var Religious = {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"name": "Religious",
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } },
"features": [
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 25, "year": 1784, "date": "1784\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: \"Several riots having happened at the door of the Methodist meeting, to the great annoyance, and vexation of the pious and well-inclined, Mr. Aldermon (??) Lott attended on Sunday evening, for the (??) purpose of enforcing a proper discourse, when several bucks beginning to beat up a dust, the ring leaders were taken into custody, and confined for the night in the Provost.\"", "Source": "N.Y. Gazetteer, November 30, 1784", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Aldermon Lott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 30, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Virginia", "Lat": 37.501713, "Long": -78.033621, "Description": "April: Thomas Coke, a Methodist preacher, was threatened with mob violence and had two bills of indictment present against him for speaking out against slavery in the spring of 1785.", "Source": "Geasche(??). The Great Awakening in Virginia,p.247", "Type": "Anti-Abolition; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Coke", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.033621, 37.501713 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 32, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: British sailors and Tory sympathizer attacked members of a French packet. This aroused the populace and brought forth legislative action. Rioters include (convicted and sentenced) Jeremiah Watson, Joseph Biggs, and James Watson.", "Source": "Pomerantz. p.298", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Political; British; Tory", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jeremiah Watson; Joseph Biggs; James Watson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 41, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: A \"fracas\" occurred between the N.E. ship Friendshipand the Marie Victorie, a French vessel, at the old Ferry Wharf. It occurred at 2:00pm and was triggered over and argument concerning an open slot at the wharf. The French ship had arrived first and N.E. crew, sans the captain, attacked the French twice. The N.E. crew numbered 12 or 14 men. Four of them were afterwards arrested but only three were arraigned to be tried at the September session of the court of O+T.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, August 18, 1785.N.Y. Packet, August 18, 1785.", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 93, "year": 1787, "date": "1787\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Dr. Carrol, American Catholic religious leader came to NYC and founed Andrew Nugent, pastor of the Catholic congregation there. He decided that Nugent was misguided and annulled his faculties. Nugent opposed this and refused to yield possession of St. Peters. The matter was placed before the Grand Jury who found Nugent guilty of riot. A new pastor was appointed by Carrol.", "Source": "Shea, ed.Catholic Churches of NYC, p.591; Bennett. Catholic Footsteps…, p.381-383;N.Y. Journal, N.19, 1787 - oblique reference", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Andrew Nugent", "Persons Named as Targets": "Carrol", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 117, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Bluet. Evangelist John Marrant describes how he was harassed by a mob of about 40 who interrupted his preaching in the West end of Boston. Marrant escaped immediate harm, returned to his home, followed by the crowd who then pelted rocks on his house.", "Source": "Brooks. \"Emergence of a Black Print Counterpublic,\"WMQ, 3rd ser., 62 (2005), 76", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White Supremacist", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Marrant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 119, "year": 1789, "date": "1789\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: Dispute over who was the priest in the one Catholic congregation led one group of malcontents to disrupt services, overturn pews and generally misbehave.", "Source": "Coghimo.No King, No Pope, (??) p.135-136", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 132, "year": 1791, "date": "1791\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Possible rioting around Easter. It might be connected to the holiday or it might be related to the election. The source is very unclear.", "Source": "N.Y. Journal, January 2, 1791", "Type": "Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Religious", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 155, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Apparently there were a number of riotous scuffles between English and French sailors in this port. It even drew a comment from the British consul there requesting English sailors to keep the peace and a special charge to the Philadelphia Grand Jury.", "Source": "N.Y. Daily Advertiser, June 13, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 158, "year": 1793, "date": "1793\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A fight occurred between French and English sailors near Dover St.; also at the lower end of King St. Some bloodwas spilled as the combatants were armed with clubs. The watch took off several of them from the house in which the quarrel arose.", "Source": "Alexander Anderson.Diarium…, August 18, 1793;N.Y. Journal, August 21, 1793", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; French; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 180, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Sailors on a Portuguese Brig, in honor of Good Friday, hanged Judas in effigy from the ship. The effigy was dunked in the water, before being dragged through the streets while beaten with clubs. Provided amusement to boys and spectators.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States & evening advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 22 April 1794. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Portuguese; Youth; American", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Judas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 248, "year": 1796, "date": "1796\/07", "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Wilmington", "Location": "Wilmington, NC", "Lat": 34.218719, "Long": -77.931798, "Description": "July: French privateer La Bellona came into port. The captain and crew had several run-ins with the citizens and American seamen of the town. These culminated in a \"sailor's brawl\" (Gilpatrick's phrase) in which an American seaman was killed, the privateer guns thrown overboard, and the French tricolor trampled undefoot. The Americans believed that the privateer was enlisting American seamen and planning to molest American shipping leaving Wilmington. There was a trial of the French privateer afterward.", "Source": "Gilpatrick.Jeffersonian Democracy in N.C., p.83", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Vigilante; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.931798, 34.218719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 284, "year": 1798, "date": "1798\/08", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "August: The crew of a Spanish privateer was harassed and the vessel taken up river and burnt by a number of men about midnight. The Spanish vessel had taken two American ships which the Spanish government had later released.", "Source": "NY.Time Piece, August 30, 1798", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Political; Privateer; Alleged Criminal; Hispanic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 294, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Effigy paddies cause disturbance on day of celebration for St. Patrick in Harmon Street. One man was killed.", "Source": "N.Y. Argus, March 20, 1799", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 325, "year": 1800, "date": "1800\/10", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Great Bridge", "Location": "Great Bridge, VA", "Lat": 36.71319, "Long": -76.23981, "Description": "October: A Baptist preacher and Republican, Davis Biggs, was invited to preach at Great Bridge in Norfolk County. A Mr. W Butt or Burt, a local magistrate and Federalist, attempted to gather men to tar and feather the preacher. If he failed to find enough men, he threatened to cut off Bigg's ears, let out his bowels, or send him to Hell, \"where all such apostates should be sent, when found.\"", "Source": "The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. [volume], December 12, 1800, Image 4", "Type": "Political; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist; Legal; Judge; Magistrate", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Democratic-Republican", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "W. Butt", "Persons Named as Targets": "Davis Biggs", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.23981, 36.71319 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 334, "year": 1802, "date": "1802\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A number of Irishmen collected about sunset on the 17th on East George street and harassed nearly everyone who walked by. They attacked a number of people with clubs and stones and shouted \"Huzzah for Dublin, we'll show the Americans freedom.\" Seven were arrested while there was at least 20 others.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions April 16, 1802; MMPO II March 17 and 18, 1802", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 345, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: \"September witnessed a riot begun by several Spanish sailors, who stabbed and dangerously wounded William Barry, a young American sailor. His friends went to a Spanish house and tore it to pieces. Several people were severely hurt during the riot.\"", "Source": "Scharf and Wiscott.History of Philadelphia,P.519", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Spanish; Catholic; Sailor; American; Protestant; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Barry", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 346, "year": 1804, "date": "1804\/09", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Elkton", "Location": "Elkton, Md", "Lat": 39.609286, "Long": -75.825092, "Description": "September: A number of united Irishmen, canal workers, left off work, went to the race track armed with bludgeons and (??). There they paraded about and became involved in a fight with some blacks. They demolished one free black person's stall and chased the rest of the blacks toward town. The blacks bought protection from the whites. Several gentlemen of the races attempted to intercede. The Irish attacked these gentlemen too and a battle ensued between this mounted gentry armed with whips and Irish ruffians. Some of the gentry were injured, but it is inplied that the rioters got the worst of it, a few of whom, it was said, died afterwards. On their approach to the races the Irish are reported as declaring they could whip double their number of Americans.", "Source": "N.Y.E.P., October 13, 1804", "Type": "Racial; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Protestant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.825092, 39.609286 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 349, "year": 1805, "date": "1805\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A fracas occurred at Bowling Green. Some Irishmen commented loudly that no American soldier was worth looking at except the Irish Greens. A yankee objected and a fist fight ensued which quickly expanded into a free-for-all. The mayor attempted to intercede but was at first unsuccessful. Some say he himself was knocked down and his stick taken. He rallied, however, and with the assistance of some other gentlemen and the constables the fight was stopped and three or four of the ringleaders were sent off to Bridewell.", "Source": "NYEP, July 6, 1805", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 362, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: A fracas occurred between the crew of a French frigate and a party of American sailors in Southwark at night.", "Source": "NYEP, October 21, 1806", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 363, "year": 1806, "date": "1806\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Highbinders riot and Irish riot on Augustus street. Highbinders had a record of attacking whore houses and committing other disorderly acts. They had congregated on the night of the 24th to disrupt possible Catholic services at the B.C. Church at Barclay St. No real trouble occurred except abusing of watchmen. Following night the Irish gathered to protect their religion. The watch attempted to break up the Irish crowd and riot and battle ensued. De Witt Clinton gov. offered reward for ringleader and murderer of watchmen.", "Source": "Matteson MSS - Box 3 and notecards; NYEvening Post, December 26, 1806", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Moral Panic", "Rioter Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang", "Target Classification": "Highbinder; Protestant; Nativist; Irish; Catholic; Gang; Woman; Prostitute", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 367, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Trustors of African American church complain their church being disturbed by boys and want watchmen to protect them.", "Source": "MCC, 4, p.389", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 370, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church complain \"of the interruption of their service on Sundays by disorderly persons\" and request a watchmen to protect them.", "Source": "MCC4: p.396, 407", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 373, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: In the aftermath of the Chesapeake affair, Augustus Foster, British Secretary of Legation decided to travel incognito and trusted his horses to the separate care of his groom. This proved to be a wise decision when only the presence \"of a somewhat timid soul\" counseling moderation prevented the curricle and horses from being thrown into the Norte River. Foster commented that the ringleader on this occasion, as might be expected, an Irish emigrant.", "Source": "Horseman.Causes…, p.103", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Augustus Foster", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 378, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Some Frenchmen, in an armed boat fitted out in Baltimore, boarded and captured the ship Othello from Liverpool. Contrary winds forced them to abandon their prize to the captain. Some militia set out to capture these \"pirates\" but questions over jurisdiction in the case prevented prosecution. Subsequently an act of the assembly provided a law to cover this situation.", "Source": "T.W. Griffith.Annals of Baltimore, p.180-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Militia", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 384, "year": 1807, "date": "1807\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Samuel Stillwell, on behalf of the cities' Methodists, petitioned Mayor Willett in regard to violence and insults committed by rowdies and crowds on Sunday against Methodist churches.", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1474", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Stillwell", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 401, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Methodists were frequently harassed on their way to and from church as well as at their services. On the night of the 11th Moses Flannagan with at least ten others again did so. This in the 10th ward. Flannagan was convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 8, 1808", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Moses Flannagan", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 403, "year": 1808, "date": "1808\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Trustees of the African Methodist church complain of riots at their place of worship and against Duncan McDonald, a watchman, for neglect of duty.", "Source": "MCC5: 272, 278", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Methodist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 426, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: \"The Church of Christ\" in the 8th ward was harassed by a large crowd who thre stones and balls made of bow and turpentine.", "Source": "SC -cases 7432", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 428, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: John Edward's religious group was bothered by a crowd in the 8th ward.", "Source": "SCPC - Cases 7432", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Edward", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 431, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Lozici, a marshal, was charged with rioting and disturbing Amos Broad's makeshift Baptist Society church on corner of Anthony and Handson streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Feb 10, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Marshal; Anti-Slavery; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Lozici", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 433, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad again being harassed. Accuses Peter Von Zandt, scion of a wealthy family with others for disturbing his services. Result: NG.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Von Zandt", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 434, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Religious meeting - corner of Hudson and Anthony street, harassed by a disorderly crowd.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 435, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's service was disrupted by a number of persons who created a riot in and about the church.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7432 5", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 436, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Miln Parker, harassed Amos Broad's Baptist church - stamping his feet, laughing and disturbing the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 12", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Miln Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 437, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Amos Broad is on Rose street. He was harassed by Bloodgood and five others. This time he got a conviction.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Bloodgood", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 438, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Henry Diedrick with five or more others rioted and disturbed a church in the 4th ward.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 15, 1810", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Diedrick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 440, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Broad's church harassed during the evening service. A number of young people's entered the church, put out the candles, carried away the candlesticks, broke the pews, the door, and disturbed Broad and et.al.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7432 9", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 444, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A large disturbance at Broad's church. The Marshals were there at the order of the mayor in anticipation of the riot and several arrests were made. As many people were throwing squibs - quantities of gun powder enclosed in paper - at the church etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 7", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 448, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Revivalists' meetings in the park were seen as \"disorderly assemblies\" and the Common Council passed a law otlawing them on July 2, 1810.", "Source": "Stokes.Iconography…V, p.1522", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Revivalist", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 453, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Warren Co.", "Location": "Warren Co., Ohio", "Lat": 39.433938, "Long": -84.21105, "Description": "September: The Shaker community at Turtle Creek was harassed by upwards of a thousand persons from Warren and Butler counties. Their number included several milita companies and many private citizens. They had collected there to compel the Shakers to deliver up the grandchildren of Col. James Smith of Kentucky. The children, it was said, were being held there by force. A conference was held in which the Shakers declared that the children were with their father at Lebanon Jail. Not finding anyone desirous of leaving the multitude dispersed. However, they had warned the Shakers that if their secret were not broken up by the 1st of Nov, next they would receive another visit. No property and persons were damaged.", "Source": "NYEPSeptember 12, 1810", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Milita; Private Citizen", "Target Classification": "Religious; Shaker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.21105, 39.433938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 456, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad is again disturbed in his ministry. This time by Betty, an ex-slave of his. Her actions incited farther mob action such as throwing of stones at window, etc. Result: guilty", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 15, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 457, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/12", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "December: A constable came aboard a NY ship and demanded with a warranted written in French the custody of one crew member - a black man. The captain refused and insisted that the constable get an English warrant. This the constable refused to do. The constable even went and got a written note from the mayor saying that the warrant was valid. Still, the captain remaind steadfast and while he went himself to discuss the issue with the mayor the constable at the head of nine or ten of the city guard and with sabres drawn, attempted to board the vessel. This was opposed by the sailors who armed with handspikes drove them off. The captain arrived to help quell the disturbance. One sailor was dangerously wounded, while several of the guard were hurt.", "Source": "NY Gazette, January 24, 1811", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Black", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 458, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Savannah mob of sailors, spurred by merchants, set the torch to La Franchise and La Vengeance after repeated gun and knife battle which took one American and seven or eight French lives.", "Source": "Browt.MadisonV, p.376", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Merchant", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "9", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 459, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: \"a riot took place between French privateers or English sailors; several men on both sides were killed. The privateers were burned and Seurier complained in language such as Napolean might be supposed to expect from his minister in regard to a violent onfragcot the French flag.