: On the 11th, Manuel Ribera was \"shot through the bars of his jail cell\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 14 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Ribera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.96308, 35.68641 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1782, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Goliad", "Location": "Near Goliad", "Lat": 28.66828, "Long": -97.38883, "Description": "April: 8 unknown Mexicans lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Antonio Herald, 18 Apr. 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.38883, 28.66828 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1785, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Montomery", "Location": "Montgomery, Montgomery Co., TX", "Lat": 30.38802, "Long": -95.69494, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted murder of mistress", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.69494, 30.38802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1804, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "July: 2,000 citizens, over protest of pro-slave justice (??) and free soil mayor Adams, broke into the jail, took out 2 murderers and hanged them.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.197", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Jail", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1805, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Escondido Creek", "Location": "Near Escondido Creek", "Lat": 28.8515, "Long": -97.80954, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged killing of a cow.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Aug 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.80954, 28.8515 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1808, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Atchison", "Location": "Atchison, KS", "Lat": 39.56201, "Long": -95.12677, "Description": "August: On Saturday the 22, Col. Lane was to speak at a Free State Convention in Atchison. The angered the pro-slavery element, who requested aid from Missouri. 8 Americans and 12 Germans organized to defend the convention. 8 or 10 men, including F.G. Adams, moved towards the disturbance, which prompted armed, pro-slavery men to gather. A freestater, Woodward, was found to have been knocked down. After raising their weapons, the freestaters were allowed to retreat. Threats continued to be made throughout the day.", "Source": "New York Times, October 2, 1857.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lane; F.G. Adams; Woodward; Losee", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.12677, 39.56201 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1811, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Utah", "Sublocation": "Mountain Meadows", "Location": "Mountain Meadows, Utah", "Lat": 37.446533, "Long": -113.629976, "Description": "September: Massacre of 120 emigrant whites by Mormons and Indians. Men and women and children killed. This occurred during the so-called Mormon war.", "Source": "Brooks.Mountain Meadows Massacre", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Native; Militia", "Target Classification": "White; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "120", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -113.629976, 37.446533 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1829, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Ft. Madison Landing", "Location": "Ft. Madison Landing, Iowa", "Lat": 40.63075, "Long": -91.31156, "Description": "May: The crew of a steamboat was about to whip a black crewmember. Locals who supported abolition attempted to interfere. A fight broke out with the crew. Those on shore threw stones, etc. In the boat they fired bullets. Six men onshore wounded. The boat escaped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.190-191", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Steamboat; Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.31156, 40.63075 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1844, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Gull Lake", "Location": "Gull Lake, Morrison Co.", "Lat": 46.40961, "Long": -94.35711, "Description": "August: Joe Shambeau, Jimmy, and Charles Gebabish allegedly murdered a man at Gull Lake. Two of the accused were described as Natives, and one was labeled a \"half-breed.\" A group of Natives and some whites arrested the three, and Sheriff Poe (?) prepared to bring the three to authorities in St. Paul. En route, a group of white vigilantes intercepted the Sheriff and, holding him, seized the prisoners. They proceeded to lynch the men.", "Source": "New York Times, October 7, 1857. Robert D. Pomperoy, \"Morrison County's Only Lynching\" (1966, unpublished manuscript, Minnesota Historical Society, St Paul); John D. Bessler, Legacy of Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 5; Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Sheriff", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe Shambeau; Jimmy; Charles Gebabish; Poe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.35711, 46.40961 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1846, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Oxford", "Location": "Oxford", "Lat": 34.36145, "Long": -89.51579, "Description": "September: A man named Snyder arrested a brought before court for allegedly inciting insurrection among the local black people. While in the court, the local white citizens called a meeting chaired by Yancy Wiley. Some called for mob law. It was agreed to put Snyder in jail for a month while he procured evidence to prove his innocence. Two constables escorted him to the jail, but two members of the crowd seized him. The crowd forced Snyder to strip and interrogated him. He was then released to the jail once again, but the crowd returned and demanded him from the jailor, who complied. The mob brought Snyder to the woods, where they again stripped him, put a noose around his neck, and whipped him. After 238 lashes, Snyder \"confessed.\" Snyder was shipped off to the Junction, and imprison again at Holly Springs.", "Source": "New York Times, Sept. 18, 1857.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Legal; Constable; Courthouse; Jail", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Yancy Wiley", "Persons Named as Targets": "Snyder", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.51579, 34.36145 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1852, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Brownsville Nueces Valley Weekly, 23. Jan 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1853, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: Jesus Anastasia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal, 26 Feb. 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesus Anastasia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1856, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Albuquerque", "Location": "Albuquerque, NM", "Lat": 35.0834, "Long": -106.65368, "Description": "March: Carlos Martínez beaten and hanged for alleged assault on girl aged 8 or 9.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Martínez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.65368, 35.0834 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1857, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Scott", "Location": "Ft. Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.834166, "Long": -94.70688, "Description": "April: Eight free-soilers led by James Montgomery fire upon dragoons, killing two, and wounding four.