var Slavery = {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"name": "Slavery",
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } },
"features": [
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 30, "year": 1785, "date": "1785\/04", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Unknown", "Location": "Virginia", "Lat": 37.501713, "Long": -78.033621, "Description": "April: Thomas Coke, a Methodist preacher, was threatened with mob violence and had two bills of indictment present against him for speaking out against slavery in the spring of 1785.", "Source": "Geasche(??). The Great Awakening in Virginia,p.247", "Type": "Anti-Abolition; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Religious; Methodist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Thomas Coke", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.033621, 37.501713 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 169, "year": 1794, "date": "1794\/01", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston, SC", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "January: Two white men, Thackman and Mayson, broke into the plantation of a Colonel Gervais sometime around midnight, in the January of 1794. Thackman was a deputy sheriff, and had orders to recover the human “property” of one Purvis from Gervais. Accompanying Thackman and Mayson was an enslaved African American man, who was armed. The three were charged with riot. The defense argued that the African American, being a slave, did not qualify under the law as a person capable of committing riot, and therefore the charge could be, at worst, trespass. The court disagreed, and held that a black person \"was, in contemplation of law, such a person as was capable of committing a riot, in conjunction with white men.” The defendants were found guilty, but, as they were there for a lawful purpose, only fined five shillings each.", "Source": "Reports of the Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of South Carolina (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1922), 144", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Black; Slave; Legal; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Thackman; Mayson", "Persons Named as Targets": "Colonel Gervais", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 293, "year": 1799, "date": "1799\/02", "State": "Vermont", "Sublocation": "Vergennes", "Location": "Vergennes, Vermont", "Lat": 44.16719, "Long": -73.253311, "Description": "February: A group of Federalists celebrate Washington's birthday, with toasts to tar and feathing French tories. Other toasts against slavery and Republicans.", "Source": "Gazette of the United States, & Philadelphia daily advertiser. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]), 20 March 1799. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.", "Type": "Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Federalist", "Target Classification": "Political; Democratic-Republican; French; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.253311, 44.16719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 330, "year": 1801, "date": "1801\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "August: A large number of black people, about 250, surrounded Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen's house, threatened to burn it to the ground, murder all the white people inside and free a number of enslaved people. They were armed with clubs, with a small crowd gathering in the morning and increasing its numbers until the night. The black people were supposedly French. In the evening the watch was called, some resistance was made and 23 were arrested. Riot occurred on Eagle street.", "Source": "NYC General Session 0.9,1801", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; French; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeanne Mathusine Droibillon Volanbuen", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 431, "year": 1809, "date": "1809\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Lozici, a marshal, was charged with rioting and disturbing Amos Broad's makeshift Baptist Society church on corner of Anthony and Handson streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Feb 10, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Legal; Marshal; Anti-Slavery; Law Officer", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Lozici", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 433, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad again being harassed. Accuses Peter Von Zandt, scion of a wealthy family with others for disturbing his services. Result: NG.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Peter Von Zandt", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 435, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's service was disrupted by a number of persons who created a riot in and about the church.", "Source": "SC PC cases 7432 5", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 436, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Miln Parker, harassed Amos Broad's Baptist church - stamping his feet, laughing and disturbing the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 12", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Miln Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 437, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Amos Broad is on Rose street. He was harassed by Bloodgood and five others. This time he got a conviction.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, April 13, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Bloodgood", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 440, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Broad's church harassed during the evening service. A number of young people's entered the church, put out the candles, carried away the candlesticks, broke the pews, the door, and disturbed Broad and et.al.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7432 9", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Occupied Space; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 444, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: A large disturbance at Broad's church. The Marshals were there at the order of the mayor in anticipation of the riot and several arrests were made. As many people were throwing squibs - quantities of gun powder enclosed in paper - at the church etc.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 7", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 456, "year": 1810, "date": "1810\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad is again disturbed in his ministry. This time by Betty, an ex-slave of his. Her actions incited farther mob action such as throwing of stones at window, etc. Result: guilty", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 15, 1810", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 508, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Amos Broad and his church are again being mobbed by 20 or 50. The one indicted is acquitted. Thompson, the accused, was inside disturbing the ceremony while a mob raged and threatened to come in from the outside.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, November 5, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 510, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Amos Broad's church still being harassed. With the support of another witness Broad gets one conviction as he put up with 40 or 50 persons running through his church.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, Dcember 18, 1812", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 511, "year": 1812, "date": "1812\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was the object of an unruly crowd of men and boys in the evening. Jacob Hays was there and arrested several persons. Hays says there were a great number of boys and men.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7432 3", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Youth", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 553, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/04", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "April: Amos Broad petitions the Common Council complaining about riotous conduct at Rose street church.", "Source": "MCC 8:173", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 556, "year": 1815, "date": "1815\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: John W. Jarvis, among others, disturbed Broad's church.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John W. Jarvis", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 571, "year": 1816, "date": "1816\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "December: Amos Broad's church was greatly disturbed and insulted by violent outrages committed. Crowds forced their way into the house and disturbed the society and minister.", "Source": "SC PC cases - 7434", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Occupied Space", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 572, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Jacob Johnson, alias Stewart, harrassed Broad's rose street church. He made a nuisance of himself and gave a false report offense.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 14", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jacob Johnson", "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 576, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Amos Broad's church was ransacked by a mob. Little details. All tried were acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, February 5, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 578, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Members of the African Episcopal church petition the Common Council complaining of the riotous conduct at Broad's Rose Street church.", "Source": "MCC 9:40", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 585, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/03", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "March: Broad's church was harassed again. A crowd of 300 to 500 gathered, made noise, broke the few lights over the church door, etc. Eight persons were arrested. The Gazette puts the number at a 1000 and tends to blame Broad for the disturbances.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 6; N.Y.Gazette, April 25, 1817", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 592, "year": 1817, "date": "1817\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Broad's church was attacked. Brick bats and stones thrown at it and one person got inside to harass Broad and the congregation.", "Source": "SC PC - cases 7434 10", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 595, "year": 1818, "date": "1818\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Broad's church was so frequently the scene of a riot, both within and without that the mayor called for a Grand Jury investigation in December. The result was a common law indictment of Broad for a nuisance. Sharp lawyers got a delay for Broad and the interim he at last abandoned his church, suspending services and promising to sell the building. The case was therefore dropped.", "Source": "N.Y. City-Hall recorder, January, 1818", "Type": "Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Religious; Baptist; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Local", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Amos Broad", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 626, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/06", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "June: A mob of African Americans collected on Barclay street to prevent Theodore Hald from returning a run away slave to Montgomerey Co., NY. A city marshall accompanied Hald and his charge. When confronted by the mob, about 40 persons strong, they only managed with difficulty to extricate themselves and their charge from the mob and return to the police office. they had been going to the North river. A scuffle occurred and one of the rioters identified. He was tried and acquitted.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, July 16, 1819", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Hald", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 636, "year": 1819, "date": "1819\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: A runaway slave was committed to jail. Rumor spread among the town's black population that he was to be returned to his master. At 10:30pm almost 60 black people gathered and armed with clubs, knives, and hatchets made an attempt to free him. Watchmen with the aid of some citizens interceded and dispersed the mob. The black people, who fled in all were arrested. In the process one watchman was wounded. A large trial ensued, only 12 black people were indicted, the rest were released. A verdict of not guilty was delivered for the riot charges, three were acquitted outright, while the rest were found guilty of the less severe unlawful assembly.", "Source": "NYEP, January 3 and 18, 1820", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail; Law Officer; Watchman; White", "Actions": "Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 637, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/02", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Hartford", "Location": "Hartford, CT", "Lat": 41.766615, "Long": -72.654915, "Description": "February: James Lanman burnt in effigy for support of Missouri bill. Occurred in front of large crowd and in state house yard. On the effigy was a placard, \"LANMAN AND SLAVERY.