\" It was something of a diplomatic incident and Madison knew about it.", "Source": "H Adams.History…VI, p.186-187", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "British; Sailor; Protestant", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 466, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: French captain of a privateer stoned during heat of French activity against American shipping.", "Source": "Browt.Madison…V, p.315", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Economic; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Sailor; Officer; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 472, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "September: After a quarrel with William Chambers, grocer, several French and Spanish sailors were forced to retreat Sunday night. The next day, however, they returned armed with knives and clubs, and reinforced its members with more members of the crew of the French privateer La Vegeance. In the ensuing affray, Williams was murdered and several others wounded. Four of the privateers were arrested while a fifth Jon Chocolate, believed to be the murderer, was picked up the next day. One American sea captain was also severely wounded.", "Source": "NYEP, September 16, 1811", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; French; Spanish; Catholic; Privateer", "Target Classification": "Merchant; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Chambers", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 473, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/11", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Savannah", "Location": "Savannah, Ga", "Lat": 32.082669, "Long": -81.110266, "Description": "November: Riot between American and French seamen. Burning of French privateers, militia called out, but abandoned vessel rather than fire on their own countrymen.", "Source": "Matteson - MS - notecards + Box 3", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Sailor; French; Catholic; Privateer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.110266, 32.082669 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 477, "year": 1811, "date": "1811\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "December: An attempt was made to burn the privateer brig Dilligent, but on the representation of the French consul the mayor caused the ringleader to be apprehended and jailed.", "Source": "NYEP, December 16, 1811", "Type": "Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Privateer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 479, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "January: Several ships were detained by the ice at (??) Point. Two females from the city were going to visit a Portuguese or Spanish ship lying outside the schooner Liberty. While crossing the Liberty's deck they were ordered not to pass that way - these orders were followed by an order to paint their faces. One sailor did this using a tar brush. Seeing this the foreigners streamed aboard, a fight followed in which several men were injured.", "Source": "NYEP, January 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; American; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman; Sailor; Spanish; Portuguese; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 480, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/02", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "Baton Rouge", "Location": "Baton Rouge", "Lat": 30.442973, "Long": -91.181329, "Description": "February: A number of Frenchmen were dissatisfied with a ruling of the court. They collected together and went to the courthouse in search of the judge. Not finding him there they dispersed at the urging of Mr. Baldwin who had his office in the courthouse. The next day the rioters returned. Again the Judge was not to be found. This time they vented their anger upon Baldwin, seized the Ct. house, and armed themselves with the cache of weapons stored there. The Sheriff couldn't dislodge them until he got some military assistance. However, no blood was spilt.", "Source": "NYEP, March 5, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Law; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Sheriff; Law Officer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Baldwin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.181329, 30.442973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 495, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: John Silva attacked by at least 10 men. Silva was Portuguese.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions July 8, 13, 1812", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Silva", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 508, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad and his church are again being mobbed by 20 or 50. The one indicted is acquitted. Thompson, the accused, was inside disturbing the ceremony while a mob raged and threatened to come in from the outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 5, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 510, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Amos Broad's church still being harassed. With the support of another witness Broad gets one conviction as he put up with 40 or 50 persons running through his church.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Dcember 18, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 511, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was the object of an unruly crowd of men and boys in the evening. Jacob Hays was there and arrested several persons. Hays says there were a great number of boys and men.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 3", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 513, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Catherine Lowe schoolhouse run by George Mills was disrupted early in the morning by about 12 to 14 Irishmen who broke doors, threatened etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "School", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George Mills", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 520, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/02", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Norfolk", "Location": "Norfolk", "Lat": 36.855595, "Long": -76.298084, "Description": "February: On the night of the 5th there was a fracas between Spanish and American sailors in which the Americans got the upper hand. The following evening, Saturday, 20 or 30 Spaniards returned for revenge armed with knives. Provoking the Americans into a fight in Water street they surprised the unarmed Americans. Within a few minutes six Americans were stabbed, one dying on the spot. Soon however the guard arrived and secured the greater part of the murders rescuing them from the enraged populace. The Spaniards were taken to the prison.", "Source": "NYEP, February 16, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 5, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.298084, 36.855595 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 524, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: In the evening about 10 or 11 o'clock, a great riot occurred at the corner of East George and Henry street. Between 30 or 40 men, who appeared to be sailors, were there. A Spaniard by the name of Manuel Prede was beaten.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7433 5", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Prede", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 530, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/08", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "August: Riot between American and foreign seamen (Swedish and Portuguese) on the docks. Broken up by the Governor's Guard armed with loaded muskets and bayonets. At foot of Long Wharf.", "Source": "Seymour.Ships, Sailors, and Samaratins, p.41", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Target Classification": "Sailor; American; Swedish; Portuguese", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 531, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Some French gentlemen harassed (??) Beacham, beating her and threatening to destroy her house. They also claimed that they could raise enough Frenchmen to beat the watch which she said she would call to protect her.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, September 15, 1813", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beacham", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 533, "year": 1813, "date": "1813\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: illiterate (at least he couldn't write) June Scott had his congregation harrassed by a number of persons. One of whom was identified and tried. Result uncertain. The mob kicked at the door tearing one of the staples out.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 7, 1814", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "June Scott", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 539, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Complaint of \"sundry Inhabitants\" of the \"riotous conduct of boys assembling on Sundays at the African church corner of Leonard and Church street and of the extreme late hour of the night to which the exercises in said church are continued…\"", "Source": "MCC7:729", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Black; Religious", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 540, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: When the German Lutheran church announced that they would have one service in English as well certain people of the congregation were outraged, acted uproariously and were tried for riot. They were acquitted. Note the minister had been threatened", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, May 10, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German", "Target Classification": "Religious; Lutheran; German; Minister", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 541, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Some Spanish sailors burst into a boarding house at the North end of town in search of some Greeks who had wounded a Spaniard the night before. Making a riot and tumult in the street they seized a Greek sailor, tired his hands behind him and drove him to Charleston. When near the yard some Greeks rushed by the sentry for protection. The Spaniards knocked down the guard and were immediately seized and put in (??) by Commodore Bawbridge. 26 were arrested and charged as riotous.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, May 29, 1814", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Spanish; Catholic; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Greek; Orthodox", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 542, "year": 1814, "date": "1814\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "June: A Te Deum to be sung on Sunday at the request of the city's Roman Catholics offering thanks for the release of Pope Pius VII from prison brought the threat of mob violance by a number of indignant Frenchmen. With the promise of 150 to 200 of their countrymen to support them prompt action was taken by the Intendent who ordered out a strong guard. The ringleader was arrested in the body of the church, about to begin the disruption. that night some individuals threatened to burn the schooner Bourbon, bound for NY. It's name was obnoxious to a number of persons, particularly since the vessel carried a white flag with its name emblazoned on it. During the day an attempt was made to haul down the flag, but the crew prevented that from happening.", "Source": "N.Y.Gazette, July 9, 1814", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Political", "Rioter Classification": "French", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Sailor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 553, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Amos Broad petitions the Common Council complaining about riotous conduct at Rose street church.", "Source": "MCC 8:173", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 555, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: Sunday - an Irish sailor led his company in flogging and tar and feathering an English sailor. The Englishman had been part of a press gang in England and had destroyed the Irishmen's protection.", "Source": "NYEP, October 2, 1815", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British", "Actions": "Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 556, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: John W. Jarvis, among others, disturbed Broad's church.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John W. Jarvis", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 566, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Several black men were harrassed by, apparently, some Irish men on Bowster street. A white man was also attacked. Two were arrested and tried, one convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1816", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 571, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Amos Broad's church was greatly disturbed and insulted by violent outrages committed. Crowds forced their way into the house and disturbed the society and minister.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 572, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Jacob Johnson, alias Stewart, harrassed Broad's rose street church. He made a nuisance of himself and gave a false report offense.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 14", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob Johnson", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 576, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's church was ransacked by a mob. Little details. All tried were acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 5, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 578, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Members of the African Episcopal church petition the Common Council complaining of the riotous conduct at Broad's Rose Street church.", "Source": "MCC 9:40", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 580, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lansingburgh", "Location": "Lansingburgh, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "March: A \"stuffed Paddy\" was paraded in this town, mocking the Irish and their patron saint.", "Source": "N.Y.Shamrock, March 29, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 581, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: Insulted by a British brig's flying a tricolor vane, local French citizens rioted. Armed with pistols and swords they ordered the Bitish captain to take down the vane. He refused. They attacked, killing the captain and four of his crew. 100 shots were fired. The masts were cut down. Gen. Ripley ordered out his men, arrested 15 rioters. The mayor ordered them released - the captains in part threatened to tar and feather the mayor. The 1st mate and 10 or 12 seamen were also taken into custody. The British consul declared himself and the others prisoners of war and the ship a prize. The next day every English ship in port flew the tricolor vane.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, April 17, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 582, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "March: A British and French ship lie next to one another at the levee. On the 17th a dispute arose concerning the stage leading to the levee. It was limited and settled with the British officer bound to keep the peace. Thereafter it was noticed that the British ship had a tricolor tails on its vane. This was believed to be an insult to the N.O. French community. The next morning a crowd appeared and the mayor ordered the British officer to remove the vane. He did so, but in the afternoon, with an insurance from the US Army commander that the tails was not an insult to American pride, he hung it again. A mob rapidly formed and with the mayor present, who did nothing, took over the ship, cutting down the vane, rigging, chopping the main and mizzen masts, and firing into the cabin where the captain and British consul were . More damage would have been done had a detachment of the US infantry come up. 2 or 3 rioters were arrested, other were taken later as the mob dispersed.", "Source": "NYEP, April 23, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic", "Target Classification": "British; Sailor; Officer; Military", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 585, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broad's church was harassed again. A crowd of 300 to 500 gathered, made noise, broke the few lights over the church door, etc. Eight persons were arrested. The Gazette puts the number at a 1000 and tends to blame Broad for the disturbances.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 6; N.Y.Gazette, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 586, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: Riot starts with argument between French and English captain.", "Source": "National Register III, p.270, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "French; Catholic; Sailor; Officer", "Target Classification": "Sailor; British; Officer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 592, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was attacked. Brick bats and stones thrown at it and one person got inside to harass Broad and the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 10", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 595, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Broad's church was so frequently the scene of a riot, both within and without that the mayor called for a Grand Jury investigation in December. The result was a common law indictment of Broad for a nuisance. Sharp lawyers got a delay for Broad and the interim he at last abandoned his church, suspending services and promising to sell the building. The case was therefore dropped.", "Source": "N.Y. City-Hall recorder, January, 1818", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 613, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: The African church in the 6th ward was disturbed by two men and unspecified others. The two men refused to leave until the watchmen came and took them away. They were after someone or some people in the chuch. Both convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 8, 1819", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 619, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: About 2 o'clock, just as the merchants returned to dinner, a number of Irishmen rioted. They were enflamed by the \"Stuffed Paddy\" hung on the schooner Appomatax's top sail yard arm. They entered the ship, which had been seized by the custom officers, cut away the rigging and did other damage. The ship lay at the foot of Gray street at Smith's dock. Several gentlemen, who attempted to stop the proceedings, received some blows. This included one of the Judges of the city court. Eight or ten men were arrested for riot. The stuff paddy was hung by some boys as a prank.", "Source": "NYEP, March 20, 1819", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 624, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: The trustees of the Baptist Church in Mulberry street complain of the riotous conduct of people who harass their services on Sundays.", "Source": "MCC10: 368", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 627, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A complaint of \"sundry inhabitants\" of \"inderent and disorderly conduct of certain black persons who assemble in (??) and Henry streets on Sundays and disturb persons attending Divine worship in the church in Bouker street.\" asn asking for a peace officer to be stationed there.", "Source": "MCC10:452", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Black", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 641, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: About noon Charles French, with a number of others, prevented the trustees of St. Peter's chuch from selling pews on the steps of the church. The crowd gathered is estimated at 200 persons.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7436 3", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles French", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 657, "year": 1821, "date": "1821\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: In reponse to clergy profanation of Sabbath movement a great number of people assembled at an appointed place and voted resolves against the clergy intereference with local concerns of the city, or the police of the city. They felt it was improper of these clergy to do so and considered it \"an attempt to encroach upon the liberties of the citizen.\"", "Source": "Stokes.IconographyV, p.1677", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 661, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/02", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia College, SC", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "February: Riot when junior class refused to attend prayers and recitations.", "Source": "Bruce.Violence and Culture, p.62-63", "Type": "Student; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "University", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 664, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: A dispute over the control of St. Mary's pastor between the Bishop and some of the congregation erupted into a large riot on April 8. The Catholic church divided over the dismissal of a liberal priest who wanted to have Sunday school and teach the youth from the bible. An election for the trustees was the immediate course of the confrontation which saw the Bishops men hold the church against the Hoganites (Hogan was the erring minister) until the civil authority was forced to intercede.", "Source": "Graphic Acct. of Riots at St. Mary's Church", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Catholic", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 666, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Services at St. Mary's interrupted by some of those involved in the late disturbances. The authorities interfered to restore order.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, April 16, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 670, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Attempt of black people loyal to an Allenite bishop to take over a splinter group's church on Lombard street between 5t and 6th streets. The Allenites were successful. But several arrests were made and men were bound over to the Mayor's court.", "Source": "NYAmerican, August 11, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Black; Allenite", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 671, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Robert R. Brown with 40 or so other disrupted a Baptist church off Christine and Delancy.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 12, 1822", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Robert R. Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 673, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: About 100 sailors marched \"with drums, fifes, and colors, stopping at public places, and going to the city hall and huzzahing.\" Reason: A ship to be brought by the Columbian government had hired a smaller than anticipated interim crew at short wages. Eventually the civil authority was sent for; some of the ringleaders were taken. The rest dispersed peacably.", "Source": "NY.Statesman and Advertiser for the Country, September 16, 1822", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Sailor; American", "Target Classification": "Columbian; Catholic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 674, "year": 1822, "date": "1822\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Robert R. Brown disrupted the religious congregation at the church, corner of Delancy and (??) streets. When they attempted to apprehend Brown they were prevented as he was rescued by a crowd.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Robert R. Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 680, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: While attempting to take a young drunk disturber of their church the Baptists of the Brown St. church were set upon by a number of people attempting to rescue the culprit.