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224-225", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Dragoon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70688, 37.834166 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1858, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "El Moro", "Location": "El Moro, NM", "Lat": 35.04345, "Long": -108.32109, "Description": "May: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 15 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -108.32109, 35.04345 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1859, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "May: On the 13th, Santos Peralta lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Santos Peralta", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1860, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.410671, "Long": -95.071956, "Description": "May: Marceis des Cygnes massacre. Proslavery forced under Charles Hamilton round up free-soil men. They take nine, formed a firing squad and shot them. Five were killed, four wounded, but pretended to be dead.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.227", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.071956, 37.410671 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1862, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.581279, "Long": -94.251961, "Description": "December: John Brown leads a raid from Kansas along the Little Osege River. Captures 11 slaves, belonging to 3 families, and all other removeable property - horses and clothing taken from about a dozen families. They killed only one man in the process.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235-236", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Prison Break; Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.251961, 38.581279 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1866, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "March: After murder of two free-soilers, free-soil gangs sought the killers destroying as they went.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.223-224", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1869, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "April: Gunfight between free-soilers and federal troops. No real casualties.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Military; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1870, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "San Antonio", "Location": "Near San Anontio, TX", "Lat": 29.488912, "Long": -98.532532, "Description": "May: On the 29th, 40 masked men seized Nicanor Urdiales, Pablo Longoria, Francisco Huizan, and Felipe Lopez from Mission San Jose for alleged theft. The vigilantes lynched the men.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicanor Urdiales; Pablo Longoria; Francisco Huizan; Felipe Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.532532, 29.488912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1872, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Prairie du Chien", "Location": "Prairie du Chien, Illinois", "Lat": 43.04962, "Long": -91.13836, "Description": "May: Opposition to river pirates and houses of ill repute led to vigilante action. 30 to 40 men seized about 12 men. They arrested the men at a black saloon that was then burnt down. The men were turned over to authorities. The men were then given a vigilante trial. Several were sentenced to whipping and head shaving.", "Source": "Nolan.Vigilantes, p.199-204", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Woman; Brothel; Prostitute; Black; Merchant; Tavern; Pirate", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.13836, 43.04962 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1873, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Montgomery and his free-soilers plundered store of James Wells at Willow Springs.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1874, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: James Montgomery and free-soilers attacked house of pro-slaver Charles Hamilton. Dragoons arrive to drive off Montgomery.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Hamilton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1875, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Charles Hamilton led an attack on free-soil blacksmith Eli Snyder at the smithshop. The pro-slavers shot Snyder, but were driven off by shotgun blasts by Snyder's son.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225-226", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli Snyder", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1876, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "May: James Montgomery led a band of free-soilers in an attack on Fort Scott at night. Securing the sentinels, they set fire to the town. As the townspeople came out of their houses they were greeted by a fusilade from a nearby ravine. Shots were exchanged and the free-soilers rode off.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.230", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1878, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: Joaquin Valenzuela and Luciano Tapia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joaquin Valenzuela; Luciano Tapia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1881, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 12th, Pío Linares shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pío Linares", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1882, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 14th, Miguel Blanco, Rafael Herrada, and Deiderio Grijalva lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miguel Blanco; Rafael Herrada; Deiderio Grijalva", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1883, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 19th, José Antonio García lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Antonio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1884, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 28th, Nieves Robles shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nieves Robles", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1890, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Wellington", "Location": "Wellington, Ohio", "Lat": 41.16997, "Long": -82.2156, "Description": "September: Slave catcher had kidnpapped a black man from Oberlin and brought him to Wellington, a town 9 miles away. On hearing this a crowd of men from Oberlin joined by some Wellington folk rescued the black man and sent him to Canada. 37 were subsequently arrested, including one Oberlin professor and several students.", "Source": "McMaster,VIII, p.356", "Type": "Racial; Law; Student; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth; Professor; Abolitionist; Anti-Slaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher; Pro-Slavery", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.2156, 41.16997 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1897, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "November: On the 30th, Pancho Daniel \"taken from jail and hanged\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pancho Daniel", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1899, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: James Montgomery and other free-soilers on jayhawking spree, robbing house after house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.234-235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1900, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Pro-slavers out of Fort Scott go capture Benjamin Rice, who had been indicted for murder. But they turned him over to authorities in Fort Scott.