\"", "Source": "Spectator, February 25, 1820; McMaster IV, p.592", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Lanman", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.654915, 41.766615 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 639, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/03", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Litchfield", "Location": "Litchfield, CT", "Lat": 41.744895, "Long": -73.188268, "Description": "March: Representative James Stevens burnt in effigy for voting for the Missouri bill.", "Source": "Paxton Hibben.Henry Word Beecher: An American Portrait, p.33-34", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "James Stevens", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.188268, 41.744895 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 640, "year": 1820, "date": "1820\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, PA", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "March: David Fullerton, Congressman, burnt in effigy for support of Missouri bill.", "Source": "McMaster IV, p.592", "Type": "Political; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Political; Elected Official", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "David Fullerton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 688, "year": 1823, "date": "1823\/10", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "October: A vigilante group chased and killed a \"negro banditti\" who had long infested the neighborhood of Nelson's Ferry, and had murdered a Mr. Ford. They were escaped slaves.", "Source": "Williams.Rogues in Villainy, p.65", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Alleged Thief; Escaped Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 691, "year": 1824, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Charleston", "Location": "Charleston", "Lat": 32.786536, "Long": -79.942879, "Description": "Burning of a \"young slave\" for alleged murder", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Violence and Punishment in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -79.942879, 32.786536 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 702, "year": 1824, "date": "1824\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "September: About 150 black people attacked white officials as they arrested a runaway slave.", "Source": "Richards, p.33", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Black", "Target Classification": "White; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 728, "year": 1825, "date": "1825\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "York", "Location": "York, Penn", "Lat": 39.965128, "Long": -76.72638, "Description": "June: About 20 or 25 black people were outraged by 2 black people reportedly sent from Maryland to intercept runaway slaves. They went to the house of the culprits, bombarded it with stones, etc., and drove the one who was there out. He escaped to a neighbor's, but the threat of pulling down that house brought the man's surrender. At first they pretended they were after the other man. But once they got him out of sight they whipped him very severely. Twenty three rioters were arraigned.", "Source": "NYEP, June 25, 1825", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave Catcher", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.72638, 39.965128 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 768, "year": 1826, "date": "1826\/09", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "September: Several \"negro rioters\" collected around the city hall and attacked persons who were witnesses or engaged in claiming black fugitives from Virginia. Stones were thrown, sticks used, and whites chased in the streets.", "Source": "NYC General Sessions, October 9, 1826", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "White; Slave Catcher; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 875, "year": 1829, "date": "1829\/01", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "January: Disturbances greeted Frances Wright's 1st lecture series in NYC.", "Source": "Weinbaum.M+D, p.35", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Unknown", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Woman; Feminist; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frances Wright", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 929, "year": 1830, "date": "1830\/04", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "April: Riot opposite the Franklin Institute. An escaped slave was to be returned to his master and a group of black people attempted to rescue him. They were not successful. A rioter was shot by a deputy.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, April 20, 1830", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 991, "year": 1831, "date": "1831\/10", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "New Haven", "Location": "New Haven", "Lat": 41.3059, "Long": -72.920424, "Description": "October: Mob stoned Arthur Tuppon's house on Temple street.", "Source": "Richards, p.38", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Arthur Tappan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.920424, 41.3059 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1036, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/11", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "November: Two black people arrested as escaped slaves. While being taken between City Hall and Bridewell - their case still pending, there was an attempt to rescue them. The two officers escorting them were struck and pushed aside, but several officers came to their assistance and the mob was soon repulsed. Four ringleaders arrested. No white persons involved.", "Source": "NYEP, November 14, 1832; SC PC 7445, November 15, 1832", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Watchman; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1038, "year": 1832, "date": "1832\/12", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Camden", "Location": "Camden, NJ", "Lat": 39.944731, "Long": -75.116344, "Description": "December: Nearby an attempt to recapture 3 escaped slaves was opposed by a crowd of both blacks and whites. The slaveowner from Havre de Grace and a friend driven off. At Camden they got reinforcements and returned to arrest several of the assailants. Not sure what happened to the slave.", "Source": "NYEP, December 11, 1832", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.116344, 39.944731 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1054, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "October: Anti-abolitionists gather outisde Clinton Hall where an abolitionist meeting had been scheduled. Garrison was supposed to attend. The meeting had been shifted to the Chatton street chapel. The antis went to Tammary hall and then marched to the chapel, arriving after the abolitionists left. The antis broke in, dressed a black \"Arthur Tappon\" and mockingly passed resolutions for immediate emancipation.", "Source": "Richards, p.27-30", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church", "Actions": "Effigy; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Arthur Tappan", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1067, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/12", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Utica", "Location": "Utica, NY", "Lat": 43.103722, "Long": -75.241196, "Description": "December: After a week of popular agitation about colonization, a mob burned Beriah Green, Pres. Of Oneida Institute and against colonization and Alvin Stewart, another anti-slavery man, in effigy.", "Source": "Richards, p.86", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Colonization; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Anti-Coloniztion", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beriah Green; Alvin Stewart", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.241196, 43.103722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1078, "year": 1833, "date": "1833\/06", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "June: A mob of about 40 black people rescued an escaped slave from his owner. They surronded and beat the sherriff. A posse chased the black people into the countryside and managed to arrest a few but the (??) escaped. A committee was formed to investigate the riot.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Urbanization…Detroit 1824-1847,\"Michigan History, p.263-265", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1095, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/04", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "April: A crowd guts the Lalaurie Mansion. Earlier, when there was a fire at the place, it was discovered that Madame Lalaurie had tortured her slaves and then chained several in the attic. That night, when it appeared officials were not going to do anything about it, the crowd outside the mansion becamse threatening. The Lalauries escaped and the house was gutted thereafter. Supposedly, the black butler who drove the carriage holding the escaping was caught by a mob and killed.", "Source": "Ashara.French Quarter, p.247-252", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; White; Black; French", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lalaurie", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1104, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "May: Anti-abolitionist disturbance.", "Source": "Richards, p.113", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1106, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/05", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "May: Black people riot to protect an ex-slave. A Virginia gentleman claimed a black man as a runaway. Black people attempted to rescue him. But they were unsuccessful. Some were arrested. Six were convicted and sent to jail for 8 or 9 months.", "Source": "Mor. Court and NY Eng, May 5, 1834", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; White", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1120, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Disruption of anti-slavery meeting in Chatham street chapal.", "Source": "Weinbaum, p.38-39", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church; Religious", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1121, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "New York City", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "July: Anti-abolitionists - July 7 disruption of black meeting in Chatham street chapel; July 8 disruption of Morally (??) meeting in Clinton hall; July 9 attack on L. Toppman's house, forced entry into Chatham st. chapel, riot at Bowery Theater; July 10, assault on Rev. Sam. Cox's house and church; July 11, attack on A. toppman and Co. store, Cox's church, Rev. Henry Ludlow's church; rampage against stp. black people.", "Source": "Richards, p.113-120", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Church; Black; Religious; Merchant", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "L. Toppman; Sam Cox; Henry Ludlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1123, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/07", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Newark", "Location": "Newark, NJ", "Lat": 40.733983, "Long": -74.172024, "Description": "July: Presbyterean minister preached a sermon on Friday evening entitled, \"Sin of Slavery,\" and planned to take a collection for the anti-slavery society. Large crowd formed outisde, some charge and drove minister and congregation out. Crowd then demolish the interior and smashed windows. They went to the minister's house but he wasn't there. Next night a mob attacked a black own barber shop. One black man had attended the meeting.", "Source": "Common Advertiser, July 16, 1834", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Racial; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Presbyterian; Black; Religious; Church; Abolitionist; Merchant; Ant-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.172024, 40.733983 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1129, "year": 1834, "date": "1834\/08", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Palmyra", "Location": "Palmyra, NY", "Lat": 43.062041, "Long": -77.232098, "Description": "August: Charles Williams, working as a clerk in Washington, returned hom to visit his mother. He brought an enslaved girl servant with him. Local black people talked her into running away. They also attacked Mrs. Williams house on Sunday breaking some windows. Shots exchanged and with the town alerted, a dozen black people were arrested.", "Source": "NYEP, August 18, 1834", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder; Woman", "Actions": "Threat; Property Destroyed; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Williams; Williams", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.232098, 43.062041 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1161, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/12", "State": "District of Columbia", "Sublocation": "Washington", "Location": "Washington DC", "Lat": 38.882651, "Long": -77.013549, "Description": "August: Dr. Reuben Crandall was to give lectures at Georgetown Univ., brought some antislavery publications with him. He lft some in a store. A large mob formed to injure him. He was protected by being arrested. Also strike and Snow and race riot.