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7437 4", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 686, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: A yankee and Irishman quarrelled while working in paving a court. A fight ensued and a large crowd gathered. The crowd went to the Irishman's house, demolished the windows with stones and brick bats. One watchman, who tried to interfere, was slightly stabbed. It took several constables to restore order. One man was arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, June 24, 1823", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Police; Constable", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 698, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A procession of Orangemen marched out of the city towards Greenwich village, then settled mostly by Irish Catholics. They had banners waving and a band playing \"croppies lie down\" and other equally provocative ditties. In the ensuing fight no one was killed but \"the orangemen received a sound thrashing and were driven into the city where upon the sheriff arrested every man he could find in Greenwich village. Over a hundred Irishmen were arraigned and charged with riot and disturbing the peace and were almost certain of conviction. In the September term of the court of sessions, the Judge was about to pass sentence when Thomas Addis Emett walked into the court room for another case and defended the Irishmen speaking loudly of the intolerance in the city.", "Source": "Murphy and Mannion.The Hist. of the Soc. Of The Friendly Sons of St. Pat., p.257", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Orangeman; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 699, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Lockport", "Location": "Lockport, NY", "Lat": 43.172167, "Long": -78.695694, "Description": "July: On the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne, Irish canal workers broke out into fighting among themselves usuing shereliahs and brickbats.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, July 23, 1824", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.695694, 43.172167 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 719, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: \"Irish Shillelah frolic\" took place in the morning near the marble buildings. Several hundred Irishmen were involved. Probably an Irish-Orange disturbance. It was \"Paddy up stairs\" vs \"Paddy downstairs\". It began over a disagreement about a raffle. There had been several clashes during the week. Constables Hays and Homan were there. Both were attacked and lucky to escape with their lives. About 10 ringleaders were arrested.", "Source": "NYAmerican, March 31, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Hays; Homan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 720, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Twelve Irishmen charged with rioting. Some fighting occurred on the 30th, but the big battle was on the 31st. The Irishmen fought the watch and constables as well.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 721, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Irish and Yankee cartmen came to blows over the use of large cart (??). The Irish didn't like the yankee using them. Stones were thrown and blows exchanged. Might just be an A+B.", "Source": "NYAmerican, May 9, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 727, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/06", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Harrodsburg", "Location": "Harrodsburg, KY", "Lat": 37.762949, "Long": -84.846385, "Description": "June: A shakertown nearby was harassesd by 30 or 40 men who wanted to take a woman out of the society. Both the woman and her mother had been shakers. Her mother, however, voluntarily left, and thought the daughter should leave too. It is unclear whether the daughter wanted to stay or go.", "Source": "NYEP, June 30, 1825", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Shaker; Religious; Woman", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.846385, 37.762949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 732, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Orange-Irish riot on the wharfs between race and vine streets. 100 to 200 persons involved. The mayor and the police quelled the disturbance. Several ringleaders arrested. The cause was \"European politics,\" while on board, emigrating to America, Orangemen celebrated July, the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. The ribbonmen on board objected, but in the ensuing battle they were outnumbered and lost. But when they landed in Philly, their numbers were augmented.", "Source": "NYEP, August 3, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Orangeman; Ribbonman", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 733, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: At Harlem, P. Samler had his house surrounded \"by a number of men collected together to tear down his house…and his house was stoned and the door broken open and part of the roof torn off by them and they entered and both him and his wife…were beaten and a declaration was made that no de-Irishman should live on the commons...\"", "Source": "SC PC 7438 4", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "P. Samler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 739, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: A cry of murder was raised from a house in Broad street by Irish immigrants. When entering, one of two watchmen was struck with an ax. An Irishman was arrested. The Gazette says that there was a riot among the Irish on Broad street.", "Source": "NYAmerican, December 15, 1825", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 748, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Irish cartman beat up on James Anderson because they suspected that he was not a Roman Catholic and because he worked too hard on a job with them. A+B case.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Cartman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Cartman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Anderson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 749, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/03", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "March: Rioters broke several lamps and windows belonging to the corporation, broke windows at the French Minister's and carried off his lamps.", "Source": "NYGazette, April 8, 1826", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Diplomat; City Corporation", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 751, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Large scale riots among Irish. It began as an argument between some coopers' boys and some Irishmen over how the latter carelessly handled some barrels. The riots began on Tuesday afternoon and were not quelled until Friday. The disturbances ranged from the mill-pond to Broad street. Several ringleaders were arrested. Many could not raise bail and were committed until the August Municipal court.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 20, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 752, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: A number of apparent Irishmen rioted in Pearl street opposing Marshalls and resisting arrest. It started with some Irishmen attacking a peaceful passerby.", "Source": "NYGazette, July 7, 1826", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 774, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: A large riot which saw Irish and watchmen come to blows. Several watchmen were badly hurt - two of their cops were beat in pieces. It apparently started with an Irish attack on a black man while he was walking in Anthony street. All but ten of the rioters were convicted, including Patrick Winters.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 3, 1827", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Patrick Winters", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 779, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A young man was disorderly in the Chrystie street church. When an attempt was made to put him out he called other in and commenced a fight.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 12", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Church; Religious", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 783, "year": 1827, "date": "1827\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: The Union African Church was disturbed at 8 o'clock. A stone was thrown, a mob formed and services interrupted.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7439 8", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Black; Church; Union African", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 809, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A riot occurred Sunday afternoon in a vacant lot between Broome and Grand streets, where a number of persons had collected to hear the preaching of John Edwards. Stones and brick bats flew about.", "Source": "N.Y.National Advertiser, Feb. 13, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 817, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: A Greenwich Irish laborer died of tetanus. The attending doctor asked the landlord, who had care of the man and his belongings, if he could do an autopsy. He said okay…while the doctor and colleage were dissecting the deceased, a \"robust countryman of the deceased\" came and started to argue with them. He left and returned with a mob which threatened violence unless the doctors ceased their barbarous handling of their countryman. Luckily the doctors escaped unscathed. But the 1st doctor was harassed for several days thereafter.", "Source": "Statesman, April 4, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Doctor", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 819, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Thirteen men indicted for riot. A house, which formerly belonged to RG Stuyvesant, on 1st ave was stoned and almost broken into by a large crowd of 200-500 persons. There was talk of having the satisfaction of the Irish. The watch was called to quell the disturbance and were resisted. The house opposite to Stuyvesant's was partially demolish and fences were likewise torn down.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 11, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "RG Stuyvesant", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 844, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson River", "Location": "Hudson River", "Lat": 42.570786, "Long": -73.756873, "Description": "August: Steamboat Henry Eckford had its passage from NYC to Albany disturbed by a riot. The steamboat carried in tow a number of freight barges which also carried passages. A dispute between the captain and two Irishmen over the amount charged to a female passenger led to a riot as the barge was cut adrift by the riotors and an attempt was made to board the steamboat. Several of the rioters were arrested.", "Source": "NYNational Advertiser, August 5, 1828", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Sailor; Captain; Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.756873, 42.570786 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 845, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Kensing weavers riot. Stephen Heimer, a watchman, was killed. Heimer was off duty. He entered an Irish tavern, made noise as he had in the street, 3rd street above Poplar Lowe, and called the owners \"bloody Irish transports.\" Hence he was attacked. He had been asked to be quiet because there was a dying woman in the house. Irish weavers riot, leaving one watchman dead. The rioters seized a building and hoisted a flag of the weaver's trade.", "Source": "Scharf and Wescott, I, p.623", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Weaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Police; Watchman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Stephen Heimer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 846, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Glamster Point", "Location": "Glamster Point, NJ", "Lat": 39.972164, "Long": -75.044147, "Description": "August: A camp (?) meeting of black people, which was held for several days, was broken up by white people. This was near Philadelphia.", "Source": "NYStatesman, August 23, 1828", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.044147, 39.972164 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 851, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Thomas Chick, a decent looking fellow, was taken up for promoting a riot in front of the Methodist church in Forsythe street. The chuch did not want him fined or imprisoned but only bound to keep the peace. He was fined $25 or put security up to keep the peace.", "Source": "NYGazette, September 20, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thomas Chick", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 860, "year": 1828, "date": "1828\/11", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem, MA", "Lat": 42.521367, "Long": -70.895567, "Description": "November: Five boys arrested for disturbing the congregation of the Tabernacle church on Sunday evening.", "Source": "NYGazette, November 15, 1828", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Tabernacle", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -70.895567, 42.521367 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 886, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Clark's Ferry", "Location": "Clark's Ferry, Pa", "Lat": 40.411313, "Long": -77.00939, "Description": "May: An Irishman refused to pay for his whiskey at a local saloon. After being kicked out he returned with a number of his countrymen to pull down the building and kill the innkeeper Martin. Finding the house secure they began pulling it down. Martin threatened to shoot them, and finally, in desperation, commenced firing. No one was killed, but several were wounded. The sheriff ordered out the posse to restore order.", "Source": "NYEP, May 9, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property; Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Martin", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.00939, 40.411313 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 890, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: When two officers entered a house in Augustus street to levy an execution on the goods of an Irishman, \"a general turn out of his countrymen took place.\" A riot was prevented by the timely arrival of the police. The goods were removed and the officers beat a hasty retreat.", "Source": "New York Statesman, June 2, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 892, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Erie", "Location": "Erie, Penn", "Lat": 42.133234, "Long": -80.084094, "Description": "July: When a masonic methodist preacher attempted to preach at a church in Erie, he was disrupted and forced to continue in a nearby barn.", "Source": "NYEP, July 24, 1829", "Type": "Religious; Anti-Masonic", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Masonic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Masonic", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.084094, 42.133234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 893, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: The African church on 6th avenue was distubed during services by a number of boys - one of whom wore his jacked inside out. Stones were thrown and a cart ring was threatened to be ued in hitting someone. This kind of activity occurred frequently. Timothy Duffy and Michael Tweeny were indicted and convicted of riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 14, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Timothy Duffy; Michael Tweeny", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 896, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Religious assembly held at Christie street between Hester and Walker was disrupted by Jacob C. Cauldwell and others. Cauldwell plead guilty to riot and A+B.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1829", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob C. Cauldwell", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 906, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: The Ebenezer church in Elizabeth street, probably for black people, was disrupted during divine services. Some scuffle ensued. Two white men were in the church while more were outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 13, 1829", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 909, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "October: In the lower part of the city riot erupted when some Irish attempted to have a dance at a house. Neighbors through that this was not right and threw some stones at the windows. Duley insulted, the Irish counter-attacked with fist, clubs, and the like. Nearly 200 were engaged in the tumult. The police arrived, and with difficulty arrested 3 or 4 ringleaders and quelled the riot.", "Source": "NYEP, October 30, 1829", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 914, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Eliah Archer, with others disturbed the methodist meeting house near 3rd avenue during public worship. Archer has done this before. Result: convicted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, December 14, 1829", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Eliah Archer", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 915, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/11", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "November: White and black people fought in Cedar Ward following a loud and emotional religious service.", "Source": "Nash.Forging Freedom, p.275", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 919, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Bedford St. church was often harassed by groups of young boys who come there, run in and out and laugh, hallow and use indecent language. This occurred on Sunday, the 12th towards the end of the services.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7441 9", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 932, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Meeting houe for religious services disrupted by several young men. Address - 245 Spring.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, June 11, 1830", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 942, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carbondale", "Location": "Carbondale, Pa", "Lat": 41.572129, "Long": -75.501808, "Description": "October: Irish workers fight with native born workers.", "Source": "Grimsted, \"Antebellum Labor\"", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.501808, 41.572129 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 943, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Disturbance at the Mosimer's Church in Roosevelt street. Some stone throwing.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 12, 1830", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mosimer", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 948, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: African Methodist Union Church harassed by a large mob. Stones were thrown and the door was broken open. The church is located 7th avenue between 16 and 17th streets and the disturbance occurred during the services at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7442 8, October 18, 1830", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Black", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 952, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Methodist church in Forsythe street disrupted during evening services.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, January 6, 1831", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 956, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: A man disturbed the services at the Methodist Chruch in Allen street by walking up the aisle staring at the young women in the ladies section during the services. The officer in attendance asked him to leave and finally had to force him out. In the street a \"gang rushed forward\" and a cry for rescue was raised. The officer was knocked down and several dealt with. Watchmen came to his aid and the disturber was secured. None of his would-be rescuers, however, were taken.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, February 24, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Woman; Legal; Officer; Law Officer; Watchman", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 957, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: The Sullivan street Methodist church was disturbed during services. When one of the disturbers was arrested he was rescued by others.", "Source": "NYC SC PC cases 7443 2, March 16, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 961, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Williamstown", "Location": "Williamston College", "Lat": 42.70558, "Long": -73.211621, "Description": "April: Students disrupted Methodist meeting at Daniel Ebon's house. They made noise inside and when they left they threw a barrel and brass kettle full of water through the window. The faculty were notified and promised to do something.", "Source": "NYEP, May 9, 1831", "Type": "Religious; Student", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Daniel Ebon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.211621, 42.70558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 969, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "May: Riot between Irish and Americans. Irish went from shop to shop collecting wood and metal chips. Occassionally, words were exchanged between the native American laborers and Irish. When an American decided to chastise an Irishman on the 17th and probably beat him, the conflict escalated into a general melee on Tuesday night. On Wednesday, the Americans attacked the Irish huts. Several Irishmen were injured. One infant accidently killed. Magistrates interfered but refused to prosecute because no serious damage done.", "Source": "NYEP, May 24, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; American; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 977, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Battle of the Bogue celebration riot. Protestant Irish Gideon society held a procession in the southern part of the city, going to a large hall in 5th street. Near Walnut. Irish catholics resented shi and attacked the procession. The mayor and the police broke it up. When the Protestants left the hall the violence renewed. Some prominent people, including a (??) magistrate involved. One man stabbed.", "Source": "Spectator, July 19, 1831", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Irish; Protestant; Orangeman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 994, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Hudson", "Location": "Hudson, NY", "Lat": 42.251656, "Long": -73.792289, "Description": "October: Mob harassment of revivalist Rev. John Moffat, Methodist. Mob surrounded church on two evenings. But no real violence reported. Later story minimalized disturbance.", "Source": "NYEP, October 28, November 17, 1831", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Church; Revivalist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Moffat", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.792289, 42.251656 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1006, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Ohio", "Location": "Ohio", "Lat": 40.427722, "Long": -82.719194, "Description": "March: Mob of 30 to 40 instigated by (??), tarred and feathered Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon.", "Source": "Winn.Exiles, p.63,70,83", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Smith; Sidney Rigdon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.719194, 40.427722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1011, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Minor riot at New York Protestant association meeting as Catholics and Protestant debate religion.", "Source": "Billingham, p.59", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1015, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: Affray between NY sailors and Spanish stevedores. The stevedores had knives, but the sailors won.", "Source": "NYEP, August 4, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Target Classification": "American; Spanish; Catholic; Protestant; Sailor; Stevedores; Hispanic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1041, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Approximately 40 to 50 persons rioted between 3 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon on Christmas day. Most seem to have been Irish. Several stones were thrown and some fighting. There may have been an attack against a black person. Occurred on 3rd avenue.", "Source": "SC PC 7445 6, December 26, 1832", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1043, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: Laborers and gentlemen mix it up in the evening at 3rd ave and 19th. Two carriages going downtown came a bit too close to a line of cart taking dirt to be dumped. The Irish laborers driving the cart and others drinking in a nearby grocer objected. A scuffle ensued which had to be broken up by the police.