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Rice", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1902, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "December: James Montgomery leads free-soilers in jail rescue of Benjamin Rice. Only one pro-slaver resisted, J.H. Little. After he fired on the rescuers, he was killed by the return fire. The jayhawkers then plundered $7,000 worth of goods from his store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Extraction; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "J.H. Little", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1906, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, Lincoln Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.97938, "Long": -90.98065, "Description": "January: Burning of enslaved man belonging to Simeon Thornhill for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Maysville Eagle (Maysville, KY). January 8, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.98065, 38.97938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1907, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Lat": 38.729765, "Long": -94.620364, "Description": "January: Captain Ely Snyder leads jayhawking raid into Missouri, attacking a Ruffian headquarters. When they refused to surrender, Snyder had the building burnt. Four men perished in the flames.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.238", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ely Snyder", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.620364, 38.729765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1910, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smithfield", "Location": "Smithfield, Polk Co., TX", "Lat": 30.80538, "Long": -94.91311, "Description": "April: Burning of Alfred, an enslaved man belonging to a Mr. Roper for alleged murder and robbery of master", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alfred", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.91311, 30.80538 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1912, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Lat": 38.71429, "Long": -94.60586, "Description": "January: James Montgomery leads jayhawking expeditions into Missouri to discourage immigration to Kansas.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.237-239", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.60586, 38.71429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1917, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Sonoita Valley", "Location": "Sonoita Valley, AZ", "Lat": 31.67984, "Long": -110.65523, "Description": "May: On the 9th, four unknown Mexicans shot and killed. An Anglo had been murdered, and other Anglos were attempting to drive Mexicans from the region when the killings occured.", "Source": "Tuscon Weekly Arizonian, 12-28 May 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.65523, 31.67984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1918, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.66923, "Long": -94.24027, "Description": "May: John Doy arrested and convicted for slave stealing, but was rescued and sent by underground to Iowa.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.242", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.24027, 38.66923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1919, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/06", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Denver", "Location": "Denver", "Lat": 39.74092, "Long": -104.99385, "Description": "June: Two men gave Natives whiskey. An article in the press threatened these men with a Vigilance Committee, \"pledged to lynch any man found engaged in giving or selling intoxicating liquor to the Indians, and thus endangering the safety of the settlers.\"", "Source": "The Rocky Mountain News, June 18, 1859", "Type": "Vigilante; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Press", "Target Classification": "Native; Merchant", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.99385, 39.74092 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1921, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Hopkins Co.", "Location": "Hopkins Co., TX", "Lat": 33.15125, "Long": -95.60403, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted rape of white woman", "Source": "Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 105 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.60403, 33.15125 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1922, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dresden", "Location": "Dresden, Navarro Co., TX", "Lat": 32.03064, "Long": -96.68038, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging \"Mr. Blanton, of Ellis county\" for alleged murder and robbery", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, August 6, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.68038, 32.03064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1923, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Arrow Rock", "Location": "Arrow Rock, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.07001, "Long": -92.94661, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging to Dr. William Price for allegedly assualting a white girl", "Source": "Thomas G. Dyer, \"A Most Unexampled Exhibition of Madness and Brutality: Judge Lynch in Saline County, Missouri\" in Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 87 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.94661, 39.07001 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1924, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Burning of John, an enslaved man, for alleged murder.", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1925, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Jim, an enslaved man, for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jim", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1926, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Holman, an enslaved man, for allegedly stabbing a white man", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Holman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1929, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tucson", "Location": "Tucson", "Lat": 32.20832, "Long": -110.95956, "Description": "August: On the 3rd, Rafael Polaco hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Weekly Arizonian, 30 June and 20 October 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Polaco", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.95956, 32.20832 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1930, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Near Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "August: On the 23rd, after Francisco Badillo was found not guilty of horse theft, both Badillo and his son were lynched.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 3 Sept. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Badillo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1936, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/10", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tubac", "Location": "Near Tubac, AZ", "Lat": 31.61609, "Long": -111.05073, "Description": "October: Unknown Mexican shot and then had ears cut off for alleged murder.", "Source": "Tucson Weekly Arizonian, 20 Oct 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.05073, 31.61609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1938, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "November: Tomás Cabrera taken from jail and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Corpus Christi Ranchero, 26 Nov. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tomás Cabrera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1939, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Barnville District, SC", "Location": "Barnville District, SC", "Lat": 33.24498, "Long": -81.36005, "Description": "November: Vigilantes seize T.A. Salvo, a northern piano tuner, accuse him of being an abolitionist, tar and feather him, shave part of his head, and ride him through town on a rail.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "T.A. Salvo", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.36005, 33.24498 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1941, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Waynesboro", "Location": "Waynesboro", "Lat": 33.08766, "Long": -82.01594, "Description": "December: Book agent allegedly hanged and burned  for preaching to slaves. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.01594, 33.08766 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1942, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Sylvania", "Location": "Sylvania", "Lat": 32.75239, "Long": -81.64081, "Description": "December: Two book agents recieve thirty-nine lashes each.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.64081, 32.75239 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1943, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Scottville", "Location": "Scottville", "Lat": 37.7979, "Long": -78.49819, "Description": "December: Black crowd burns John Brown in effigy", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49819, 37.7979 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1944, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton", "Lat": 31.87949, "Long": -85.44784, "Description": "December: A crowd tarred and feathered and abolitionist, and rode him on a rail. They gave the man two days to leave the state.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.44784, 31.87949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1945, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "December: A workman taken from the the State House in Columbus for \"incendiary language\" regarding slavery. A vigilance committee siezed the man, gave him twenty-nine lashes, and tarred and feathered him. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Worker", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1946, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Bolivar", "Location": "Bolivar", "Lat": 37.60439, "Long": -93.41245, "Description": "December: Race riot in Bolivar with reported violence between black and white residents. Guns and pistols reportedly used on both sides, and one black man injured. A vigilance committee was formed to hunt down the fleeing African American combatants. The slaveholder of some of the enslaved himself \"badly wounded\" and had to flee to save preserve his life.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.41245, 37.60439 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1949, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/01", "State": "Flordia", "Sublocation": "Tampa", "Location": "Tampa, FL", "Lat": 27.971689, "Long": -82.484991, "Description": "January: Lynching of an enslaved black person convicted of murder, but whose execution had been delayed by court action.", "Source": "Ingalls. \"Lynching…,\"Journal of Southern History(1987) p.616", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Slave; Legal; Prisoner; Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.484991, 27.971689 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1959, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Fugitive slave law riot where black people attempt to rescue slave in question outside courthouse. Some white support in courthouse. 10 arrested.", "Source": "Leane.Roots of Violence, p.49; Scharf and Wescott, p.734", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; White", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1962, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City, CO", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "Spring: Unknown Mexican lynched by vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 3 Sept. 1860 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1975, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "July: Unknown, reportedly Mexican victim lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Catholic; Mexican; Hispanic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1976, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dallas", "Location": "Dallas", "Lat": 32.77282, "Long": -96.79866, "Description": "July: Three black men - Pat Jennings, Sam Smith, and Cato - hanged for alleged insurrectionary plotting. A vigilance committee arrested and interrogated nearly one hundred black people. Rumors abounded that the hanged men planned to burn the town, kill the elderly, poison the people, and \"to seize and to approproate the young and handsomest for their villainous purposes.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pat Jennings; Sam Smith; Cato", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.79866, 32.77282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1977, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Waxahachie", "Location": "Waxahachie", "Lat": 32.39383, "Long": -96.86053, "Description": "July: More rumors of poison and insurrection. White vigilance committee targets black population. Several lynchings occur - at least four, maybe more. Committee of Vigilance in session all day.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.86053, 32.39383 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1981, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "South Carolina", "Location": "Silverteill, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "September: Vigilantes attack John N. Smith because he had taken in and protected a free black woman and her family. Accusing Smith of being an abolitionist, they, after failing on a first attempt, seized Smith, took him to the RR depot, and told him to leave town and never return.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John N. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1988, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Tuskegee", "Location": "Tuskegee, Macon Co.", "Lat": 32.42377, "Long": -85.69402, "Description": "October: Burning of enslaved \"boy belonging to Maj. Cocke.\"", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.69402, 32.42377 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1992, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Jayhawkers try and hang border ruffian Russell Hirds for \"man stealing.\" He had hunted down and returned to Missouri a fugitive slave.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.243", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Russell Hirds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1993, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Callaway Co.", "Location": "Callaway Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.80802, "Long": -91.90516, "Description": "November: Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of white woman", "Source": "St. Louis Bulletin, November 8, 1860, quoted in Sante Fe Gazette, December 15, 1860 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.90516, 38.80802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1999, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Arizona City", "Location": "Arizona City", "Lat": 32.75186, "Long": -111.67314, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Mateo García hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Semi-Weekly Southern News, 30 Jan. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.67314, 32.75186 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2000, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: Public meeting commemorating the 1st anniversary of John Brown's execution attacked by a mob. Frederick Douglass, among others, fought against the attacks.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiane", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Political; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2002, "year": 1861, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Interior of State", "Location": "Interior of the State, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "Burning of \"favorite household servants\" for alleged \"revolt\" and murder of master's family", "Source": "New York Times, December 1, 1861 as listed on Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2007, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/02", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Milledgeville", "Location": "Milledgeville", "Lat": 33.07882, "Long": -83.23375, "Description": "Feburary: A mob siezed an enslaved man, George from jail, where he was being held for alleged rape or attempted rape. The mob burned George to death.", "Source": "Reports of Cases in Law and Equity Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia, 1864-1866, 506-509.", "Type": "Law; Racial; Vigilante; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Legal; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.23375, 33.07882 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2009, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "March: On the 22nd, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sante Fe Gazette, 13 April 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2011, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "April: On the 10th, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Mesilla Times, 23 Mar. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2017, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "Near San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "September: On the 13th, F. Rameris was hanged for alleged sexual assualt. He was rescued, only to be taken from the jail and hanged again.", "Source": "Sacremento Union, 26 Sept 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "F. Rameris", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2019, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Harrison", "Location": "Harrison", "Lat": 32.51769, "Long": -94.27774, "Description": "September: Burning of Green, an enslaved man, for alleged rape and murder of 12-year-old white girl", "Source": "Marshall Republican (Marshall, TX), September 7, 1861 quoted in New Orleans Picayune, September 12, 1861 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Green", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.27774, 32.51769 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2020, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Milwaukee", "Location": "Milwaukee", "Lat": 43.03145, "Long": -87.95645, "Description": "September: Mob lynched a black prisoner in jail accused of murdering a white. The crowd shouted: \"Damn the n*****s and abolitionists!\" and tried to lynch another black person, but he escaped. The dead man's name was Marshall Clarke.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but..., p.9 and Pfeiffer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Milwaukee Sentinel, Sept 9 1861 and Daily Wisconsin (Milwaukee), September 9 1861.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Anti-Abolitionist; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; White; Pro-Slavery; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Prisoner; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Marshall Clarke", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.95645, 43.03145 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2021, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "October: Young Francisco Cota taken from police officers and lynched. He had shot an Anglo shopkeeper and his wife.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Youth", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Cota", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2027, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Pro-secession mobs active in attacking local targets. One group sacked the German Turner Hall because it was reported that some German turners had volunteered to go to Washington in defense of the capital. Another group attacked the German abolition paper the Wecker at Frederick near Gay street.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.600-601", "Type": "War; Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Press; German; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2030, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/05", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Hocking Co.", "Location": "Hocking County, Ohio", "Lat": 39.51238, "Long": -82.45016, "Description": "May: White mob tarred and feathered three black people for making comments that \"they did not relish very well.\" They also asked several familieis to leave the area within six months.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free But…, p.9", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.45016, 39.51238 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2033, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/06", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "June: Brawl between Irish and black stevedores, supposedly over the favors of an Irish girl lasted two days in Buckton. Mayor called out storer guards to quell it.", "Source": "Harding. \"Cincinnati Riots,\" 230 N.5", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Target Classification": "Irish; Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2049, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/01", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Near Peak's Mill, Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., KY", "Lat": 38.2984, "Long": -84.81247, "Description": "January: Hanging of \"slave of 'Miss Pearce'\" for alleged rape and murderous assualt", "Source": "New York Times, Jan. 14, 1862 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.81247, 38.2984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2051, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "New Albany", "Location": "New Albany, Indiana", "Lat": 38.291254, "Long": -85.833344, "Description": "July: white mob beat, shot, and vadalized black section of town after a black person shot two whites. One black person killed. Many injured.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.833344, 38.291254 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2052, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo, Ohio", "Lat": 41.682649, "Long": -83.535607, "Description": "July: Racial strife over wages left one dead, several wounded and black shanties torn down.