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.359", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Labor", "Rioter Classification": "White; Worker; Mechanic", "Target Classification": "Black; Merchant; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Employer; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Strike; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Beverly Snow; Reuban Crandall", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.013549, 38.882651 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1162, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Plainsville", "Location": "Plainsville, OH", "Lat": 41.727685, "Long": -81.255401, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.255401, 41.727685 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1163, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Zowesville", "Location": "Zowesville, OH", "Lat": 39.94081, "Long": -82.010034, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.010034, 39.94081 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1164, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "St. Albans", "Location": "St. Albans, OH", "Lat": 40.080166, "Long": -82.788578, "Description": "April: Anti-Abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.788578, 40.080166 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1165, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marietta", "Location": "Marietta, OH", "Lat": 39.425045, "Long": -81.455528, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot. Religious meeting attacked.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.455528, 39.425045 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1166, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Mt. Pleasant", "Location": "Mt. Pleasant, OH", "Lat": 40.180508, "Long": -80.814278, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.814278, 40.180508 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1167, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "New London", "Location": "New London, OH", "Lat": 41.085244, "Long": -82.401028, "Description": "April: Anti-abolitionist riot.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.105", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.401028, 41.085244 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1172, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Circleville", "Location": "Circleville, OH", "Lat": 39.6027, "Long": -82.942462, "Description": "March: Mob pelted Theodore Dwight Weld with stones through open windows, etc.", "Source": "Abzug.Passionate Lib., p.125", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Dwight Weld", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.942462, 39.6027 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1175, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/04", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Granville", "Location": "Granville, OH", "Lat": 40.067513, "Long": -82.517828, "Description": "April: Mob harrassed abolitionist Theodore Weld. They shaved his horse's tail and pelted him with eggs and stones.", "Source": "Price. \"Ohio A-S Conv.,\" p.173-74", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Theodore Dwight Weld", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.517828, 40.067513 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1181, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: An elderly black woman gave allegedly false testimony about Mary Gilmore, a very white mulatto who had been seized as a fugitive slave. A crowd of black people broke into her house the evening of the 16th and violently beat the woman and her daughter. Police interefered and broke up the disturbance.", "Source": "Werner, p.201", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Witness", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1182, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "June: A large group of black people unsuccessfully attempted to liberate two men seized as fugitive slaves. This occurred in the afternoon.", "Source": "Werner, p.201", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1185, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/06", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "June: Fearing a slave insurrection, whites held a meeting, seized several African Americans, tortured them and elicited confessions of a slave insurrection.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection…,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1187, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Buffalo", "Location": "Buffalo, NY", "Lat": 42.880973, "Long": -78.845114, "Description": "July: Minor race riot over slave rescue. Slave catcher had gone into Canada to capture escaped slave and family. Black people from Buffalo pursued him and liberated the captives in Hamburgh, NY. But upon returning to Buffalo they ran into police and citizens at the ferry. A fight ensued. Injuries on both sides. 8 to 10 black people arrested, but family escaped.", "Source": "Werner, p.273", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Slave Catcher; White", "Actions": "Extraction; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.845114, 42.880973 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1188, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Mob summarily hanged the slaves who had been suspected of organizing a conspiracy. Also seized two white \"steam doctors\" and organized a committee to deal with insurrection. They elicited a confession from one of the whites.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; White; Steam Doctor", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1189, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Fear of slave insurrection swept the state. The Livingston vigilance committee seized a poor man who had brought a load of corn to sell in Yazoo. Despite the efforts of Henry Foote, the comm. Hanged the man on the testimony of 3 secured black people.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\" p.361", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Black", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1190, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Livingston", "Location": "Livingston, Mississippi", "Lat": 32.553009, "Long": -90.216046, "Description": "July: Two white people seized, sentenced by committee to be hanged. Both were executed.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.50", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "White", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.216046, 32.553009 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1194, "year": 1835, "date": "1835\/07", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Hinds Co.", "Location": "Hinds Co., Miss", "Lat": 32.29319, "Long": -90.261495, "Description": "July: Slave insurrection scare infects county and several committees form. When two leading committeemen allowed suspects to go free because of lack of evidence, one, William L. Sharken, came under mob attack. On night of July 6 an armed band from Madison Co. attempted to capture Sharkey. They tried again, but Sharkey defended himself, killing one.", "Source": "Miles. \"Miss. Slave Insurrection,\" p.53-55", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William L. Sharken", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.261495, 32.29319 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1202, "year": 1836, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Hot Springs Co.", "Location": "Hot Springs Co.", "Lat": 34.3067, "Long": -92.98964, "Description": "Burning of William, an enslaved man, for allegedly murdering master, another white, and five slaves.", "Source": "Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas, 235-236 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.98964, 34.3067 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1206, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/10", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Vicksburg", "Location": "Vicksburg, Miss", "Lat": 32.348425, "Long": -90.878273, "Description": "October: Lynch law - \"One man has been dragged from the bosom of his family and so maimed and mutilated as to become an object of horror and pity; another was forced from his house and hung pon the next tree; and on Sunday the 24th an old man named Grace, formerly of Warrington, Va, was tried and acquitted before a magistrate, charged wtih giving free passes to negroes. The lawful decision did not satisfy the mob. He was stripped and flogged within hearing of the shrieks of his wife and children.\"", "Source": "Raleigh (NC)Standard, November 1, 1837", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Grace", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.878273, 32.348425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1207, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Ill", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "November: Elisha Lovejoy killed while defending his press for a 4th time.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.283-295; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1209, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/08", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "August: Collective violence prevents Lovejoy from printing a second time. At night a group of men of about 15 or 20 entered the office after throwing stones, drove off the hands there and destroyed the office. A large crowd watched. Some of the mob had met Lovejoy in the street, but after harassing him, let him go.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.187, 231-234; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1210, "year": 1837, "date": null, "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Meriden", "Location": "Meriden, CT", "Lat": 41.53722, "Long": -72.80655, "Description": "Fall: During a talk by abolitionist preacher Mr. Ludlow in the long regational church, part of the crowd showered Ludlow with rotten eggs and other missiles.", "Source": "Noonan.Nativism, p.137", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Minister", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Ludlow", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.80655, 41.53722 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1212, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/09", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Illinois", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "September: Mob destroys Lovejoy's press a third time. About 12 men with handkerchiefs over their faces did this. The mayor had placed a constable to protect the press and even his own entreaties were to no avail.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.250; Hermann. \"McIntosh Affair,\" p.140-141; Feldberg.TE, p.48", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian; Law Officer", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1213, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "St. Charles", "Location": "St. Charles, Missouri", "Lat": 38.79025, "Long": -90.51698, "Description": "October: While visiting St. Charles where his in-laws lived, and presenting a guest sermon, Lovejoy was harassed by a mob repeatedly. Indeed a mob visited him at his in-laws' several times one night, and compelled him to flee the town and return to Alton.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.251-260", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.51698, 38.79025 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1214, "year": 1837, "date": "1837\/11", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Alton", "Location": "Alton, Illinois", "Lat": 38.893574, "Long": -90.183516, "Description": "November: Mob attacked Lovejoy's house, throwing brickbats, etc.", "Source": "Memoir of Lovejoy, p.283", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Religious; Press; Minister; Presbyterian", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Elijah Lovejoy", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.183516, 38.893574 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1228, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New Jersey", "Sublocation": "Paterson", "Location": "Paterson, NJ", "Lat": 40.90163, "Long": -74.16482, "Description": "May: Mob disrupts abolitionist meeting in wake of destruction of Philadelphia Hall. Mob attacked a church during abolitionist meeting, smashed doors and windows and scattered the audience.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.16482, 40.90163 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1229, "year": 1838, "date": "1838\/05", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Elmira", "Location": "Elmira, NY", "Lat": 42.08827, "Long": -76.80705, "Description": "May: Mob broke up meeting of preachers Anti-Slavery society and Genesse Conference.", "Source": "Werner, p.218; McMaster, VI, p.493", "Type": "Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Religious", "Rioter Classification": "White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Religious; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.80705, 42.08827 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1251, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Marion", "Location": "Marion, Ohio", "Lat": 40.59083, "Long": -83.13732, "Description": "September: After a court decided in favor of a fugitive slave, the Virginians attempting to gain possession of him, seized the black person and brandishing pistols and knives at the spectators. A mob quickly formed and attacked the Virginians. In the melee, the black person escaped.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Law; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Southerner", "Target Classification": "Black; Freed Slave; Slave; Court; Legal", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.13732, 40.59083 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1257, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/11", "State": "Michigan", "Sublocation": "Detroit", "Location": "Detroit", "Lat": 42.405935, "Long": -83.104235, "Description": "November: African Americans attempt to seize runaway in the hands of officials.", "Source": "Schneider. \"Detroit\"", "Type": "Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher; Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.104235, 42.405935 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1258, "year": 1839, "date": "1839\/12", "State": "Conneticut", "Sublocation": "Wolcott", "Location": "Wolcott, Connecticut", "Lat": 41.60202, "Long": -72.98763, "Description": "December: Mob burnt to ashes an anti-slavery meeting house.