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, CC - 6", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Class", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer; Gentleman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1050, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Dunnsburg", "Location": "Dunnsburg, PA", "Lat": 41.247361, "Long": -76.979092, "Description": "August: Riot between laborers working on the Great Island Dam and a number of boatmen. On Saturday morning a dispute over a boatload of stone, the laborers wanted it placed on the dam, led to a riot which continued until Sunday evening. One Irish laborer was killed. Several people were wounded. The militia was called out Sunday to quell the disturbance.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, August 30, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Target Classification": "Worker; Irish; Catholic; Boatman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.979092, 41.247361 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1053, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/09", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "CT", "Lat": 41.538474, "Long": -72.622898, "Description": "September: Assault made on Miss Crandall's house while a clergyman held a meeting there. Rotten eggs and other missiles thrown at windows. Offal dumped into well on another occasion.", "Source": "31 Cong., 1 sess., App. 1059", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Woman", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.622898, 41.538474 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1055, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Disturbance at Jewish synagogue. Internal problem over the correct rituals. Ordinarily two leaders from the congregation read passages from the Penta (??). But they usually were not from the same family. When a father attempted to read after his son, the congregation objected and had to physically throw him out.", "Source": "Com. Adv., October 9, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Jewish", "Target Classification": "Religious; Jewish", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1056, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.074342, "Long": -94.468339, "Description": "Oct-Nov: Missourian expell Mormons, burning houses, demolishing furniture, cornfields, horsewhipping men.", "Source": "Baily, p.8", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.468339, 39.074342 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1065, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: Irish and protestant Americans fight during Thanksgiving celebration at Roger McGowan's restaurant. One yankee died in the fight.", "Source": "Hammet, \"Two mobs…,\" p.899", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1066, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "November: When Benjamin Daniels looked into an Irish dancing party through a window, his gaping was greeted by an attack. So terrific was the beating that Daniels died the next day. Engraged by Daniels' death, a mob formed the next evening and attempted to demolish Roger McGowan's house, the site of the Irish dance. The navy sent some men who temporarily halted the destruction, but as soon as they left, the mob finished its work.", "Source": "Com. Adv., December 2, 1833", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Daniels", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1068, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": null, "Location": "Missouri", "Lat": 39.135667, "Long": -92.776356, "Description": "December: Notice of Mormon war.", "Source": "Com. Adv., December 17, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.776356, 39.135667 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1069, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, Md", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "December: From Boston Journal comes a report of an anti-Avery mob in which an effigy of Avery shot and burnt because he preached at the Methodist church on Chapel Hill.", "Source": "Court NYC, Dec 27, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1072, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: There was a disturbance during services at the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Chambers street, under Rev. McLeod. Eight persons are named by others were involved. Because of the clamor and noise the services were stopped.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7445, 9, January 14, 1833", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "McLeod", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1081, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Independence", "Location": "Independence, Missouri", "Lat": 39.084331, "Long": -94.427416, "Description": "July: Missourians drive Mormons out. Destroyed press and office of Mormon Star, attacked mercantile property owned by Mormons and tarred and feathered two church elders who refused to renounce the book of Mormon.", "Source": "Baily, p.6-7", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon; Merchant; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.427416, 39.084331 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1088, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: \"A number of boys and men\" disturbed and disquited the congregation of the Chatham street chapel on their way to and from services. Such crowds had collected there recently on several occasions.", "Source": "NYC SC PC - cases 7446 6, Smith v. Brooks et al, Feb. 3, 1834", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Youth; Men", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1091, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: A group of Catholics attacked Samuel B. Smith as he addressed a Baptist group. He escaped bodily injury.", "Source": "Billington, p.60", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel B. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1107, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/06", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Jackson Co.", "Location": "Jackson Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.074342, "Long": -94.468339, "Description": "June: News of the approach of Joseph Smith and armed Mormons triggered a violence Missouri response. The Missourans stormed the jail, took every fighting weapon Mormons had, and burnt down all remaining Mormon property.", "Source": "Baily.Armres, p.19-20", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.468339, 39.074342 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1118, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinois", "Location": "Illinois", "Lat": 40.608425, "Long": -89.05011, "Description": "July: More Mormon troubles.", "Source": "NYEP, July 9,17,25,1834", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.05011, 40.608425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1123, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "July: Presbyterean minister preached a sermon on Friday evening entitled, \"Sin of Slavery,\" and planned to take a collection for the anti-slavery society. Large crowd formed outisde, some charge and drove minister and congregation out. Crowd then demolish the interior and smashed windows. They went to the minister's house but he wasn't there. Next night a mob attacked a black own barber shop. One black man had attended the meeting.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 16, 1834", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Presbyterian; Black; Religious; Church; Abolitionist; Merchant; Ant-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1130, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: Burning of Ursuline Convent. Large crowd outside, disperses, but then reassembles around midnight. 40-50 organized men burst in. Nuns and students escape and convent burnt. Next night mob of men and boys burn fences and trees and all else left on convent ground. Next night over 1,000 men roamed city but did little damage. On night of August 15 rioters burned a shanty in Charleston occupied by about 35 Irish laborers", "Source": "Billingston. \"Burning the Convent,\" p.4-24", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Youth", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Woman; Religious; Nun; Student; Irish; Convent", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1141, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Trenton", "Location": "Trenton, NJ", "Lat": 40.216086, "Long": -74.757715, "Description": "September: Race riot, probably over self-improvement. Crowd outside African Methodist church then threw rocks and broke windows. Congregation fled.", "Source": "Werner, p.273, 178", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; African Methodist", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.757715, 40.216086 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1149, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Irishmen and nativists fought one another. In Sept. there was a brawl involving almost 1,000 persons. Some of the fighting was between Protestant and Catholic Irish.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.55,66", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1158, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/11", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.336873, "Long": -77.073283, "Description": "November: Baltimore and Ohio railroad workers - mainly Catholic Irish - riot. Troops called in from Washington DC. Grimsted says this riot included battle between Protestants and Catholics.Scharf says attack focused on contractor. Indeed, contractor's house attacked and he was beaten. Next day superintendent John Watson and two others killed. 300 Irish laborers arrested.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Watson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.073283, 39.336873 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1165, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marietta", "Location": "Marietta, OH", "Lat": 39.425045, "Long": -81.455528, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot. Religious meeting attacked.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.455528, 39.425045 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1169, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Fight between Irishmen and nativists. While fighting a fire, the firemen had built a fire on property belonging to a nearby gas company to keep themselves warm. The Irish workers objected. A scuffle ensued that included an attack on chief engineer James Crulick. In the melee that followed 10 to 20 arrested.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.55, 62-63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Crulick", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Crulick", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1174, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broadway Hall riots between immigrant Catholics and Native Americans. Meeting of Protestant Assoc. broken up by Irish. Debate at hall over \"Is Popery compatible with Civil liberty?\" by both Cathlics and Protestants. Mob broke in, drove off speakers and destroyed furniture and fixtures.", "Source": "Headley, p.309; Billington, p.60, 63", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1176, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Church sells part of its graveyard. Laborers being excavation and treat remaining bodies poorly. About 100 outraged persons assembled, threatened minister and vestrymen, chased the laborers away and then filled in the excavation.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.43", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Church; Religious; Minister; Laborer; Worker", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1183, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Five Point riot between \"Americans\" and foreigners. Police quell. Dr. W.M. Caffrey killed and Justice Lowdnes wounded. Foreigners the Irish - if this is the same riot reported by Billington. Rioters gutted a tavern. Shots fired.", "Source": "Headly, p.95; Weinbaum, p.55; Billington, p.196; Werner, p.38", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "W.M. Caffrey; Lowdnes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1184, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: When an Irishman beat up a boy a mob formed that entailed special action by the Common Council before peace could be restored.", "Source": "Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1191, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "July: Irishmen attacked citizens on principle streets, in turn were disbanded by mobs of natives. The Irishmen numbered 30 or 40 and were laborers employed in grading streets along the river. The assaulted sailors, local citizens and other \"damned Yankees\" A hastily formed posse of \"worthy citizens\" was bloodied in attempt to arrest the mob, which dispersed of its own accord.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit,\" p.267; Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; American; Sailor; Worker; Laborer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1199, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Albany", "Location": "Albany", "Lat": 42.65391, "Long": -73.76428, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.76428, 42.65391 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1200, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "July: Irish laborers rioted.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Laborer", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1208, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "June: Broad Street Riot. A fire engine ran into an Irish funeral procession. The resulting fight, estimates suggest, included 15,000. Irish taken out of the tennements and beaten. 800 horsemen helped to quell riot.", "Source": "Lame.Policing the City, p.33; Beals.Brass-Knuckle Crusade, p.73; Billington, p.196", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Firefighter", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1211, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Upstate NY", "Location": "Upstate NY", "Lat": 43.06203, "Long": -73.94074, "Description": "September: Irishman stopped passerby and after finding if they were Catholic or Protestant, beat the Protestants.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.94074, 43.06203 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1217, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Crooked River", "Location": "Crooked River, Missouri", "Lat": 39.25848, "Long": -93.833837, "Description": "October: Mormons attack party of Missourians who had captured three Mormons. Mormons charged and routed opponents. But lost three dead - including leader David Patten and several wounded. Missourians lost 1 dead.", "Source": "Baily. Armies, p.63-64", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "David Patten", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.833837, 39.25848 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1218, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Haun's Mill", "Location": "Haun's Mill, Missouri", "Lat": 39.651599, "Long": -93.822182, "Description": "October: Approximately 240 men from several counties, including several big shots, attacked a Mormon community, killing 18 or 19 people - largely men and boys. Missourians in state militia. Baily says out of 38 men and boys, 17 killed and wounded. Several of the dead were killed after - caputre and were wounded already.", "Source": "H+W p.301-304; Baily, p.67-69", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Military; Militia", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.822182, 39.651599 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1222, "year": 1838, "date": null, "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Louise County", "Location": "Louise County, Iowa", "Lat": 41.23702, "Long": -91.29701, "Description": "Mob whipped James Irwin, an Irishman, acused of claim jumping.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" IJHP, 10 (1972), p.170-171", "Type": "Land; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Squatter; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Squatter; Alleged Claim Jumper", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.29701, 41.23702 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1224, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Maryland", "Location": "Maryland", "Lat": 39.64137, "Long": -77.72366, "Description": "May: Militia and Irish workers scuffle again as Irish workers threaten to blow up the canal because of non-payment.", "Source": "Way.Common Labour, p.290", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Canal Worker; Worker; Laborer; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Employer; Miltia", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.72366, 39.64137 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1227, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Burning of Philadelphia Hall. The hall had only been opened three days and the meeting that night had been cancelled to avoid a riot. The mayor appeared, attempted to dissuade the move, but he gave up in the face of the onslaught of the mob. On the 18th a mob attempted to burn the shelter for colored orphans but were beat back by firemen and others. On the 19th, a group of men attacked a black church, but were prevented from destroying it by officials and militia. Some fighting between black and white people.", "Source": "Warner, p.132-133; Feldberg, p.51-53", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Religious; Church; Firefighter; Law Officer; Militia", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1228, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Paterson", "Location": "Paterson, NJ", "Lat": 40.90163, "Long": -74.16482, "Description": "May: Mob disrupts abolitionist meeting in wake of destruction of Philadelphia Hall. Mob attacked a church during abolitionist meeting, smashed doors and windows and scattered the audience.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.16482, 40.90163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1229, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Elmira", "Location": "Elmira, NY", "Lat": 42.08827, "Long": -76.80705, "Description": "May: Mob broke up meeting of preachers Anti-Slavery society and Genesse Conference.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.80705, 42.08827 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1230, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/06", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Caldwell County", "Location": "Caldwell County, Missouri", "Lat": 39.56325, "Long": -94.02543, "Description": "June: Mormons expell the settlers that they had excommunicated, forcing families to leave homes with only minimal household goods.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.51", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Religious", "Target Classification": "Excommunicated Mormon", "Actions": "Threat; Expulsion; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.02543, 39.56325 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1231, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "August: Mormons attempt to vote in elections. Efforts to stop them lead to serious brawl involving approximately eight Mormons and many more Missourians.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.56-57", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Missourian", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Missourian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1232, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "August: Joseph Smith and Mormon militia coerce local judge into promising to avoid further mob violence on the part of Missourians.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.57", "Type": "Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia; Religious", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1233, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "DeWitt", "Location": "DeWitt, Missouri", "Lat": 39.38503, "Long": -93.22106, "Description": "October: Missourians lay siege to town holding Mormons, forcing them to surrender and leave.", "Source": "Baily, p.59-60", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Religious", "Actions": "Threat; Expulsion", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.22106, 39.38503 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1234, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Adam-ondi-Ahman", "Location": "Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri", "Lat": 39.98276, "Long": -93.97922, "Description": "October: Missourians lay siege to Mormons. Mormon reinforcements compel Missourians to leave.", "Source": "Baily,Armies of God, p.61", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Religious; Militia", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.97922, 39.98276 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1235, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormon force occupies nearly abandoned town. They looted and burned the place.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1236, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Millport", "Location": "Millport, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormons under Lyman Wight raid and loot town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Lyman Wright", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1237, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Grindstone Fork", "Location": "Grindstone Fork, Missouri", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "October: Mormons under Seymour Brunson raid and loot town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia", "Target Classification": "Missourian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Seymour Brunson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1238, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Northern Missouri", "Location": "Northern Missouri", "Lat": 40.37193, "Long": -92.57069, "Description": "October: Missourians retaliate by burning and looting Mormon homes throughout the area.