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.535607, 41.682649 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2054, "year": 1862, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo", "Lat": 41.64844, "Long": -83.54146, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mi Hist., 58 (1974)", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.54146, 41.64844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2055, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "March: Mob pelted Wendell Phillips with eggs and stones during his attempt to give a speech. He was whisked away when the crowd threatened to lynch or tar and feather him.", "Source": "Voegili.Free But…, p.18", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Wendell Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2056, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "April: Race riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mi Hi, 58 (1974) 11", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2059, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: 40 slaves attempting to enter the city routed the police and were only subdued by the arrival of Federal troops.", "Source": "Messner. \"Black Violence,\" p.22", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Slave; Black", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Military; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2060, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Peoria", "Location": "Peoria, Illinois", "Lat": 40.69512, "Long": -89.59262, "Description": "July: Crowd of whites break into jail and beat a black prisoner who had slashed a policeman with a razor.", "Source": "Voegili.Free but…, p.35", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Prisoner; Jail", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.59262, 40.69512 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2064, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Toledo", "Location": "Toledo, Ohio", "Lat": 41.64844, "Long": -83.54146, "Description": "July: Employees of grain and produce firms rioted over the use of black workers.", "Source": "Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.99-100", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Employer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.54146, 41.64844 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2065, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Rioting between white and black boatmen triggered by competition over jobs and wages. Irish coworkers attacked black people, their homes (setting some on fire) and beat African Americans. Some African Americans retaliated by attacking and burning Irish houses.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 257", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Worker; Irish; Boatman", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2066, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "July: Omnibus riot. A bus driver refused to let a black person ride the bus. Mob threatens to attack African Americans.", "Source": "Voegili.Free but…, p.34", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2067, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Irish dock workers angered by black workers working for less, rioted for two days, including attacks on black homes.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.195", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2071, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: White workers attack black employees at a tobacco factory and attempt to burn the building. Black people were women and children.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 261; NY Tribune, August 6, 1862", "Type": "Racial; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2072, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/08", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "August: Irish dock workers attack black dock workers.", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. His. 34 (1949) 260-261", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Dock Worker", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Dock Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2083, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Oregon", "Sublocation": "Auburn", "Location": "Auburn, OR", "Lat": 44.85429, "Long": -117.938, "Description": "November: Tom \"The Spaniard\" hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tom the Spaniard", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.938, 44.85429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2086, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "West Bend", "Location": "West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin", "Lat": 43.42489, "Long": -88.18415, "Description": "November: Mob stones houses of prominent citizens and abolitionists in opposition to the draft. 300 troops sent to area.", "Source": "Coakeley.Role, p.234", "Type": "War; Political; Military; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.18415, 43.42489 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2088, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indiana", "Location": "Indiana", "Lat": 40.26328, "Long": -86.1646, "Description": "December: Mob surrounds house of a farmer who had hired a \"contraband\" - a newly freed black man from the South. They captured the free black man and ordered him out of the community.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.16", "Type": "War; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Farmer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1646, 40.26328 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2095, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/03", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "March: Trial of black man, Wm. Faulkner, for allegedly molesting a white and black girl elicits a great deal of attention. At one point during trial, when court visited the scene of the alleged crime, crowd hurled stoned at Faulkner. After he was convicted (he was innocent) on the 6th, Provost Marshall's men used to guard him on way to jail. Guards fired on threatening crowd, killing one man. Angered, whites later attacked black neighborhood, burning houses, assaulting blacks of both sexes. Concerns over draft also in (??).", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit…,\"Michigan History58 (1974) p.4-24", "Type": "Racial; Law; Anti-Draft; Draft; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Draft; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Prisoner; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Faulkner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2097, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Oil Spring", "Location": "Oil Spring", "Lat": 38.53027, "Long": -105.21323, "Description": "May: Vigilantes from California Gulch tracked alleged murderers for twelve days. The alleged murderers were two Mexican men. The vigilantes killed one, and one escaped. The vigilantes, going through possessions left behind, found a book. An attempt to translate the Spanish led the Anglos to believe that the Mexican men were out to exterminate as many Americans as possible. The Anglos believed the Mexican men to be the Espinosa brothers", "Source": "The Weekly Commonwealth, May 21, 1863", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.21323, 38.53027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2098, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Newburgh", "Location": "Newburgh, NY", "Lat": 41.495854, "Long": -74.018597, "Description": "June: Mob lynches black person for assaulting an Irish-American woman.", "Source": "Anbinder, p.312", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.018597, 41.495854 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2101, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Start in protest of $300 exemption clause of draft. Includes attacks on homes and shops of the rich, but quickly black people become the main focus of rioters' wrath. African Americans lynched from light posts, homes and institutions destroyed. Concerted fight with authorities. Army ordered in and massive street battles ensue. At least 105 died.", "Source": "Cook, Headley, Bernstein.", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Draft; Draft; Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; War; Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Reformer; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed; Mutiliation", "Recorded # Killed": "105", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2108, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: Convicted murderer of an Anglo rancher, Manuel Cerredel, seized aboard steamer taking him to San Quinton and hanged from a yard arm.