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -72.98763, 41.60202 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1285, "year": 1841, "date": null, "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Union Point", "Location": "Union Point, MS", "Lat": 39.01098, "Long": -94.48256, "Description": "Burning of a \"runaway slave\" for alleged murder, rape, and robbery", "Source": "Christopher Waldrep, ed., Lynching in America: A History in Documents (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 76-77, source: Mississippi Free Trader, March 8, 1854 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.48256, 39.01098 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1299, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/06", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "June: A man by the name of Burnett hid a fugitive slave. Although brough up on charges, a mob gathered to destroy his home, but was prevented from doing so by officials.", "Source": "Woodson. \"Negroes in Cincinnati,\"J of NH(1910) 13; Richards, p.124; Werner, p.107-108", "Type": "Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1300, "year": 1841, "date": "1841\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Shelby County, Texas", "Location": "Shelby County, Texas", "Lat": 31.80719, "Long": -94.18108, "Description": "July: Regulators under Charles Jackson attack homes of men they accused of being slave stealers, burning them. Moderators subsequently formed to get revenge.", "Source": "Sonnechson.10 Texas Feuds, p.25-27", "Type": "Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Regulator (Vigilante); Gang", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Jackson", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.18108, 31.80719 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1309, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "East Feliciana Parish", "Location": "East Feliciana Parish, LA", "Lat": 30.82561, "Long": -91.0341, "Description": "Burning of two \"runaways\" for alleged murder, rape, and kidnapping", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 388-389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.0341, 30.82561 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1312, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "North Carolina", "Sublocation": "Raleigh", "Location": "Raleigh, NC", "Lat": 35.78455, "Long": -78.63946, "Description": "Mob attempted to lynch black abolitionist Lunsford Lane. Included was a coat of tar - and presumably feathers. Both mechnics and rich people involved. Lane managed to escape with the help of some friends.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) Lansford Lane,Narrative of Lansford Lane…,Boston 1845", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Mechanic; Worker; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lunsford Lane", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.63946, 35.78455 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1314, "year": 1842, "date": null, "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "Black crowd fails in effort to free George Latimer, escaped slave, from his captors.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.23", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1326, "year": 1842, "date": "1842\/08", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "August: Black people march to celebrate emancipation in WI under black Temperance auspices. Whites (probably Irish) attack the parade. They followed this with assaults on black people and the destruction of some buildings, including the black Presbyterian church and black-owned assembly hall. Initially sheriff and posse routed by mob; but militia and additional police quell the rioting.", "Source": "Curray.Free Black, p.196", "Type": "Racial; Religious; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Irish; Catholic", "Target Classification": "Black; Religious; Church; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1334, "year": 1843, "date": null, "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Pendleton", "Location": "Pendleton, Indiana", "Lat": 39.99902, "Long": -85.74404, "Description": "Mob clubbed and severely injured Frederick Douglass.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.74404, 39.99902 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1337, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/02", "State": "Mississippi", "Sublocation": "Gallatin", "Location": "Gallatin, Copiah Co., MS", "Lat": 39.91372, "Long": -93.96321, "Description": "February: Hanging of \"negro men of Mr. Burdy\" for alleged rape, murderous assualt, and robbery", "Source": "Courier de La Louisiane, March 1, 1843 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.96321, 39.91372 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1341, "year": 1843, "date": "1843\/07", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "July: Anti-abolition or anti-black riot. Target, as in earlier 1842 riot, was an English confectioner. Nine year old girl brought from New Orleans with masks escaped with help from Abolitionists. Owner incites crowd, who throw stones at Cornelius Burnett's home. But mayor's prompt show of force and arrest, especially on 2nd night, limits violence.", "Source": "Richards, p.42,69; Werner, p.137-138", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Slaveholder; White; Slavecatcher", "Target Classification": "Black; Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cornelius Burnett", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1399, "year": 1845, "date": "1845\/08", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Lexington", "Location": "Lexington, KY", "Lat": 38.044504, "Long": -84.512088, "Description": "August: Mob suppresses Cassius Marcellus Clay's newspaper True American. A vigilance committee dismanlted the press boxed the parts and sent them to Cincinnati.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MHOR(1942) p.361-362", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Vigilance Committee; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Press; Reformer; Abolitionist; Political; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Cassius Marcellus Clay", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.512088, 38.044504 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1422, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/06", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Carlisle", "Location": "Carlisle, PA", "Lat": 40.201635, "Long": -77.185167, "Description": "June: Crowd of African Americans rescue two fugitive slaves taken to the court house by slave catchers. Attempts were made in the court house and in the street. Stones, clubs, and canes used. Slaveholder knocked down by stones, injured and subsequently died.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christians, p.50-51", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slave Catcher; Slaveholder; Pro-Slavery; Legal; Court", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.185167, 40.201635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1424, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Harrisburg", "Location": "Harrisburg", "Lat": 40.272046, "Long": -76.876657, "Description": "Crowd that listened peacefully to Garrison, threw eggs, firecrackers, stones, garbage, etc., when Frederick Douglass began to speak.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Reformer; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.876657, 40.272046 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1426, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Spring: Local black people rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk the individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1427, "year": 1847, "date": "1847\/04", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., MO", "Lat": 38.40104, "Long": -91.00077, "Description": "April: Enslaved man named Eli lynched for allegedly murdering and attempting to rape a white woman, and attempting to kill her son", "Source": "Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1914), 254n61 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.00077, 38.40104 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1432, "year": 1847, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Pittsburgh", "Location": "Pittsburgh", "Lat": 40.441248, "Long": -80.003385, "Description": "Winter: Local African Americans rescue an escaped slave captured by former master and wisk individual to Canada.", "Source": "Carry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.003385, 40.441248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1451, "year": 1849, "date": null, "State": "Arkansas", "Sublocation": "Phillips Co.", "Location": "Phillips Co. AR", "Lat": 34.37981, "Long": -90.81906, "Description": "Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Orville W. Taylor, Negro Slavery on Arkansas (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1958), 235 as listed in Pfiefer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.81906, 34.37981 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1488, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "Isiah Rynders and his \"Empire Club\" disrupted annual meeting of Garrisonians.", "Source": "Richards, p.156", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Political", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Isiah Rynders", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1491, "year": 1850, "date": null, "State": "California", "Sublocation": "Los Angeles", "Location": "Los Angeles", "Lat": 34.022624, "Long": -118.367045, "Description": "Committee of five organized to warn out man who helped black people in their efforts to establish their own freedom.", "Source": "Blew. \"Vigilantism,\"S. Cal. Q54 (1972) 15", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -118.367045, 34.022624 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1501, "year": 1850, "date": "1850\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Clay Co.", "Location": "Clay Co., MO", "Lat": 39.29333, "Long": -94.40306, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved woman for allegedly assualting mistress with an ax", "Source": "R. Douglas Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 248 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.40306, 39.29333 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1517, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Columbus", "Location": "Columbus, GA", "Lat": 32.46252, "Long": -84.99167, "Description": "Hanging of Jarrett, and enslaved man, for alleged rape", "Source": "Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 389 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jarrett", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.99167, 32.46252 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1524, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Austin", "Location": "Austin, TX", "Lat": 30.26248, "Long": -97.74838, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Enda Junkins, \"Slave Plots, Insurrections, and Acts of Violence in the State of Texas, 1828-1865\" (MA thesis, Baylor University, 1969), 40 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.74838, 30.26248 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1526, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Christiana", "Location": "Christiana, PA", "Lat": 39.95409, "Long": -75.996213, "Description": "September: A marshal, a posse and a slave owner attempt to get fugitive slaves at William Parker's. 15-25 black people engage in a gun battle with them. One white person - the slave owner - killed, several others seriously wounded.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Slaveholder; Legal; Law Officer; Marshal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": "William Parker", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.996213, 39.95409 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1527, "year": 1851, "date": null, "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Lancaster", "Location": "Lancaster, PA", "Lat": 40.031466, "Long": -76.281284, "Description": "Attempted rescue of William Dorsey, a fugitive slave. A large number of black people participate. Fight with officials, etc.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.36-37", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.281284, 40.031466 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1531, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/01", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia, PA", "Lat": 40.03102, "Long": -76.50063, "Description": "January: Attempted rescue of fugitive slave in custody of officials. A lot of noise, but not too much violence.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.50063, 40.03102 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1532, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/02", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "February: Black people rescue fugitive slave Fred Williams. Officials put up no real resistance. About 20 African Americans involved.