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.62-63", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.57069, 40.37193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1239, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Adam-ondi-Ahman", "Location": "Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri", "Lat": 39.98276, "Long": -93.97922, "Description": "November: After the Mormons surrendered at Far West, the Missouri militia went wild. It looted and plundered Mormon property, raped the women, etc.", "Source": "Baily.Armies of God, p.74-76", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Missourian; Militia", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Woman", "Actions": "Rape; Sexual Violence; Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.97922, 39.98276 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1248, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: For three nights a mob gathered outside the Carmelite Nunnery threatening greater violence because of the escape of an allegedly deranged nun. Rocks thrown and some property destroyed. Police arrest about 20 a night and militia drove back mob with bayonets.", "Source": "Mannard. \"1839 Baltimore Nunnery Riot\"", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Woman; Religious; Nun; Convent", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1293, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Location": "Ogle County, Illinois", "Lat": 42.035234, "Long": -89.35899, "Description": "Regulators adminster 96 lashes to a \"fallen\" Baptist minister.", "Source": "Brumbaugh. \"Regulator Movement,\" p.14", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante)", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.35899, 42.035234 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1316, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Spartan Band contested the right of Catholics to share in educational funds and policy making. They attacked the regular Democratic headquarters in Dunn's hotel, smashed windows and destroyed the barroom's furniture. They also attacked Bishop John Joseph Hughes' home and damaged it. Police and militia restored order.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.152", "Type": "Political; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Spartan Band; Political;", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic; Bishop; Political; Democrat", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1318, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Passage of a bill giving control over public educaation to the state, and hence sympathetic to Catholics led to come rioting the night the bill was passed. Mob chased any Irishman that came into their path and stoned the windows of Bishop Hughes house. The militia was ordered out to guard the city's Catholic churches. Orangemen involved in rioting.", "Source": "Billington, p.154; Cook.Armies, p.22", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Bishop", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Hughes", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1319, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Plainville", "Location": "Plainville, MA", "Lat": 42.00378, "Long": -71.33316, "Description": "Summer: Rowdies tore down tent of black worshippers, sang obscene songs and ran horses off. Next day, evangelists ambushed rowdies and tied several up.", "Source": "Murphy.Ten Hours, p.74-75", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Protestant; Black; Religious", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.33316, 42.00378 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1322, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69005, "Long": -76.25998, "Description": "July: Miners marched along the Norwegian RR with clubs and other weapons, compelling workers along the line to quit work. The strikers were largely Irish. That night 150 soldiers arrived, but things had quited down by then.", "Source": "Aurand.From MM, p.68; Palladino.Another Civil War, p.49", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Worker", "Actions": "Strike; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.25998, 40.69005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1325, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Irish RR workers who had wages docked retaliated by burning a bridge.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"AL,\" p.10,11,22,23", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker", "Target Classification": "Employer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1326, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Black people march to celebrate emancipation in WI under black Temperance auspices. Whites (probably Irish) attack the parade. They followed this with assaults on black people and the destruction of some buildings, including the black Presbyterian church and black-owned assembly hall. Initially sheriff and posse routed by mob; but militia and additional police quell the rioting.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.196", "Type": "Racial; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1342, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/08", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "August: A group of sailros assaulted four black people. When the black people defended themselves, a crowd appeared that beat every black person that appeared. This occurred in North Square. Several were injured. Of those arrested, all were Irish. Police and firefighters quelled the riot.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.100-101", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Sailor; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1345, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Anti-Irish violence. Begun over Bible dispute. Erupts in Kensington. Nativist meeting after rainstorm attempts to use local market. Irish resist, and a neighborhood battle erupted. Death of George Shiffler anger nativist crowd. Mayor's attempts to quell disturbance failed. Militia and special police used. St. Michaels and St. Augustine Catholic church attacked.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.663-669; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "George Shiffler", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1346, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Carthage", "Location": "Cathage, Illinois", "Lat": 40.415298, "Long": -91.136818, "Description": "June: Mob broke into jail and shot Joseph Smith and his brother Heyrum. Wounded another Mormon leader. They had been arrested for the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.136-137", "Type": "Religious; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisan; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Religious; Mormon; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joseph Smith; Heyrum Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.136818, 40.415298 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1347, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/07", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "July: Anti-Irish violence - deaths and injuries. In Southwark. Starts with threat to Catholic church. Militia attempts to defend. Battles ensue with mob and militia. Mob has cannons at times. A total of 14 killed on both sides.", "Source": "Feldberg.Philadelphia Riot; Scharf and Wescott, p.669-674; Billington, p.220-237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Nativist; American", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Militia; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "14", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1349, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Western Illinois", "Location": "Western Illinois", "Lat": 40.174795, "Long": -90.503996, "Description": "September: Raid and counter-raid between Mormons and opponents. Some 150 Mormon homes and farms burned. Mormons retaliate, including gun battle where one anti-Mormon was killed.", "Source": "Winn.Exiles, p.227-228", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisan; Mormon", "Target Classification": "Illinoisan; Mormon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.503996, 40.174795 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1354, "year": 1844, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Election riot involving Irish and Native Americans.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1357, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: On the homeward march from hearing a Native American speaker, a group of natives passed a Catholic church. Irishmen, probably gathered to defend their church, attacked the rear of the nativist party. A street battle lasting several hours ensued.", "Source": "Billington, p.237", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Protestant; Nativist; Political", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1359, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Nauvoo", "Location": "Nauvoo, Illinois", "Lat": 40.54837, "Long": -91.39333, "Description": "June: Joseph Smith ordered Nauvoo Legion to destroy William Law's newspaper and press, the Nauvoo Expositor. Law was a Mormon who hoped to reform the church. He and his family were also driven from the town.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.124-125", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Militia; Religious; Nauvoo Legion", "Target Classification": "Mormon; Press", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Joseph Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": "William Law", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.39333, 40.54837 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1361, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Illinois", "Location": "Illinois", "Lat": 39.9253, "Long": -88.956, "Description": "June: Outlying settlements of Mormons harassed by mobs.", "Source": "Baily.Armies, p.126-127", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Illinoisian", "Target Classification": "Mormon", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.956, 39.9253 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1370, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pennsvylvania", "Location": "Pennsvylvania", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Drunken foreigners attacked and damaged a Lutheran church.", "Source": "Billington, p.197", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Lutheran; Church; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1378, "year": 1844, "date": "1844\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Efforts to control pigs running loose in the streets triggered riotous resistance by the Irish owners.", "Source": "Billington, p.196; Cook.Armies, p.27", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1406, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Parkersburg", "Location": "Parkersburg, VA", "Lat": 39.27005, "Long": -81.55323, "Description": "Northern faction most numerous, but when Rev. John Dillon from Ohio arrived to assume the pulpit, a vigilance committee of 60 ordered him out of town.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Dillon", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.55323, 39.27005 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1407, "year": 1846, "date": null, "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Guilford", "Location": "Guilford, VA", "Lat": 37.82438, "Long": -75.65153, "Description": "Rev. James Hargis prevented from preaching at local church by a mob because he represented the northern faction of the Methodist church.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" MVHR (1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Hargis", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.65153, 37.82438 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1411, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "April: Anti-Catholic lecturer attacked by foreign mobs. This occurred elsewhere, too.", "Source": "Billington, p.198", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Nativist; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1414, "year": 1846, "date": "1846\/07", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Salem", "Location": "Salem, VA", "Lat": 37.29303, "Long": -80.05543, "Description": "July: When Rev. Valintine Gray of the Northern Methodist Church attempted to preach at local Methodist church he was dragged from the pulpit by his hair and clothes.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" MHOR (1942) p.363", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Methodist", "Target Classification": "Religious; Methodist; Northern Methodist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Valintine Gray", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.05543, 37.29303 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1436, "year": 1848, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Northampton", "Location": "Northampton, MA", "Lat": 42.31714, "Long": -72.6342, "Description": "Irish workers on the railroad struck for better pay. They assaulted a sheriff trying to disperse them and dragged him off his horse.", "Source": "Clark.Roots of Rural Capitals, p.259", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Labor; Religious; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Railroad Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.6342, 42.31714 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1457, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "October: Post-election riot at the California House pub led to race fighting leaving several black and white people dead. Fire set to California House spread to several other buildings. Rioters fight firemen. Two firemen killed, one Irishman, and one black boy. At least nine whites and 16 blacks injured. African Americans attempted to fight back at California house and elsewhere. Militia called out to quell riot.", "Source": "Feldsburg.Philadelpha Riots, p.5", "Type": "Political; Racial; Firefighter; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Black; Firefighter; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": 25, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1458, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "California", "Location": "California", "Lat": 36.065613, "Long": -118.674543, "Description": "December: Yankee miners drive a Chilean party out, hanged the major (??), whipped several others and cropped the ears of still others. At one point before these punishments, an American had been killed.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Worker; Miner; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.674543, 36.065613 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1459, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Firefighters attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Greenberg.Cause for Alarm, p.94", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1460, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Maine", "Location": "Maine", "Lat": 45.16719, "Long": -69.08514, "Description": "Crowd of hostile Protestants prevent Catholics from laying cornerstone of new church after previous one had been destroyed.", "Source": "Billington, p.309", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant; Orangeman", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Church", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.08514, 45.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1461, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "Irish and American fire companies fight and riot during a wharf fire at the levee.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Riot and Reaction,\" p.175-176", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Firefighter", "Rioter Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Firefighter; Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1464, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Mill", "Location": "Sutter's Mill, CA", "Lat": 38.80434, "Long": -120.89355, "Description": "April: Yankees purge the area of all Chileans, Mexicans and Peruvians.", "Source": "Pitt.Beginnings of Nativism, p.25", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.89355, 38.80434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1469, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/07", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "July: Mob assembled planning to destroy new black episcopal church. But authorities stepped in and with some difficulty broke the crowd up.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.97", "Type": "Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Episcopalian; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1471, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "Summer: Company of veterans called \"the Hounds\" attack hispanics from Chile, Peru, and Mexico. At least one killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Military; Veteran; Gang", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1473, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa", "Location": "Mariposa, CA", "Lat": 37.48615, "Long": -119.96456, "Description": "August: Hispanics harassed in the Southern diggings and driven to new sights.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.26", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Mexican; Peruvian; Miner", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.96456, 37.48615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1481, "year": 1849, "date": "1849\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Dry Diggings", "Location": "Dry Diggings", "Lat": 38.72751, "Long": -120.7998, "Description": "December: A Mexican hanged for alleged theft.", "Source": "Placer Times (Auburn), 19 Jan. 1850; Rough Abstract of a Forty-Niner Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.7998, 38.72751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1483, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sarage's Diggings", "Location": "Sarage's Diggings", "Lat": 37.83648, "Long": -120.23159, "Description": "Late: Unknown Mexican hanged for allegedly stealing a mule.", "Source": "Calif. Historical Marker 446; Weston, Mother Lode Album as listed in William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.23159, 37.83648 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1486, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "Mob attempts to stop speaker during Anti-Catholic rally.", "Source": "Billington, p.266", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Protestant; Black; Religious", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1492, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "Mob attacked a convent shouted insults, etc. But police prevented serious damage.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1493, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Galveston", "Location": "Galveston", "Lat": 29.29598, "Long": -94.79589, "Description": "Same as above.", "Source": null, "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.79589, 29.29598 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1494, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "Mob attacked a convent, shouted insults, etc. But police prevented further damage.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1495, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "Anti-Catholic excitement led to the burning of a convent.", "Source": "Billington, p.293, 315", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Woman; Catholic; Convent; Nun", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1496, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: A small group of men whipped and then killed Juan Chapa Guerra under the mistaken impression that he was Juan Chapa García.", "Source": "Report of the Committee of Investigation of the Mexican Government as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Chapa Guerra; Juan Chapa García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1504, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "July: Hanging of Francisco Flores for alleged murder.", "Source": "Wisconsin Democrat, Aug. 1850 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1508, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Striking tailors attack priest and a church because the priest distributed work to his tailor parishoners.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.81; Cook. \"Armies,\" p.21", "Type": "Labor; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Tailor; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "Employer; Worker; Tailor; Strikebreaker; Religious; Catholic; Church; Priest", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Strike", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1516, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Agua Fria", "Location": "Agua Fria, CA", "Lat": 37.48485, "Long": -120.02009, "Description": "January: A mob of 500 anglos and 200 \"foreigners\" hanged a man named Pablo for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacremento Transcript, 21 Jan 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pablo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.02009, 37.48485 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1518, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Calaveras Co.", "Location": "Calaveras Co., California", "Lat": 38.222055, "Long": -120.663704, "Description": "April: An organized company of French soldiers forcibly ejected by 900 Americans storming their encampment. Two French and one American killed.", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American", "Target Classification": "French; Catholic; Military", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.663704, 38.222055 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1520, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: Anglo vigilance committee hanged a Mexican man for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1521, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Shaw's Flat", "Location": "Shaw's Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.00751, "Long": -120.4094, "Description": "June: On 15 June, a crowd of between one and three thousand lynched Antonio Cruz and Patricio Janori for the alleged murder of an Anglo.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 28 June and 1 July 1851 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Cruz; Patricio Janori", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4094, 38.00751 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1523, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Downieville", "Location": "Downieville, California", "Lat": 39.560148, "Long": -120.828421, "Description": "July: Miners lynched a Mexican woman, Josefa Segovia, because she was an \"evil body who corrupted innocent young American men.\"", "Source": "Pitt. \"Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.34 and Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Vigilante; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Miner", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Woman; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Josefa Segovia", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.828421, 39.560148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1529, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Rowdies attack a Greenwich Street house where Hungarian offices were located. The Hungarians represented Catholicism. Police fight mob.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Legal", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Hungarian; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1539, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "August: News of execution of American filibusters in Cuba led to rioting against the Spanish. Mobs sacked the office of the Spanish newspaper La Union, wrecked a cigar shop kept by a Spaniard, and attacked the Consul office, tearing down the sign, burning the flag and looting the Consular office and at least 10 Spanish-owned coffee houses and tobacco shops.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.140-142", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Merchant; Press; Political; Diplomat; Catholic", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1540, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/08", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "August: Crowd of several hundred parade and then burn an effigy at Federal Hill because of the execution of 50 Americans in Cuba for participation in a revolution there.