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.24", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Cerredel", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2110, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Chino", "Location": "Campo Chino, CA", "Lat": 34.01506, "Long": -117.69278, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Luis Seyra and Cosmé Nuñez seized from authorities and killed for alleged murder.", "Source": "House Ex. Doc #73^24 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luis Seyra; Cosmé Nuñez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.69278, 34.01506 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2119, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/02", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Hamtrunck", "Location": "Hamtrunck, Michigan", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "February: Gang of African Americans assaulted a white man.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit,\" Mid. Hist. 58 (1974) 13", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2130, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish longshoremen strike. For three days strikers beat up blacks along the cosk in an effort to enforce an \"all-white\" rule and enforce standard wage. Metropolitan police also fought with strikers and when they attempted to protect black people.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Legal; Law Officer; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2133, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Continuation of longshoremen's strike turns violent. Irish strikers drive black workers and others willing to work from the piers.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.119-120", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Irish; Longshoreman; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker; Black; Longshoreman; Employer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2136, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Indiana", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "June: Rioting broke out between supporters of abolitionist and pro-Southerners on Saturday in what was probably a market day. Several (??) torn down and cattle and swine allowed to enter a garden.", "Source": "Turbulent Times, p.94", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; War", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2144, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July-August: After the Draft Riots, beatings of black people by gangs of white boys continued through the summer.", "Source": "Bernstein, p.66", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2146, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Irish stevedores attack black stevedores for supposedly taking white jobs. Shots exchanged, some black and white people wounded. Whites attacked black neighborhood called \"Dug's Dive\"", "Source": "Lofton. \"Northern Labor,\" J. of N. Hist., 34 (1949) 262", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Worker; Stevedore", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Stevedore", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2148, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Staten Island", "Location": "Staten Island, NY", "Lat": 40.58755, "Long": -74.14899, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Mob burns carbarn of S.I. RR at Vanderbilt's landing. Attack homes and business of African Americans. Beat and maybe kill some black people.", "Source": "Ruekstin. \"Draft Riots\"", "Type": "Racial; Military; War; Draft; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant; Railroad", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.14899, 40.58755 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2149, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Rioting against the draft and blacks started at Renssler Iron Founding and Albany Mail works. African Americans threatened.", "Source": "Loften. \"Nothern Labor\", p.272", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2150, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Draft riot - 300 to 400 laborers from local foundry marched through town, demanding an end to the draft, stoned andd gutted the office of the Troy times, threatened a black church and released 80 prisoners from jail. Several houses gutted, too.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.256-257", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Press; Religious; Church; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2156, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/10", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, OH", "Lat": 39.92346, "Long": -83.82179, "Description": "October: Republicans rally and then harassed Democrats. The Reps visited the homes of prominent Dems \"hissed, groaned\" and threw stones at the windows, breaking many. Black and white people did this together.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.221", "Type": "Military; War; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Political; Republican", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.82179, 39.92346 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2162, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Bannack", "Location": "Bannack, MT", "Lat": 45.16054, "Long": -112.99615, "Description": "January: Vigilante action against a gang of thieves and murderers. Henry Plummer, sheriff of Bannock and Virginia, led the criminal band. Vigilantes lynched Plummer, George Lane, George Ives, Ned Ray, Buck Stinson, John Wagner alias Dutch John, Red alias Bevens, Brown, Hayes Lyon, Jack Gallagher, Frank Parish, and Boone Helm. Joe Pizanthia, known as \"Spanish Frank,\" hanged and corpse burned.