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiana, p.62-63", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1534, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/04", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "April: Crowd unsuccessfully attempts to free fugitive slave Thomas Sims.", "Source": "Werner. \"Race Riots,\" p.41", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Slavecatcher; Legal", "Actions": "Extraction; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1541, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/09", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Grayson County", "Location": "Grayson County, VA", "Lat": 36.67771, "Long": -81.23183, "Description": "September: A vigilance committee seized John Cornutt for being a backer of a Northern anti-slavery preacher in the neighborhood. A mob of 200 stripped Cornutt, tied him to a tree and severely whipped him until he promised to sell his property and leave the state.", "Source": "Eaton. \"Mob Violence,\"MVHR(1942) p.367", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Cornutt", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.23183, 36.67771 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1543, "year": 1851, "date": "1851\/10", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "Syracuse", "Location": "Syracuse, NY", "Lat": 43.04484, "Long": -76.1459, "Description": "October: Crowd of white and black people forcefully rescue captured fugitive slave William Henry or Jerry. Some prominent people, including Gerrit Smith, encouraged the riot with their opposition to Jerry's arrest. The first attempt to rescue him from the courthouse succeeded temporarily. But that night a crowd busted into the Courthouse to wisk him away.", "Source": "Galpin. \"Jerry Rescue,\"NYH(1995) p.19-34", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist; White", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Gerrit Smith", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.1459, 43.04484 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1584, "year": 1853, "date": null, "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinnati", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "African Americans failed at resucing an escaped slave recaptured by authorities.", "Source": "Curry.Free Black, p.231", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1598, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: Hanging of young enslaved man for alleged murder of master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1599, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Bend", "Location": "Ft. Bend, TX", "Lat": 29.61938, "Long": -95.63617, "Description": "May: An enslaved, black preacher hanged for allegedly influencing young man to murder master", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Religious", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.63617, 29.61938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1605, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Boone Co.", "Location": "Boone Co., MO", "Lat": 38.96198, "Long": -92.33266, "Description": "August: Enslaved man hanged for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 249 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.33266, 38.96198 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1606, "year": 1853, "date": "1853\/08", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smith Co.", "Location": "Smith Co., Texas", "Lat": 32.4017, "Long": -95.25006, "Description": "August: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged rape and murder", "Source": "Junkins, \"Slave Plots, \" 44 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.25006, 32.4017 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1615, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/12", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Fannin", "Location": "Fannin, TX", "Lat": 28.6963, "Long": -97.23558, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of mistress and mistress's two children", "Source": "Frederick Law Olmstead, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States (New York: Alfred A. Kopf, 1953; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 303 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.23558, 28.6963 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1616, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/05", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "May: Large crowd attempts to break into the courthouse to free fugitive slave Anthony Barns. During the attempt, some shots fired, killing one of the deputies.", "Source": "\"The Case of the Courthouse Riot,\"Journal of Negro History, 56 (1971), p.31-42", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1619, "year": 1854, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Leavenworth", "Location": "Fort Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Pro-slavery members of the Squatters Claim Association tar and feather and rail ride William Phillips, free state lawyer.", "Source": "Rister. \"Outlaws and Vigilantes,\" MVHR 19 (1932), 551", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Claim Club; Squatter; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery' Legal; Lawyer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1635, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/02", "State": "New York", "Sublocation": "NYC", "Location": "NYC", "Lat": 40.720368, "Long": -74.001098, "Description": "February: Democrats called a meeting of Germans to obtain support for the national administration's Kansas policy. One thousand showed up, but the pro and anti-slave groups led to fistfights between factions.", "Source": "Degler. \"Labor,\" p.302; Tribune F.24; Herald F. 24, 1854", "Type": "Slavery; Political; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Political; Democrat; German; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.001098, 40.720368 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1662, "year": 1854, "date": "1854\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Mount Meigs", "Location": "Mount Meigs, Montgomery Co.", "Lat": 32.3631, "Long": -86.1016, "Description": "August: Burning of enslaved man for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "James Benson Sellers, Slavery in Alabama (1940; repr., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 262-262 from Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1016, 32.3631 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1671, "year": 1855, "date": null, "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "La Grange", "Location": "La Grange, TN", "Lat": 35.04635, "Long": -89.24406, "Description": "Hanging of enslaved boy belonging to William Turner for alleged murder of overseer", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Youth; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.24406, 35.04635 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1683, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Montgomery Co.", "Location": "Montgomery Co., Alabama", "Lat": 32.334691, "Long": -86.254504, "Description": "August: A slave clubbed a master to death, a Dr. MacDonald, in retaliation for punishment. The slave gave himself up. The whites in the neighborhood, however, becamse so agitated that they burned the slave alive the next day. Subsequently, the whites took up a collection to reimburse the MacDonald family for the cost of the slave.", "Source": "Howington. \"Violence,\"Alabama Rev, 27 (1974), p.227", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.254504, 32.334691 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1691, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.20683, "Long": -94.81471, "Description": "March: After editor Jeb Patterson complained that border cross voting would hurt the Southern cause in his Parkville Luminary a mob visited him, dumped his type into the Missouri river and threatened to hang him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.27", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Political", "Target Classification": "Press; Political", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jeb Patterson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.81471, 39.20683 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1693, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavanworth", "Location": "Leavanworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "May: Because William Phillips had signed a protest over pro-slavery election a public meeting ordered him to leave Kansas. When he refused, a mob seized him, took him to Weston, stripped him, shaved his head on one side, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail, and then sold him at an auction held \"by a big black n*****.\" Purchased for \"the enourmous sum of one cent and a half\" the purchaser gave him his (??)", "Source": "McMaster, VIII, p.224", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Border Ruffian; Black; White", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1702, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/08", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton, Barbour Co.", "Lat": 31.87765, "Long": -85.45056, "Description": "August: An enslaved man named Bob lynched by hanging", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 263-264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bob", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.45056, 31.87765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1705, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/09", "State": "Tennessee", "Sublocation": "Sparta", "Location": "Sparta, TN", "Lat": 35.92518, "Long": -85.46375, "Description": "September: A riotous mob broke into a jail and lynched an enslaved man accused of rape and murder. ", "Source": "Waldrep, ed. Lynching in America, 74 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice and Weekly Law Gazette 4 (1859): 122-124.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.46375, 35.92518 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1708, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/10", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Carroll Co.", "Location": "Carroll Co., Missouri", "Lat": 39.40212, "Long": -93.47655, "Description": "October: \"Slave of Judge Thomas Clingman\" hanged for alleged murder of master", "Source": "New York Times, October 16, 1855 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.47655, 39.40212 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1712, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free-soilers burn homes of three pro-slavery men in retaliation for the murder by one of the men of free soiler Charles Dow.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.51", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1713, "year": 1855, "date": "1855\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Blanton Bridge", "Location": "Blanton Bridge, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "November: Free soilers rescue Jacob Branson from pro-slaver sheriff and posse.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.52", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1718, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kikapoo", "Location": "Kikapoo, Kansas", "Lat": 39.379747, "Long": -94.939369, "Description": "January: When local pro-slavery rangers heard what happened at Easton, they captured free-soil captain Reese Brown. While they debated whether they should try him before killing him, one of the Rangers put an axe into Brown's skull. They deposited his body at his farm's door.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82-83", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Racial; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Reese Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.939369, 39.379747 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1719, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/01", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Easton", "Location": "Easton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.345008, "Long": -95.119207, "Description": "January: Free-soil election disrupted by pro-slave forces. Taunts led to threats and exchange of shots. A southerner was killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.82", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.119207, 39.345008 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1723, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Sante Fe Trail", "Location": "Santa Fe Trail, Kansas", "Lat": 39.348434, "Long": -94.952914, "Description": "May: Eight free-soilers ambush 18 pro-slavery men, killing several.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political; Vigilante; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Political; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Political", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.952914, 39.348434 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1725, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Pottawatomie Creek", "Location": "Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas", "Lat": 38.44404, "Long": -95.082544, "Description": "May: John Brown and 8 followers visit three homes and execute 5 pro-slavery men (two were boys) in brutal massacre.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.110-119", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Youth", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.082544, 38.44404 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1726, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Prairie City", "Location": "Praire City, Kansas", "Lat": 38.781829, "Long": -95.187765, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery men, after capturing local minister, road into town to be met by 20 or 50 free-soil men, who fired upon them. Two men killed. Next day free-soil men, with John Brown and company attack Captain Pate's pro-slavery force of 50. Although free-soil men outnumbered, they capture Pate and half his men. Two opposing forces in area almost collide, but federal troops arrive and restore order.