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.532", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Spanish; Catholic", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1542, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: German celebration turned into Catholic-Protestant riot.", "Source": "No source given", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Target Classification": "German; Protestant; Catholic", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1545, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Seco", "Location": "Campo Seco", "Lat": 38.22704, "Long": -120.85346, "Description": "November: On the 15th, a man named Domingo lynched by a mob for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, 6 Jan 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.85346, 38.22704 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1546, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Rich Gulch", "Location": "Rich Gulch", "Lat": 38.33071, "Long": -120.63041, "Description": "December: On the 22nd, two Mexicans hanged by a vigilance committee for alleged murder.", "Source": "Journals of Alfred Doten as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.63041, 38.33071 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1548, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Mexican-American bandits kill local judge. Some bandits apprehended. Several taken from court house and hanged.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" 57 (1972), 17", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; American; Hispanic; Vigilante; Alleged Bandit; ALleged Criminal", "Target Classification": "Legal; Judge; Prisoner; Mexican; American; Hispanic; Alleged Bandit; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1555, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/02", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Belen", "Location": "Belen, NM", "Lat": 34.66193, "Long": -106.77129, "Description": "February: Patricio Chaves and Domingo Ramón Apodaca hanged for unknown reason on 16 February.", "Source": "Archives of the Archdiocese of Sante Fe; Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patricio Chaves; Domingo Ramón Apodaca", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.77129, 34.66193 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1557, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/03", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "March: When converted monk Leahey announced he would lecture on Catholics - a mob gathered around the hall to prevent him. The next night he gave his lecture but bricks were thrown through the window.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.77", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destoryed; Occupied Space; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Leahey", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1558, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Mexican hanged by vigilantes for alleged murder, \"in the presence of the 'whole people - all concurring'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1559, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: A Mexican accused of murder captured in Mexico and returned to Texas to be lynched.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1560, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City, TX", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "April: Six Mexicans shot by Anglos for allegedly murdering Thomas Harris.", "Source": "New York Times, 13 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "6", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1561, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 1st, A vigilance committee convicted and hanged Carlos Esclava for alleged theft. A crowd of between 800 and 1000 estimated to be present.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 3 April 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Esclava", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1562, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mokelumne Hill", "Location": "Mokelumne Hill, CA", "Lat": 38.30089, "Long": -120.70668, "Description": "April: On the 12th, a man named Flores was taken from officers and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Francisco Herald, 3 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.70668, 38.30089 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1564, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "One hundred miles from Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "April: On the 29th, two Mexicans tracked for over one hundred miles and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 5 May 1852; Collins, Sam Ward as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1565, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yreka", "Location": "Klamath river near Yreka", "Lat": 41.73165, "Long": -122.63781, "Description": "May: John Balthus, described as a \"Half-breed Mexican,\" convicted for theft of $800 in gold by a vigilance committee. The vigilantes shot and killed Balthus.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 18 May 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Mixed Race; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Balthus", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.63781, 41.73165 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1567, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Indian Bar", "Location": "Indian Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.01202, "Long": -121.20204, "Description": "June: Americans expell all foreigners, and flogged some Hispanics.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.20204, 40.01202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1568, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Mariposa Creek", "Location": "Mariposa Creek, CA", "Lat": 37.25559, "Long": -120.28558, "Description": "June: Self-appointed ranger company led by \"Captain\" Reynolds arrested a Mexican operator and 20 workers in defiance of 400 outraged Mexicans and French. They sold off the mine equipment and distributed $1000 to the American crowd as payment for their time.", "Source": "Pitt. \"The Beginnings of Nativism,\" p.35", "Type": "Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anglo; American; White; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; French", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Reynolds", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.28558, 37.25559 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1570, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "June: On the 11th, Cruz Flores lynched for allegedly being an accomplice to murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 12 and 14 June 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accomplice", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cruz Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1571, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 20th, Domingo Hernandez lynched by a vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Aug. 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Domingo Hernandez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1572, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Cruz", "Location": "Santa Cruz, CA", "Lat": 36.97415, "Long": -122.02227, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Vigilantes removed Capistrano Lopez and an unknown Mexican from jail and lynched them for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 28 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Capistrano Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.02227, 36.97415 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1573, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Sutter's Creek", "Location": "Sutter's Creek, CA", "Lat": 38.39187, "Long": -120.80431, "Description": "July: On the 21st, a vigilance committee lashed a Mexican, Pansa, 75 times and hanged him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 23 July 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Torture", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pansa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80431, 38.39187 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1574, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: On the 24th, a vigilance committee lynched Doroteo Zavaleta and Jesús Rivas for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 31 July 1852, as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Doroteo Zavaleta; Jesús Rivas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1575, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Protestant riots involving knives, shovels, pickaxes. Police quell.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1578, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: On the 29th, Reyes Feliz hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 16 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reyes Feliz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1579, "year": 1852, "date": "1852\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: On the 12th, Cipriano Sandoval, Benito Lopez, and Barumas all lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Joaquin Republican, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cipriano Sandoval; Benito Lopez; Barumas", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1580, "year": 1852, "date": null, "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mora", "Location": "Mora, NM", "Lat": 35.97255, "Long": -105.33211, "Description": "Late: Gabriel Luhan and José de la Cruz Vigil (a \"Hispanicized Navajo\") hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Fe Weekly Gazette, 18 Dec. 1852 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Native; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gabriel Luhan; José de la Cruz Vigila", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.33211, 35.97255 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1582, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Lasalle", "Location": "Lasalle, Illinois", "Lat": 41.330127, "Long": -89.09299, "Description": "December: Irish canal workers, angered by a 20% cut in pay, attacked the contractor's house and beat him to a pulp. Before order could be restored, authorities killed one rioter.", "Source": "Grimsted. \"Antebellum Workers,\" p.10,11,23,24;NY Tribune, December 15, 1852", "Type": "Labor; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Worker; Canal Worker", "Target Classification": "Contractor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.09299, 41.330127 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1585, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Yankee Camp", "Location": "Yankee Camp, CA", "Lat": 39.02946, "Long": -120.86116, "Description": "January: \"Big Bill\" lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Democratic State Journal, 31 Jan 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Big Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.86116, 39.02946 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1586, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Murphy's Camp", "Location": "Murphy's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.13807, "Long": -120.45999, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Elias S. Ketchum Diary as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.45999, 38.13807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1587, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angel's Camp", "Location": "Angel's Camp, CA", "Lat": 38.0726, "Long": -120.53938, "Description": "February: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican lynched after confessing to have aided outlaw Joaquin Murrieta.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Accessory", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.53938, 38.0726 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1588, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Montery, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 8th, two unknown Mexicans seized from authorities after alleged horse theft. The men were lynched.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1589, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "February: On the 15th, vigilance committee hanged Antonio Valencia for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 17 Feb. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Antonio Valencia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1590, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Andreas", "Location": "San Andreas, CA", "Lat": 38.19664, "Long": -120.67932, "Description": "February: On the 20th, Juan Sanchez lynched for admitting to being a part of Joaquin Murrieta's outlaw band.", "Source": "Placer Herald (Auburn), 5 Mar. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.67932, 38.19664 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1594, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/03", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "March: Concern for an Irish Catholic girl who had been converted to protestantism and then dissappeared led to crowd action. Militia was called out to prevent an attack on a Catholic church, but one Irish home was torn down.", "Source": "Billington, p.312-313", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church; Irish", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1595, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Reverend L. Giustinian aroused so much animosity with his anti-Catholic pronouncements that a mob destroyed the church he was speaking in.", "Source": "Billington, p.308", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Protestant", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "L. Giustinian", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1600, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "July: On the 25th, Palonio Sanchez, an alleged horse thief, seized from authorities and lynched.", "Source": "Sacramento Daily Union, 29 July, 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Palonio Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1602, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Hibernian riot involving Catholics and Protestants in 9th ward. National Guard quelled.", "Source": "Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1607, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Martinez", "Location": "Martinez, CA", "Lat": 38.01647, "Long": -122.13061, "Description": "September: On the 4th, José Maria Ochoa lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Maria Ochoa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.13061, 38.01647 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1608, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "October: On the 13th, Bernardo Daniel, Higuerro, and three unknown Mexicans lynched for the alleged \"murder of San Jose dry goods peddler.\"", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 22 Oct. 1853, 10 Dec. 1853; Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 4 Nov. 1853 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer;", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernardo Daniel; Higuerro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1611, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/12", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "December: Jeering crowd burnt Bedini's effigy during the papal nuncio's visit to the city.", "Source": "Hutcheson. \"Louisville Riots,\" p.153; McGann.Nativism, p.53-54", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1617, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Louis", "Location": "St. Louis", "Lat": 38.663531, "Long": -90.278251, "Description": "August: Nativist riot lasting several days. Claim that an Irishman stabbed an American in the back led to Nativist attack on Irish neighborhood. 50-60 houses destroyed with axes, etc. Irish fought back. 8-10 killed, many injured. Began August 7th, election day.", "Source": "McMaster, p.8,87; Billington, p.421", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.278251, 38.663531 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1618, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "November: Two murderers sentenced separately to hanging. The Anglo was given a stay; the Mexican was hanged immediately. Mexicans angered at this difference in treatment stormed the jail and lynched the Anglo.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.20-21", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Mexican; Vigilante; Hispanic; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Prisoner; Protestant; Anglo; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1620, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Washington, DC", "Sublocation": "Washington, DC", "Location": "Washington, DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "Opposition to a gift of marble from the pope to be cased in the building of the Washington Monument led a mob to break into the shed where the marble was held and throw it into the Potomac.", "Source": "Billington", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Religious; Catholic", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1625, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "January: Large crowds burn Bedini in effigy and threatened the home of the bishop where he was staying.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Threat; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1626, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Angle", "Location": "Angle, CA", "Lat": 37.34968, "Long": -119.57638, "Description": "February: On the 11, Dollores and an unknown Mexican lynched for the alleged murder of an Anglo. Their bodies were left hanging from the tree to decompose.", "Source": "Columbia Gazette, 25 Feb. 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Woman", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Dollores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.57638, 37.34968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1627, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Mob so large waiting to attack him at the dock, that police smuggled Bedini aboard his ship after it left and was on its way out of the harbor.", "Source": "Billington, p.303", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1628, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "January: Group of rowdies manhandle Bedini as he entered the Bishop's carriage.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1629, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Wheeling", "Location": "Wheeling, VA", "Lat": 40.06247, "Long": -80.72126, "Description": "January: Anti-Bedini rioters threaten him. Several hundred Irishmen armed themselves and protected Bedini and the Catholic churches.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Bishop; Papal Nuncio; Irish; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.72126, 40.06247 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1630, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "January: Bedini burned in effigy by crowd. Bullets fired into his room.", "Source": "Billington, p.302", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1631, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "January: Two weeks after Bedini Riot, mob successfully burned Bedini in effigy.", "Source": "Billington, p.303", "Type": "Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1632, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/01", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "January: Bedini riot. Bedini was a papal nuncio sent to settle controversy over chuch property. Bedini had also been active in suppressing revolution in Rome. Cincinnati Germans remembered this and planned to burn Bedini in effigy. The police interfered and a fight ensued. Effigies of Bedini were burnt. Twenty persons arrested.", "Source": "Billington, p.302-303; McMaster, p.79-81", "Type": "Religious; Political; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; German", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Papal Nuncio; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Gaetano Bedini", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1639, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/03", "State": "Rhode Island", "Sublocation": "Providence", "Location": "Providence, RI", "Lat": 41.8282, "Long": -71.416533, "Description": "March: Mob threatens a convent after charge that an American girl was held there against her will. Authorities, aided by armed Irishmen, prevented the destruction of the convent.", "Source": "Billington, p.311", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Americam; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Convent; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.416533, 41.8282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1643, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Ellsworth", "Location": "Ellsworth, Me", "Lat": 44.54244, "Long": -68.42027, "Description": "May: When an irate Catholic billed the state for the education he provided his daughter because public schools used a Protestant Bible, hostile mobs battled openly in the streets.", "Source": "Billington, p.293-294", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.42027, 44.54244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1644, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Chelsea", "Location": "Chelsea, MA", "Lat": 42.39083, "Long": -71.03187, "Description": "May: Protestant Preacher John S. Orr, the Angel Gabriel, incicted a crowd to break windows of Roman Catholics and tear down the cross. There was also a fight with Irish laborers and a faceoff with police. Troops prevented the destruction of another church.", "Source": "McMaster. VIII, p.86-87; Washington Daily Union, August 23, 1854; Billington, p.305-306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Church; Religious; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.03187, 42.39083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1645, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Street preacher named West incited a crowd at Grand street and East Broadway against Catholics. They marched on City Hall where they assaulted men that looked like Irishmen. The police dispersed the mob, arresting two, both carpenters.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196; Headly, p.310", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "West", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1647, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn, NY", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: New York preacher with body guard went to an Irish neighborhood to harrangue about Romanism. A crowd of 1,000 had followed him. Soon numbers swelled to 20,000. Irish began to object, blows exchanged, bricks thrown, pistols fired. Many injured and sixy arrested. Preacher had left soon after fighting broke out. National Guard called out, but by the time they arrived fighting was over.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1648, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Catholic speaker Samuel G. Moses triggered several riots on Sundays. Most serious occurred on the 4th, when Irish broke up the meeting. Pistols were fired and several injuries sustained. The militia had to be called out to quell the disturbance. Native gang called \"Wide Awakes\" involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.319; Cook.Armies, p.21", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Gang; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1649, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Brooklyn", "Location": "Brooklyn", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: Angel Gabriel (Orr) and Rev. John Booth speak on Atlantic avenue near Hoyt street to crowd of 10,000. Orr started to go over the ferry afterwards, and two Irishmen attacked him. They were arrested, but other Irish came to rescue them. A battle ensued and the militia had to be called in.