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead and \"LYNCH LAW AMONG THE MORMONS\" Glasgow Herald March 26, 1864", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "13", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe \"Spaniard Frank\" Pizanthia;  Henry Plummer; George Lane; George Ives; Ned Ray; Buck Stinson; John \"Dutch John\" Wagner; Reed alias Bevens; Brown; Hayes Lyon; Jack Gallagher; Frank Parish; Boone Helm", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.99615, 45.16054 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2163, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Natividad", "Location": "Natividad", "Lat": 36.73301, "Long": -121.59671, "Description": "February: On the 9th, Patrocinio Lopez lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 12 Feb 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrocinio Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.59671, 36.73301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2164, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Pedro", "Location": "San Pedro", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 18th, Jesús Arellanes lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "H. H. Bancroft, Reference Notes as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesús Arellanes", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2172, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Nevada", "Sublocation": "La Plata", "Location": "La Plata, NV", "Lat": 39.37784, "Long": -118.22087, "Description": "June: Vigilantes shot and clubbed to death José Aniceto Baldenbro and Simon Montoya for not cooperating with them.", "Source": "Virginia Daily Union (Virginia City), 14 June 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Aniceto Baldenbro; Simon Montoya", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.22087, 39.37784 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2176, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2177, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2182, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/01", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Augusta", "Location": "Augusta, Georgia", "Lat": 33.469985, "Long": -81.998972, "Description": "January: Some black soldiers, joined by local black people, foght with whites over \"a widow lady…who at the time had several young ladies staying with her.\" Other Union soldiers quelled the riot, but not until six African Americans had been killed or mortally wounded. The riot followed rumors that some Irishmen had attacks black people.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Military; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Prostitute; Brothel", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Military; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Prostitute; Brothel", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.998972, 33.469985 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2183, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Men from New York regiment fought with black soldiers in the 21st US colored troops. Fighting began with a shooting skirmish at the market place on the 8th. Ended with New Yorkers ordered out of the city. At least one black person killed.", "Source": "Williamson.After Slavery, p.258", "Type": "Racial; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Military; New Yorker", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Military; New Yorker", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2184, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/09", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Springfield", "Location": "Springfield, Tennessee", "Lat": 36.507059, "Long": -86.886934, "Description": "September: Confederate guerillas killed one black person, tortured some, and robbed others.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Guerilla", "Rioter Classification": "Guerilla; Confederate; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.886934, 36.507059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2185, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Alexandria", "Location": "Alexandria, VA", "Lat": 38.805391, "Long": -77.044221, "Description": "December: Riot on Christmas Day between white and black people. 14 black people and 2 white people killed.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brien, p.247; Hennessey, p.17", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "16", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.044221, 38.805391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2189, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/04", "State": "Washington", "Sublocation": "Walla Walla", "Location": "Walla Walla", "Lat": 46.0647, "Long": -118.34063, "Description": "April: Angered by horse and cattle theft, the citizens of Walla Walla formed a vigilance committee. The vigilantes proceeded to hang 15 men. Doc. Reed, \"N***** Jim,\" McKenzie, Tom Reeves, Charles Wilson, and Joseph Petis all named as victims of the lynching. The newspaper does not condem the action.", "Source": "Seattle Weekly Gazzette, April 27 1865. Also listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Alleged Cattle Thief; Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "15", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doc. Reed; N***** Jim; McKenzie; Tom Reeves; Charles Wilson; Joseph Petis", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.34063, 46.0647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2192, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "Minnesota", "Sublocation": "Mankato", "Location": "Mankato", "Lat": 44.1625, "Long": -94.0011, "Description": "May: John Campbell, a Native man, hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Ziebarth, \"Judge Lynch in Minnesota,\" 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Native; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Campbell", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.0011, 44.1625 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2193, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Eight Miles from Montery", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: Juan Higuera, the son of 1854 victim, lynched for alleged murder of a deputy.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 19 May 1865 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2200, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/09", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Chapel Hill", "Location": "Chapel Hill, NC", "Lat": 35.91004, "Long": -79.05733, "Description": "September: College students and other whites attacked a black meeting. The black people counter-attacked with sticks forcing the white people to retreat.", "Source": "Rable, p.29", "Type": "Student; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Youth; Student", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.05733, 35.91004 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2205, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/11", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "November-May: Race riot.", "Source": "Holmes. \"Memphis Race Riot,\" p.197", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2206, "year": 1865, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Chattenooga", "Location": "Chattenooga", "Lat": 35.04205, "Long": -85.29949, "Description": "Race riot.", "Source": "Holmes. \"Memphis Race Riot,\" p.197", "Type": "Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.29949, 35.04205 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2209, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/12", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Clarkesville", "Location": "Clarkesville, TN", "Lat": 36.52156, "Long": -87.36238, "Description": "December: Riot broke out when a policeman attempted to arrest a soldier. Battle between white and black people; several wounded.", "Source": "Garson and O'Brian, p.247", "Type": "Racial; Law; Military", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Military; Legal; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "White; Black; Military; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.36238, 36.52156 ] } }
]
}