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.12-124", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Religious; Minister", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown; Pate", "Persons Named as Targets": "Pate", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.187765, 38.781829 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1729, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.527216, "Long": -94.707369, "Description": "June: Free soilers attack a half-built fort and a pro-slavery man killed.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.707369, 37.527216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1731, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Free-soil men capture Fort Titus. One free-soiler killed, 2 pro-slavery killed. A cannon used. Titus captured and sent to Lawrence.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137-139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1732, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawatomie", "Location": "Osawatomie, Kansas", "Lat": 38.498662, "Long": -94.948956, "Description": "August: Missourians under the leadership of General John Reid, at the invitation of pro-slavery interim governor attacked this free-soil town. Forty free-soilers ambushed them and resulting gun battle led to 5 free-soilerss killed, 3 wounded, and 2 killed and 3 wounded pro-slavery. After driving off the free-soil forces, pro-slavery men ran into Frederick Brown, John's son, and killed him. They then sacked the town. Shortly thereafter 2 larges forces (1300 each) fired a few volleys at each other and separated.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Missourian; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "8", "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Reid", "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Brown", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.948956, 38.498662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1733, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "September: Pro-slavery forces called regulators attack William Phillips' house. He and his brother-in-law killed two, but Phillips was killed, too. Regulators also shipped 150 free-soilers down river that and the next day.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.149", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "William Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1734, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Hardteville", "Location": "Hardteville, Kansas", "Lat": 39.29885, "Long": -95.33271, "Description": "September: Free-soilers under John Swift attacked and captured the town. One defender had been killed. Four-pounder used. Later government troops capture free-soilers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154-155", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Swift", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.33271, 39.29885 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1740, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/04", "State": "Illinois", "Sublocation": "Cairo", "Location": "Cairo, Illinois", "Lat": 37.00558, "Long": -89.17853, "Description": "April: About 50 ruffians on their way to Kansas from Alabama and Georgia fell upon three men, shot and beat them at the levee.", "Source": "Briggs. \"Lawlessness,\" Mid. Amer., (1951) p.72", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -89.17853, 37.00558 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1742, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Reverend Pardee Butler seized by pro-slavery men and after discussing killing him, tarred and feathered him.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.102", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Religious; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Religious", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pardee Butler", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1743, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Junction of California and Fort Scott roads. Free-soil gang looted Bernhard's store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.111", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bernhard", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1745, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lawrence", "Location": "Lawrence, Kansas", "Lat": 38.9716, "Long": -95.23499, "Description": "May: Under Sheriff Sam Jones, and after a federal marshal had obtained the arrests he came for, pro-slavery forces sacked the town, burnt down the Free State Hotel (attempts to blow it up failed) and burnt Free State Governor Robinson's house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.103-109", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Legal; Law Officer; Sheriff", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Elected Official; Governor; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Robinson", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.23499, 38.9716 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1746, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "May: Pro-slavery forces burn John Brown Jr's home, Theodore Weiner's store for John Brown Sr.'s massacre. Both were held as captives and turned over to federal authorities.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.120-121", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown Jr.; Theodore Weiner", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1747, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/06", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "June: Major Henry Titus of the Law and Order militia went to Captain Samuel Walker of Free State militia at the fork of the Lecompton and California roads. Titus had 15 men, Walker, 30. Free soil men drove off pro-slavery men in a hail of bullets.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.130-131", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Miltia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence; Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus", "Persons Named as Targets": "Samuel Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1750, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.35839, "Long": -94.92841, "Description": "Summer: Captain Emory's Regulators rounded up free-soilers and sent the down the river(?) by the boatload.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Emory", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92841, 39.35839 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1752, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Kansas", "Location": "Kansas", "Lat": 38.67761, "Long": -94.74348, "Description": "August: Eight miles from LeComptones skirmish fought between Sam Walker's men (free soil) and Henry Titus pro-slavery men. Inconclusive.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.137", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Persons Named as Targets": "Henry Titus; Sam Walker", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.74348, 38.67761 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1753, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Franklin", "Location": "Franklin, Kansas", "Lat": 37.52602, "Long": -94.70689, "Description": "August: Free soilers under Jim Lone capture Fort Franklin (pro-slavery) after three hour gun battle.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.135-136", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Non-Lethal Violence; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Jim Lone", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70689, 37.52602 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1754, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Tecumseh", "Location": "Tecumseh, Kansas", "Lat": 39.0476, "Long": -95.57902, "Description": "August: Free-soilers from Lawrence pillage homes of pro-slavery settlers.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.139", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.57902, 39.0476 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1755, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Lecompton", "Location": "Lecompton, Kansas", "Lat": 39.042909, "Long": -95.391278, "Description": "August: Pro-slavery men under Sheriff Sam Jones burned houses of seven Northern familiesin pro-slavery capital.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.142", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia; Legal; Law Officer; Sherrif", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Sam Jones", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.391278, 39.042909 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1757, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Alexandria", "Location": "Alexandria, Kansas", "Lat": 39.27662, "Long": -95.11172, "Description": "September: About 150 free soilers attack and pillage the town.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.150", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.11172, 39.27662 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1758, "year": 1856, "date": "1856\/09", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Osawkee", "Location": "Osawkee", "Lat": 39.23206, "Long": -95.4665, "Description": "September: Free-soilers devastate the area.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.154", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.4665, 39.23206 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1759, "year": 1856, "date": null, "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "Fall: George (Murderer of Barber Clarke) led a raid that destroyed crops, stole horses and cattle nad burned free-soil homes.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.219", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Regulator (Pro-Slavery); Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": null, "Riot Scope": null, "Persons Named as Rioters": "George", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1768, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of George, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1769, "year": 1857, "date": null, "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Louisville", "Location": "Louisville, KY", "Lat": 38.248802, "Long": -85.731141, "Description": "Hanging of Bill, an enslaved man for alleged murder", "Source": "Cutler, Lynch-Law, 125; source: Liberator, October 16, 1857 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Bill", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.731141, 38.248802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1785, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Montomery", "Location": "Montgomery, Montgomery Co., TX", "Lat": 30.38802, "Long": -95.69494, "Description": "May: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted murder of mistress", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.69494, 30.38802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1804, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/07", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Leavenworth", "Location": "Leavenworth, Kansas", "Lat": 39.323495, "Long": -94.926377, "Description": "July: 2,000 citizens, over protest of pro-slave justice (??) and free soil mayor Adams, broke into the jail, took out 2 murderers and hanged them.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.197", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Legal; Prisoner; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Jail", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Large", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.926377, 39.323495 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1808, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/08", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Atchison", "Location": "Atchison, KS", "Lat": 39.56201, "Long": -95.12677, "Description": "August: On Saturday the 22, Col. Lane was to speak at a Free State Convention in Atchison. The angered the pro-slavery element, who requested aid from Missouri. 8 Americans and 12 Germans organized to defend the convention. 8 or 10 men, including F.G. Adams, moved towards the disturbance, which prompted armed, pro-slavery men to gather. A freestater, Woodward, was found to have been knocked down. After raising their weapons, the freestaters were allowed to retreat. Threats continued to be made throughout the day.", "Source": "New York Times, October 2, 1857.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Threat; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Lane; F.G. Adams; Woodward; Losee", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.12677, 39.56201 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1829, "year": 1857, "date": "1857\/05", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Ft. Madison Landing", "Location": "Ft. Madison Landing, Iowa", "Lat": 40.63075, "Long": -91.31156, "Description": "May: The crew of a steamboat was about to whip a black crewmember. Locals who supported abolition attempted to interfere. A fight broke out with the crew. Those on shore threw stones, etc. In the boat they fired bullets. Six men onshore wounded. The boat escaped.", "Source": "Black. \"Lynchings,\" p.190-191", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Steamboat; Sailor", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 6, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.31156, 40.63075 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1857, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Ft. Scott", "Location": "Ft. Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.834166, "Long": -94.70688, "Description": "April: Eight free-soilers led by James Montgomery fire upon dragoons, killing two, and wounding four.