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197; Billington, p.306", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Religious; Preacher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Booth; John S. Orr", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1650, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lowell", "Location": "Lowell, MA", "Lat": 42.650502, "Long": -71.318531, "Description": "June: Know nothing\/Irish riot. Yankees parade militia through Irish neighborhood along Lowell street followed by Yankee boys. Irish throw stones, etc. at them and general disturbance broke out. A few evenings later Irish again in the streets ignore mayor's efforts to disperse them. The Irish reacted this way because they believed there would be an attackon St. Patrick's Convent School.", "Source": "Mitchell.The Paddy Camps, p.135-140", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.318531, 42.650502 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1651, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/06", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Nashua", "Location": "Nashua, NH", "Lat": 42.76441, "Long": -71.46881, "Description": "June: Hector Orr excited a mob to attack Irish neighborhood.", "Source": "Billington, p.366; Beales.Br. Kn. Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Hector Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.46881, 42.76441 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1652, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Vicente Rancho", "Location": "San Vicente Rancho, CA", "Lat": 37.30105, "Long": -121.8346, "Description": "July: On the 21st, Nemesio Berreyesa taken from his home and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Boessenecker, Gold Dust as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nemesio Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.8346, 37.30105 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1653, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New Hampshire", "Sublocation": "Manchester", "Location": "Manchester, NH", "Lat": 42.99685, "Long": -71.45876, "Description": "July: Nativist riot in which houses of Irish Catholics sacked and R.C. church windows broken.", "Source": "McMaster VIII, p.87; Washington Union, July 7, 1854", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.45876, 42.99685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1654, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Bath", "Location": "Bath, Maine", "Lat": 43.91163, "Long": -69.82096, "Description": "July: Street preacher denounces Catholics, Jesuits and foreigners. That evening crowd of 1,500 rushed to Old South Church used by Catholics, gutted the place and set it on fire. Street preacher probably Orr - it was. They displayed an American flag from the church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197; Beale.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John S. Orr", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -69.82096, 43.91163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1655, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "July: Nativists burn Catholic church.", "Source": "Billington, p.306; Beales.Brooklyn Crusade, p.123", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1656, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, MA", "Lat": 42.70582, "Long": -71.16351, "Description": "July: Claiming that the Irish had flown an American flag upside down, know-nothings marched to Irish neighborhood firing pistols and shouting abuse. Some fighting erupted and the Nativists wrecked about 20 Irish homes. Some 1,500 Natvisits involved.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, p.196-197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.16351, 42.70582 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1657, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Mob attacked cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, but building saved by arrival of police.", "Source": "Billington, p.309", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1658, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Street preacher opposite American Hotel attacked Romanism. Some Irish attempted to interrupt and a fight ensued using fists, brickbats, and clubs.", "Source": "Myers.History of Bigotry, p.197", "Type": "Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; American; Protestant; Nativist; Religious; Preacher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1661, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 25th, an unnamed Mexican man lynched with a log-chain for the alleged murder of a Chinese miner.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City) , 8 Sept 1854 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1664, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "September: On the 2nd, vigilance committee hangs José Higuera for alleged murder of an Anglo constable.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1665, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "September: Democrats and Know-Nothings fought each throughout 2nd ward election. Same thing occurred at 6th ward. At least 200 Irishmen came to help Democrats there.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.112-114", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Political; Know Nothing; Democrat; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1666, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/09", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "September: First American Congress held. While a procession of American Protestant Association Lodges passed through the streets, stones were thrown. Nativists attacked a Roman Catholic church, destroying windows and an organ.", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.88-89; NY Tribune, September 6, 1854", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Catholic; Protestant; Religious; Nativist", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Protestant; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1667, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/10", "State": "Maine", "Sublocation": "Ellsworth", "Location": "Ellsworth, Me", "Lat": 44.54244, "Long": -68.42027, "Description": "October: Priest tarred and feathered and ridden from town on a rail.", "Source": "Billington, p.309-310", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Priest", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -68.42027, 44.54244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1669, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo, CA", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "Late: Mateo Andrade, an alleged thief, lynched after escaping from San Quentin on the 29th of July.", "Source": "Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo Andrade", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1670, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Joaquin river in Contra Costa County", "Location": "Contra Costa Co., CA", "Lat": 37.95884, "Long": -122.03331, "Description": "January: On the 22nd, a vigilance committee hangs Salvador Valdéz and two unknown Chileans for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 27 Jan., 1855", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Chilean; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Salvador Valdéz", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.03331, 37.95884 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1672, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Doña Ana", "Location": "Doña Ana, NM", "Lat": 32.39009, "Long": -106.81521, "Description": "March: Four unknown Mexicans taken from jail and lynched \"for robbing an Anglo clerk and 'abusing' his wife.\"", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 31 Mar. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.81521, 32.39009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1673, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jesus Maria", "Location": "Jesus Maria, CA", "Lat": 38.28579, "Long": -120.64723, "Description": "April: On the 22nd, Justo Betancour taken from magistrate's office and lynched.", "Source": "Georgetown Weekly News, 10 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Magistrate", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Justo Betancour", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.64723, 38.28579 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1674, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati, Ohio", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "April: Nativist election riots. On the 2nd a mob of 300-400 nativists invade German area and destroyed 1,300 German ballots because of reported ballot stuffing. Intermittent attacks on Germans and Irish followed. German barricaded the streets in the Over-the-Rhine area. When 400 nativists invaded on the night of the 3rd the Germans were well organized and trained, beat them back. Killing two. Scattered violence continued through the 4th.", "Source": "Ross.Workers, p.188-189", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; German; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1676, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "El Paso", "Location": "El Paso, TX", "Lat": 31.77285, "Long": -106.46437, "Description": "May: Four unknown Mexicans lynched for '\"outrage on a family.'\"", "Source": "New York Times, 12 May 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Rapist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.46437, 31.77285 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1677, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: On the 7th, a vigilance committee hanged Trancolino, Puertovino, and José for alleged murder.", "Source": "Empire County Argus (Coloma), 11 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Trancolino; Puertovino; José", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1678, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Texas Bar", "Location": "Texas Bar, CA", "Lat": 40.65082, "Long": -122.94344, "Description": "August: On the 10th, Manuel Castro \"Taken from law officers and hanged.\"", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.94344, 40.65082 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1679, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Jackson", "Location": "Jackson, CA", "Lat": 38.35064, "Long": -120.77226, "Description": "August: On the 15th, Rafael Escobar taken from law officers and lynched in front of a large crowd.", "Source": "Autobiography of Charles Peters as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Police", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Escobar", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.77226, 38.35064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1680, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Gopher Flat", "Location": "Gopher Flat, CA", "Lat": 38.39744, "Long": -120.80025, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lycnhed for alleged murder.", "Source": "Secrest, \"Revenge of Rancheria\" as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.80025, 38.39744 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1681, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Drytown", "Location": "Drytown, CA", "Lat": 38.4407, "Long": -120.8542, "Description": "August: A posse, which was seeking suspects in the Rancheria murders, hanged Manuel García and at least six other, unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 25 Aug. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.8542, 38.4407 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1684, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, Kentucky", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "August: Nativist mob with knives, muskets, and cannon sought to attack a Catholic church. The mayor dissuaded them, but the nativists attacked Irish neighborhood, burning down houses. In the fighting between the two sidse, at least 20 killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Myers.History of Bigotry, [.199", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "20", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1698, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "July: A deputy constable shot a Mexican while seizing his guitar for debt. Natives rose in revolt, so Anglos organized their own committees. Some 11 prisoners given death sentences by summary court.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" S. Cal Q., 54 (1972) 22", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anglo; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "11", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1699, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/07", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "July: Know-nothings held a rally in the predominatly Irish 8th ward. During the speaking, some disturbances and rock throwing erupted.", "Source": "Deusner. \"Know Nothing Riots,\" p.139", "Type": "Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Nativist; Know Nothing", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1704, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "September: Roving band of rowdies attack and maltreat drunken Irishmen.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Middle America (1951) p.73", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1706, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Hill's Ferry", "Location": "One Mile From Hill's Ferry", "Lat": 37.34855, "Long": -120.97997, "Description": "October: On the 19th, a vigilance committee hanged Francisco Tapia, Jesus Pino, Francisco Sanchez, and an unknown German for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 29 Nov. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; German", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Tapia; Jesus Pino; Francisco Sanchez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.97997, 37.34855 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1714, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Corpus Christi", "Location": "Corpus Christi", "Lat": 27.74044, "Long": -97.40196, "Description": "December: On the 1st, an unknown Mexican taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Dec. 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.40196, 27.74044 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1715, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Snelling", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "December: On Christmas Eve, an unknown Mexican was siezed from Law Officer and lynched for alleged cattle theft. ", "Source": "San Francisco Daily Placer Times, 30 Dec., 1855 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1716, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/12", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Nashville", "Location": "Nashville", "Lat": 36.15802, "Long": -86.77077, "Description": "December: Crowd of rowdies gathered outside Catholic church to disrupt Catholic midnight mass. Remained there for several hours disturbing the peace, but local bishop had cancelled service so greater violence avoided.", "Source": "Gohmann.Pol. Nat. in Tenn., p.126", "Type": "Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Protestant", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Church", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.77077, 36.15802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1721, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: Crowd took Mexican prisoners - one a bandit involved in 1855 revolt - out of jail and executed both by hanging.", "Source": "Bleen. \"Vigilantism,\" p.22", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1722, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterrey", "Location": "Monterrey", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: On the 11th, three unknown Mexicans taken from jail and hanged for alleged murder, apparently with little proof.", "Source": "Nevada Journal (Nevada City), 16 May 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1724, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Organization of S.F. vigilance committee by middle and upper class Protestants to counter Irish-Catholic political machine and violence. On May 12, Comm. Seized two accused murderers, tries and executes them. Committee then active in arresting and banishing others. Confronts governor's forces and wins. Tries and executes two others and disbands in August.", "Source": "H+W p.458-462", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Vigilante; Protestant; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1727, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Rio Grande City", "Location": "Rio Grande City", "Lat": 26.38219, "Long": -98.81923, "Description": "June: Unknown Mexican \"hanged for stealing horses and robbing a church.\"", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, 8 July 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.81923, 26.38219 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1728, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "June: Great deal of election rioting, mostly by know-nothings. At least two men killed and a score wounded. Maybe 4 men killed.", "Source": "Billington, p.421; Asbury.French Quarter, p.295-296", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Nativisit; Political", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1742, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Reverend Pardee Butler seized by pro-slavery men and after discussing killing him, tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.102", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Religious; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pardee Butler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1744, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Francisco", "Location": "San Francisco", "Lat": 37.752148, "Long": -122.44147, "Description": "May: Vigilantes organize, they hang four men, expel many others, breaking up Irish Democratic machine.", "Source": "Senkewicz.Vigilantes, p.156-188", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante; Law; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Democrat; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -122.44147, 37.752148 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1760, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Watsonville", "Location": "Pajaro River, Near Watsonville", "Lat": 36.90904, "Long": -121.75208, "Description": "October: José Castro hanged by Matt Tarpy and his vigilantes for alleged attempted murder. Tarpy and his men had to seize Castro from a group of Mexicans who tried to protect him.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 1 and 15 Nov. 1856 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Matt Tarpy", "Persons Named as Targets": "José Castro", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.75208, 36.90904 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1771, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/01", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "January: On the 29th, a mob, angered by the death of an Anglo sheriff, hanged Juan Catabo, shot and decapitated Miguel Soto, and shot Diego Navarro, Pedro Lopez, Juan Valenzuela, and two unknown Mexicans.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "7", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Diego Navarro; Pedro Lopez; Juan Valenzuela; Miguel Soto; Juan Catabo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1772, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Buenaventura", "Location": "San Buenaventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, Encarnacion Berreyesa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "El Clamor Publico (Los Angeles), 28 Mar. and 9 May 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Encarnacion Berreyesa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1773, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Ventura", "Location": "Near Ventura", "Lat": 34.28096, "Long": -119.28608, "Description": "February: On the 2nd, José Jesus Espinosa hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "New York Times, Mar. 17, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Jesus Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.28608, 34.28096 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1774, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Near Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 3rd, Francisco or Guerro Ardillero hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 7 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Ardillero; Guerro Ardillero", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1775, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Nietos", "Location": "Los Nietos", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 6th, two unknown Mexicans hanged and one shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sonoma County Journal (Petulama), Feb. 20, 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1776, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 14th, Juan Flores hanged for alleged murder of Anglo sheriff.", "Source": "Alta California (San Francisco), 2 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Flores", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1777, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: On the 16th, a mob of two hundred seized José Anastacio García from jail and lynched him for alleged murder.", "Source": "Santa Cruz Pacific Sentinel, 28 Feb. 1857; Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12 May 1877 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Anastacio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1778, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "El Monte", "Location": "Near El Monte", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: \"Mexican Joe\" hanged and decapitated for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bartlett, ed. Reminiscences of a Ranger as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mexican Joe", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1779, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: José Santos hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Pacific Sentinel, 21 Feb 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Santos", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1780, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe", "Location": "Sante Fe, NM", "Lat": 35.68641, "Long": -105.96308, "Description": "March: On the 11th, Manuel Ribera was \"shot through the bars of his jail cell\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 14 March 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Ribera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.96308, 35.68641 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1782, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Goliad", "Location": "Near Goliad", "Lat": 28.66828, "Long": -97.38883, "Description": "April: 8 unknown Mexicans lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "San Antonio Herald, 18 Apr. 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.38883, 28.66828 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1796, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Bowery Boys and Dead Rabbits battle it out in the 6th ward. Arrival of Metropolitan Police had little effect. Beaten by the Dead Rabbits, only the arrival of a crowd of Bowery Boys enabled the Police to retreat. Twelve were killed, including two policemen. 41 injured. More fighting continued the next day and two regiments of militia needed to quell the disorder.", "Source": "Cook.Armies, p.41", "Type": "Gang; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Gang; Bowery Boy; Dead Rabbit; Nativist; American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "12", "Recorded # Injured": 41, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1805, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Escondido Creek", "Location": "Near Escondido Creek", "Lat": 28.8515, "Long": -97.80954, "Description": "August: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged killing of a cow.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 22 Aug 1857 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.80954, 28.8515 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1811, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/09", "State": "Utah", "Sublocation": "Mountain Meadows", "Location": "Mountain Meadows, Utah", "Lat": 37.446533, "Long": -113.629976, "Description": "September: Massacre of 120 emigrant whites by Mormons and Indians. Men and women and children killed. This occurred during the so-called Mormon war.", "Source": "Brooks.Mountain Meadows Massacre", "Type": "Religious; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Mormon; Native; Militia", "Target Classification": "White; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "120", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -113.629976, 37.446533 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1852, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/01", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "January: Unknown Mexican hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Brownsville Nueces Valley Weekly, 23. Jan 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1853, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Monterey, CA", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "February: Jesus Anastasia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Nevada Journal, 26 Feb. 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesus Anastasia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1856, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Albuquerque", "Location": "Albuquerque, NM", "Lat": 35.0834, "Long": -106.65368, "Description": "March: Carlos Martínez beaten and hanged for alleged assault on girl aged 8 or 9.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 1 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Carlos Martínez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.65368, 35.0834 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1858, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "El Moro", "Location": "El Moro, NM", "Lat": 35.04345, "Long": -108.32109, "Description": "May: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Sante Fe Weekly Gazette, 15 May 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -108.32109, 35.04345 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1859, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "May: On the 13th, Santos Peralta lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Santos Peralta", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1865, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Americans and Catholics fight.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1868, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Workers strike at water works. Refuse to let others work. Irish-Americans split. Sheriff assaulted.", "Source": "Headley, p.311", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious; Labor; Law", "Rioter Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Striker", "Target Classification": "American; Protestant; Irish; Catholic; Worker; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff; Employer", "Actions": "Strike; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1870, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "San Antonio", "Location": "Near San Anontio, TX", "Lat": 29.488912, "Long": -98.532532, "Description": "May: On the 29th, 40 masked men seized Nicanor Urdiales, Pablo Longoria, Francisco Huizan, and Felipe Lopez from Mission San Jose for alleged theft. The vigilantes lynched the men.", "Source": "San Antonio Ledger, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nicanor Urdiales; Pablo Longoria; Francisco Huizan; Felipe Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -98.532532, 29.488912 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1878, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: Joaquin Valenzuela and Luciano Tapia lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joaquin Valenzuela; Luciano Tapia", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1881, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 12th, Pío Linares shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pío Linares", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1882, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 14th, Miguel Blanco, Rafael Herrada, and Deiderio Grijalva lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Miguel Blanco; Rafael Herrada; Deiderio Grijalva", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1883, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 19th, José Antonio García lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Antonio García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1884, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/06", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "June: On the 28th, Nieves Robles shot for alleged murder.", "Source": "Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Nieves Robles", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1897, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "November: On the 30th, Pancho Daniel \"taken from jail and hanged\" for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 12 June 1858 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pancho Daniel", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1917, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Sonoita Valley", "Location": "Sonoita Valley, AZ", "Lat": 31.67984, "Long": -110.65523, "Description": "May: On the 9th, four unknown Mexicans shot and killed. An Anglo had been murdered, and other Anglos were attempting to drive Mexicans from the region when the killings occured.", "Source": "Tuscon Weekly Arizonian, 12-28 May 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.65523, 31.67984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1929, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tucson", "Location": "Tucson", "Lat": 32.20832, "Long": -110.95956, "Description": "August: On the 3rd, Rafael Polaco hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Weekly Arizonian, 30 June and 20 October 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Rafael Polaco", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -110.95956, 32.20832 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1930, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Santa Barbara", "Location": "Near Santa Barbara", "Lat": 34.42414, "Long": -119.69101, "Description": "August: On the 23rd, after Francisco Badillo was found not guilty of horse theft, both Badillo and his son were lynched.", "Source": "Los Angeles Star, 3 Sept. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Legal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Badillo", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -119.69101, 34.42414 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1936, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/10", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Tubac", "Location": "Near Tubac, AZ", "Lat": 31.61609, "Long": -111.05073, "Description": "October: Unknown Mexican shot and then had ears cut off for alleged murder.", "Source": "Tucson Weekly Arizonian, 20 Oct 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.05073, 31.61609 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1938, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Brownsville", "Location": "Brownsville, TX", "Lat": 25.91386, "Long": -97.48877, "Description": "November: Tomás Cabrera taken from jail and lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Corpus Christi Ranchero, 26 Nov. 1859 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murder; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tomás Cabrera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.48877, 25.91386 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1962, "year": 1860, "date": null, "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City, CO", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "Spring: Unknown Mexican lynched by vigilance committee for alleged theft.", "Source": "New York Times, 3 Sept. 1860 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1975, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Colorado City", "Location": "Colorado City", "Lat": 38.84479, "Long": -104.86094, "Description": "July: Unknown, reportedly Mexican victim lynched for alleged horse theft.", "Source": "Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 and The Western Mountaineer, August 2, 1860", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief; Alleged Horse Thief; Catholic; Mexican; Hispanic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.86094, 38.84479 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1999, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Arizona", "Sublocation": "Arizona City", "Location": "Arizona City", "Lat": 32.75186, "Long": -111.67314, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Mateo García hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Los Angeles Semi-Weekly Southern News, 30 Jan. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Mateo García", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -111.67314, 32.75186 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2009, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/03", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "March: On the 22nd, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sante Fe Gazette, 13 April 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2010, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Fairfax", "Location": "Fairfax", "Lat": 38.84519, "Long": -77.30513, "Description": "April: A vigilance committee threatens 35 students from the Episcopal Seminary, who flee to the free states", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, April 27, 1861", "Type": "Political; War; Student; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilance Committee; Pro-Confederate", "Target Classification": "Student; Youth; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.30513, 38.84519 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2011, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "New Mexico", "Sublocation": "Mesilla", "Location": "Mesilla, NM", "Lat": 32.27311, "Long": -106.79603, "Description": "April: On the 10th, an unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Mesilla Times, 23 Mar. 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -106.79603, 32.27311 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2017, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Luis Obispo", "Location": "Near San Luis Obispo", "Lat": 35.2807, "Long": -120.6605, "Description": "September: On the 13th, F. Rameris was hanged for alleged sexual assualt. He was rescued, only to be taken from the jail and hanged again.", "Source": "Sacremento Union, 26 Sept 1861 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail; Prisoner", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "F. Rameris", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.6605, 35.2807 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2021, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/10", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "October: Young Francisco Cota taken from police officers and lynched. He had shot an Anglo shopkeeper and his wife.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.23", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Hispanic; Catholic; Prisoner; Legal; Youth", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Francisco Cota", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2053, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, Luzerne Co., PA", "Lat": 41.506797, "Long": -75.55603, "Description": "September: Enrollment officer on armed guard and Catholic priest at 1st successfully in enrolling Irish miners. Some scuffling occurred and some women arrested. In the evening a crowd attacked the hotel with the enrollment officer in it. In the ensuing riot stones were thrown and the military fired into the crowd, fatally shooting one man and wounding several others.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "Military; Anti-War; War; Religious; Ethnic\/National", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Woman; Worker; Miner", "Target Classification": "Catholic; Religious; Priest; Military; Enlistment Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.55603, 41.506797 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2058, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/05", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Jacksonville", "Location": "Jacksonville, Illinois", "Lat": 39.7968, "Long": -89.64551, "Description": "May: Constable and six man posse enter Portuguese section - called Madiena - to recover a stolen horse. They were attacked by about 100 armed Portuguese. Later, Fry returned with white mob. But bloodshed avoided. This was referred to as the Battle of Madiera.", "Source": "Doyle.Social Order, p.129", "Type": "Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Portuguese; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.64551, 39.7968 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2075, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Archibald", "Location": "Archibald, PA", "Lat": 41.49509, "Long": -75.5372, "Description": "September: Irish women drive off enrolling officer and two US cavalry men guard from \"Shanty Town.\" The Irish women attacked a German shoestore and beat people there. When the officer later entered the coal mining offices, men joined the attack, and broke into the office. More stones, etc. thrown but again enroller escaped. From 150-500 rioters involved.", "Source": "Palladino.Another Civil War, p.100-101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic; Miner", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer; German; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.5372, 41.49509 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2078, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/10", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Cass", "Location": "Cass, PA", "Lat": 40.69242, "Long": -76.26019, "Description": "October: Women hurling stones impeded draft enrollers. Women probably Irish.", "Source": "Palladin.Another Civil War, p.101", "Type": "War; Political; Religious; Ethnic\/National; Military", "Rioter Classification": "Woman; Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Marshal; Military; Draft Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26019, 40.69242 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2083, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Oregon", "Sublocation": "Auburn", "Location": "Auburn, OR", "Lat": 44.85429, "Long": -117.938, "Description": "November: Tom \"The Spaniard\" hanged for alleged murder.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Racial; Law; Ethnic\/National; Religious; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Tom the Spaniard", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.938, 44.85429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2089, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Forestville", "Location": "Forestville, PA", "Lat": 40.69233, "Long": -76.3003, "Description": "December: 200 Molly Maguires attack collieries of William Goyne, stopping production and beat at least 15 men. They also closed the colliery store.", "Source": "Deevees.MM, p.51-52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Miner; Worker; Gang; Molly Maguire", "Target Classification": "Employer; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 15, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Goyne", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.3003, 40.69233 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2097, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/05", "State": "Colorado", "Sublocation": "Oil Spring", "Location": "Oil Spring", "Lat": 38.53027, "Long": -105.21323, "Description": "May: Vigilantes from California Gulch tracked alleged murderers for twelve days. The alleged murderers were two Mexican men. The vigilantes killed one, and one escaped. The vigilantes, going through possessions left behind, found a book. An attempt to translate the Spanish led the Anglos to believe that the Mexican men were out to exterminate as many Americans as possible. The Anglos believed the Mexican men to be the Espinosa brothers", "Source": "The Weekly Commonwealth, May 21, 1863", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Espinosa", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -105.21323, 38.53027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2101, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Draft riots. Start in protest of $300 exemption clause of draft. Includes attacks on homes and shops of the rich, but quickly black people become the main focus of rioters' wrath. African Americans lynched from light posts, homes and institutions destroyed. Concerted fight with authorities. Army ordered in and massive street battles ensue. At least 105 died.", "Source": "Cook, Headley, Bernstein.", "Type": "Racial; Anti-Draft; Draft; Political; Ethnic\/National; Religious; War; Military; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist; Irish; Catholic; Woman; Youth", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Military; Reformer; Woman; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed; Mutiliation", "Recorded # Killed": "105", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2108, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "December: Convicted murderer of an Anglo rancher, Manuel Cerredel, seized aboard steamer taking him to San Quinton and hanged from a yard arm.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\" p.24", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anglo", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Manuel Cerredel", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2110, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/12", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Campo Chino", "Location": "Campo Chino, CA", "Lat": 34.01506, "Long": -117.69278, "Description": "December: On the 26th, Luis Seyra and Cosmé Nuñez seized from authorities and killed for alleged murder.", "Source": "House Ex. Doc #73^24 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Prisoner; Legal; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Luis Seyra; Cosmé Nuñez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -117.69278, 34.01506 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2138, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Chicago", "Location": "Chicago", "Lat": 41.85109, "Long": -87.66589, "Description": "June: Mob pelted provost Marshall with bricks, etc., and left him unconscious and dead in the street. Rioters were Irish and acted after two Irishmen had been arrested for failing to give named to enrolling officers. Several (??) involved.", "Source": "Sterling. Journal of Illinois St. Hist., p.259; Klement.Copperheads, p.79", "Type": "Draft; Military; War; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Draft Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.66589, 41.85109 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2150, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, NY", "Lat": 42.731883, "Long": -73.686965, "Description": "July: Draft riot - 300 to 400 laborers from local foundry marched through town, demanding an end to the draft, stoned andd gutted the office of the Troy times, threatened a black church and released 80 prisoners from jail. Several houses gutted, too.", "Source": "Coakley.Role, p.256-257", "Type": "Military; War; Draft; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Press; Religious; Church; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.686965, 42.731883 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2162, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Montana", "Sublocation": "Bannack", "Location": "Bannack, MT", "Lat": 45.16054, "Long": -112.99615, "Description": "January: Vigilante action against a gang of thieves and murderers. Henry Plummer, sheriff of Bannock and Virginia, led the criminal band. Vigilantes lynched Plummer, George Lane, George Ives, Ned Ray, Buck Stinson, John Wagner alias Dutch John, Red alias Bevens, Brown, Hayes Lyon, Jack Gallagher, Frank Parish, and Boone Helm. Joe Pizanthia, known as \"Spanish Frank,\" hanged and corpse burned.", "Source": "Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead and \"LYNCH LAW AMONG THE MORMONS\" Glasgow Herald March 26, 1864", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Sheriff; Law Officer; Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "13", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Joe \"Spaniard Frank\" Pizanthia;  Henry Plummer; George Lane; George Ives; Ned Ray; Buck Stinson; John \"Dutch John\" Wagner; Reed alias Bevens; Brown; Hayes Lyon; Jack Gallagher; Frank Parish; Boone Helm", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.99615, 45.16054 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2163, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Natividad", "Location": "Natividad", "Lat": 36.73301, "Long": -121.59671, "Description": "February: On the 9th, Patrocinio Lopez lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 12 Feb 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Patrocinio Lopez", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.59671, 36.73301 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2164, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/02", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "San Pedro", "Location": "San Pedro", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "February: On the 18th, Jesús Arellanes lynched for alleged murder.", "Source": "H. H. Bancroft, Reference Notes as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jesús Arellanes", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2172, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/06", "State": "Nevada", "Sublocation": "La Plata", "Location": "La Plata, NV", "Lat": 39.37784, "Long": -118.22087, "Description": "June: Vigilantes shot and clubbed to death José Aniceto Baldenbro and Simon Montoya for not cooperating with them.", "Source": "Virginia Daily Union (Virginia City), 14 June 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "José Aniceto Baldenbro; Simon Montoya", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.22087, 39.37784 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2176, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2177, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/09", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Snelling", "Location": "Near Snelling, CA", "Lat": 37.51972, "Long": -120.4382, "Description": "September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft.", "Source": "Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -120.4382, 37.51972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2178, "year": 1864, "date": "1864\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Minersville", "Location": "Minersville, PA", "Lat": 40.69212, "Long": -76.26165, "Description": "January: A crowd of Molly Maguires armed with clubs attacked Thomas Trear and Mr. Benseman.", "Source": "Dewees.MM, p.52", "Type": "Labor; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Irish; Catholic; Gang; Molly Maguire; Worker", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Trear; Benseman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.26165, 40.69212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2193, "year": 1865, "date": "1865\/05", "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Monterey", "Location": "Eight Miles from Montery", "Lat": 36.60231, "Long": -121.89565, "Description": "May: Juan Higuera, the son of 1854 victim, lynched for alleged murder of a deputy.", "Source": "Monterey Gazette, 19 May 1865 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Ethnic\/National; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Mexican; Hispanic; Catholic; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Juan Higuera", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -121.89565, 36.60231 ] } }
]
}