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224-225", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Dragoon", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "2", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Small", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70688, 37.834166 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1860, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.410671, "Long": -95.071956, "Description": "May: Marceis des Cygnes massacre. Proslavery forced under Charles Hamilton round up free-soil men. They take nine, formed a firing squad and shot them. Five were killed, four wounded, but pretended to be dead.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.227", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Miltia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "5", "Recorded # Injured": 4, "Riot Size": "Medium", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.071956, 37.410671 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1862, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.581279, "Long": -94.251961, "Description": "December: John Brown leads a raid from Kansas along the Little Osege River. Captures 11 slaves, belonging to 3 families, and all other removeable property - horses and clothing taken from about a dozen families. They killed only one man in the process.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235-236", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Prison Break; Lethal Violence; Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "John Brown", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.251961, 38.581279 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1866, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/03", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "March: After murder of two free-soilers, free-soil gangs sought the killers destroying as they went.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.223-224", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1869, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/04", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "April: Gunfight between free-soilers and federal troops. No real casualties.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.224", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Military; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Military", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1873, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Montgomery and his free-soilers plundered store of James Wells at Willow Springs.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "James Wells", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1874, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: James Montgomery and free-soilers attacked house of pro-slaver Charles Hamilton. Dragoons arrive to drive off Montgomery.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "Charles Hamilton", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1875, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "May: Charles Hamilton led an attack on free-soil blacksmith Eli Snyder at the smithshop. The pro-slavers shot Snyder, but were driven off by shotgun blasts by Snyder's son.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.225-226", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Charles Hamilton", "Persons Named as Targets": "Eli Snyder", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1876, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/05", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "May: James Montgomery led a band of free-soilers in an attack on Fort Scott at night. Securing the sentinels, they set fire to the town. As the townspeople came out of their houses they were greeted by a fusilade from a nearby ravine. Shots were exchanged and the free-soilers rode off.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.230", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian", "Actions": "Property Destroyed; Lethal Violence; Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1890, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/09", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Wellington", "Location": "Wellington, Ohio", "Lat": 41.16997, "Long": -82.2156, "Description": "September: Slave catcher had kidnpapped a black man from Oberlin and brought him to Wellington, a town 9 miles away. On hearing this a crowd of men from Oberlin joined by some Wellington folk rescued the black man and sent him to Canada. 37 were subsequently arrested, including one Oberlin professor and several students.", "Source": "McMaster,VIII, p.356", "Type": "Racial; Law; Student; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Student; Youth; Professor; Abolitionist; Anti-Slaver", "Target Classification": "Legal; Slavecatcher; Pro-Slavery", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.2156, 41.16997 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1899, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: James Montgomery and other free-soilers on jayhawking spree, robbing house after house.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.234-235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Seized Property", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1900, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Pro-slavers out of Fort Scott go capture Benjamin Rice, who had been indicted for murder. But they turned him over to authorities in Fort Scott.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Benjamin Rice", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1902, "year": 1858, "date": "1858\/12", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "Fort Scott", "Location": "Fort Scott, Kansas", "Lat": 37.83982, "Long": -94.70493, "Description": "December: James Montgomery leads free-soilers in jail rescue of Benjamin Rice. Only one pro-slaver resisted, J.H. Little. After he fired on the rescuers, he was killed by the return fire. The jayhawkers then plundered $7,000 worth of goods from his store.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.235", "Type": "Slavery; Vigilante; Law; Racial; Political; Land", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia; Merchant", "Actions": "Seized Property; Extraction; Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": "J.H. Little", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.70493, 37.83982 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1906, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Troy", "Location": "Troy, Lincoln Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.97938, "Long": -90.98065, "Description": "January: Burning of enslaved man belonging to Simeon Thornhill for allegedly murdering master", "Source": "Maysville Eagle (Maysville, KY). January 8, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.98065, 38.97938 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1907, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri border", "Lat": 38.729765, "Long": -94.620364, "Description": "January: Captain Ely Snyder leads jayhawking raid into Missouri, attacking a Ruffian headquarters. When they refused to surrender, Snyder had the building burnt. Four men perished in the flames.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.238", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Pro-Slavery; Border Ruffian; Vigilante; Militia", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "Ely Snyder", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.620364, 38.729765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1910, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/04", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Smithfield", "Location": "Smithfield, Polk Co., TX", "Lat": 30.80538, "Long": -94.91311, "Description": "April: Burning of Alfred, an enslaved man belonging to a Mr. Roper for alleged murder and robbery of master", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, May 17, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Alfred", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.91311, 30.80538 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1912, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/01", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Location": "Kansas-Missouri Border", "Lat": 38.71429, "Long": -94.60586, "Description": "January: James Montgomery leads jayhawking expeditions into Missouri to discourage immigration to Kansas.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.237-239", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Unknown", "Actions": "Unknown", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Regional", "Persons Named as Rioters": "James Montgomery", "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.60586, 38.71429 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1918, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/05", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Western Missouri", "Location": "Western Missouri", "Lat": 38.66923, "Long": -94.24027, "Description": "May: John Doy arrested and convicted for slave stealing, but was rescued and sent by underground to Iowa.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.242", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Legal; Jail", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.24027, 38.66923 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1921, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Hopkins Co.", "Location": "Hopkins Co., TX", "Lat": 33.15125, "Long": -95.60403, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man for alleged attempted rape of white woman", "Source": "Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 105 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.60403, 33.15125 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1922, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dresden", "Location": "Dresden, Navarro Co., TX", "Lat": 32.03064, "Long": -96.68038, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging \"Mr. Blanton, of Ellis county\" for alleged murder and robbery", "Source": "Galveston Weekly News, August 6, 1859 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.68038, 32.03064 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1923, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Arrow Rock", "Location": "Arrow Rock, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.07001, "Long": -92.94661, "Description": "July: Hanging of enslaved man belonging to Dr. William Price for allegedly assualting a white girl", "Source": "Thomas G. Dyer, \"A Most Unexampled Exhibition of Madness and Brutality: Judge Lynch in Saline County, Missouri\" in Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 87 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.94661, 39.07001 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1924, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Burning of John, an enslaved man, for alleged murder.", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1925, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Jim, an enslaved man, for alleged attempted rape", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jim", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1926, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/07", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Marshall", "Location": "Marshall, Saline Co., MO", "Lat": 39.12216, "Long": -93.19631, "Description": "July: Hanging of Holman, an enslaved man, for allegedly stabbing a white man", "Source": "Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery, 250 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Holman", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.19631, 39.12216 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1928, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/08", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Princeton", "Location": "Princeton", "Lat": 40.39816, "Long": -93.58338, "Description": "August: Jessie Williams, \"an old and wealthy citizen of Caldwell Co.\" was taken from jail and lynched. He had been charged with murder, stealing, and cruelty to slaves. His sons John and James fled. Dr. Singleton, Mansfield, Morse, and Strawmal, all allegedly connected to Williams, \"were severely punished, and ordered to leave the county.\"", "Source": null, "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Slaveholder; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Thief", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Jessie Williams; James Williams; John Williams; Singleton; Mansfield; Morse; Strawmal", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.58338, 40.39816 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1939, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/11", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Barnville District, SC", "Location": "Barnville District, SC", "Lat": 33.24498, "Long": -81.36005, "Description": "November: Vigilantes seize T.A. Salvo, a northern piano tuner, accuse him of being an abolitionist, tar and feather him, shave part of his head, and ride him through town on a rail.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Humilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "T.A. Salvo", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.36005, 33.24498 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1941, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Waynesboro", "Location": "Waynesboro", "Lat": 33.08766, "Long": -82.01594, "Description": "December: Book agent allegedly hanged and burned  for preaching to slaves. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave; Slaveholder", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.01594, 33.08766 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1942, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Sylvania", "Location": "Sylvania", "Lat": 32.75239, "Long": -81.64081, "Description": "December: Two book agents recieve thirty-nine lashes each.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Merchant; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.64081, 32.75239 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1943, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Virginia", "Sublocation": "Scottville", "Location": "Scottville", "Lat": 37.7979, "Long": -78.49819, "Description": "December: Black crowd burns John Brown in effigy", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Slave", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Effigy", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John Brown", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -78.49819, 37.7979 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1944, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Clayton", "Location": "Clayton", "Lat": 31.87949, "Long": -85.44784, "Description": "December: A crowd tarred and feathered and abolitionist, and rode him on a rail. They gave the man two days to leave the state.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.44784, 31.87949 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1945, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Columbia", "Location": "Columbia", "Lat": 34.006972, "Long": -81.039326, "Description": "December: A workman taken from the the State House in Columbus for \"incendiary language\" regarding slavery. A vigilance committee siezed the man, gave him twenty-nine lashes, and tarred and feathered him. ", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Political; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Anti-Slavery; Worker", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Non-Lethal Violence; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 1, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.039326, 34.006972 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1946, "year": 1859, "date": "1859\/12", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Bolivar", "Location": "Bolivar", "Lat": 37.60439, "Long": -93.41245, "Description": "December: Race riot in Bolivar with reported violence between black and white residents. Guns and pistols reportedly used on both sides, and one black man injured. A vigilance committee was formed to hunt down the fleeing African American combatants. The slaveholder of some of the enslaved himself \"badly wounded\" and had to flee to save preserve his life.", "Source": "Nebraska Advertiser, Janurary 5, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; White; Slave; Slaveholder", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": 2, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.41245, 37.60439 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1949, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/01", "State": "Flordia", "Sublocation": "Tampa", "Location": "Tampa, FL", "Lat": 27.971689, "Long": -82.484991, "Description": "January: Lynching of an enslaved black person convicted of murder, but whose execution had been delayed by court action.", "Source": "Ingalls. \"Lynching…,\"Journal of Southern History(1987) p.616", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law; Vigilante", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; White", "Target Classification": "Slave; Legal; Prisoner; Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.484991, 27.971689 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1959, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/03", "State": "Pennsylvania", "Sublocation": "Philadelphia", "Location": "Philadelphia", "Lat": 39.90153, "Long": -75.176711, "Description": "March: Fugitive slave law riot where black people attempt to rescue slave in question outside courthouse. Some white support in courthouse. 10 arrested.", "Source": "Leane.Roots of Violence, p.49; Scharf and Wescott, p.734", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Black; Anti-Slavery; Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Legal; Court; White", "Actions": "Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.176711, 39.90153 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1976, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Dallas", "Location": "Dallas", "Lat": 32.77282, "Long": -96.79866, "Description": "July: Three black men - Pat Jennings, Sam Smith, and Cato - hanged for alleged insurrectionary plotting. A vigilance committee arrested and interrogated nearly one hundred black people. Rumors abounded that the hanged men planned to burn the town, kill the elderly, poison the people, and \"to seize and to approproate the young and handsomest for their villainous purposes.\"", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "3", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Pat Jennings; Sam Smith; Cato", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.79866, 32.77282 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1977, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/07", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Waxahachie", "Location": "Waxahachie", "Lat": 32.39383, "Long": -96.86053, "Description": "July: More rumors of poison and insurrection. White vigilance committee targets black population. Several lynchings occur - at least four, maybe more. Committee of Vigilance in session all day.", "Source": "The Nebraska City News, August 25, 1860", "Type": "Racial; Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante; Vigilance Committee", "Target Classification": "Black; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Arsonist", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Threat; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "4", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -96.86053, 32.39383 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1981, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/09", "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "South Carolina", "Location": "Silverteill, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "September: Vigilantes attack John N. Smith because he had taken in and protected a free black woman and her family. Accusing Smith of being an abolitionist, they, after failing on a first attempt, seized Smith, took him to the RR depot, and told him to leave town and never return.", "Source": "McCurry.Masters of Small Worlds", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "White; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "John N. Smith", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1988, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "Alabama", "Sublocation": "Tuskegee", "Location": "Tuskegee, Macon Co.", "Lat": 32.42377, "Long": -85.69402, "Description": "October: Burning of enslaved \"boy belonging to Maj. Cocke.\"", "Source": "Sellers, Slavery in Alabama, 264 as listed in Pfeifer, Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Youth; Slave", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.69402, 32.42377 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1989, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/10", "State": "Iowa", "Sublocation": "Pottawattamie Co.", "Location": "Pottawattamie Co., IA", "Lat": 41.25752, "Long": -95.67644, "Description": "October: Hanging of Philip McGuire for allegedly kidnapping and attempting to sell a man and woman into slavery as well as for alleged theft", "Source": "Black, \"Lynchings in Iowa,\" 209 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Vigilante; Law; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Alleged Thief; Alleged Kidnapper; Slave Trader", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Philip McGuire", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.67644, 41.25752 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1992, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Kansas", "Sublocation": "SE Kansas", "Location": "SE Kansas", "Lat": 37.44765, "Long": -94.92292, "Description": "November: Jayhawkers try and hang border ruffian Russell Hirds for \"man stealing.\" He had hunted down and returned to Missouri a fugitive slave.", "Source": "Nichols.Bleeding Kansas, p.243", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law; Land; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Free-Soiler; Anti-Slavery; Free-Stater; Vigilante; Militia", "Target Classification": "Vigilante; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist; Slavecatcher", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s)", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Russell Hirds", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.92292, 37.44765 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 1993, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/11", "State": "Missouri", "Sublocation": "Callaway Co.", "Location": "Callaway Co., Missouri", "Lat": 38.80802, "Long": -91.90516, "Description": "November: Hanging of enslaved woman for alleged murder of white woman", "Source": "St. Louis Bulletin, November 8, 1860, quoted in Sante Fe Gazette, December 15, 1860 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Woman; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Vigilante", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -91.90516, 38.80802 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2000, "year": 1860, "date": "1860\/12", "State": "Massachusetts", "Sublocation": "Boston", "Location": "Boston", "Lat": 42.350273, "Long": -71.060098, "Description": "December: Public meeting commemorating the 1st anniversary of John Brown's execution attacked by a mob. Frederick Douglass, among others, fought against the attacks.", "Source": "Katz.Resistance at Christiane", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Reformer; Political; Black", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Frederick Douglass", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.060098, 42.350273 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2002, "year": 1861, "date": null, "State": "South Carolina", "Sublocation": "Interior of State", "Location": "Interior of the State, SC", "Lat": 33.91421, "Long": -80.38179, "Description": "Burning of \"favorite household servants\" for alleged \"revolt\" and murder of master's family", "Source": "New York Times, December 1, 1861 as listed on Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.38179, 33.91421 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2007, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/02", "State": "Georgia", "Sublocation": "Milledgeville", "Location": "Milledgeville", "Lat": 33.07882, "Long": -83.23375, "Description": "Feburary: A mob siezed an enslaved man, George from jail, where he was being held for alleged rape or attempted rape. The mob burned George to death.", "Source": "Reports of Cases in Law and Equity Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Georgia, 1864-1866, 506-509.", "Type": "Law; Racial; Vigilante; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Legal; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Seized Person(s); Extraction", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "George", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -83.23375, 33.07882 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2019, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Texas", "Sublocation": "Harrison", "Location": "Harrison", "Lat": 32.51769, "Long": -94.27774, "Description": "September: Burning of Green, an enslaved man, for alleged rape and murder of 12-year-old white girl", "Source": "Marshall Republican (Marshall, TX), September 7, 1861 quoted in New Orleans Picayune, September 12, 1861 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Racial; Slavery; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Sexual Assailant; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Lethal Violence; Mutilation", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Green", "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -94.27774, 32.51769 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2020, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/09", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "Milwaukee", "Location": "Milwaukee", "Lat": 43.03145, "Long": -87.95645, "Description": "September: Mob lynched a black prisoner in jail accused of murdering a white. The crowd shouted: \"Damn the n*****s and abolitionists!\" and tried to lynch another black person, but he escaped. The dead man's name was Marshall Clarke.", "Source": "Voegeli.Free but..., p.9 and Pfeiffer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Milwaukee Sentinel, Sept 9 1861 and Daily Wisconsin (Milwaukee), September 9 1861.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Anti-Abolitionist; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; White; Pro-Slavery; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Legal; Prisoner; Jail; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer", "Actions": "Prison Break; Seized Person(s); Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Marshall Clarke", "Note": "PTH Edits", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.95645, 43.03145 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2027, "year": 1861, "date": "1861\/04", "State": "Maryland", "Sublocation": "Baltimore", "Location": "Baltimore", "Lat": 39.293324, "Long": -76.615924, "Description": "April: Pro-secession mobs active in attacking local targets. One group sacked the German Turner Hall because it was reported that some German turners had volunteered to go to Washington in defense of the capital. Another group attacked the German abolition paper the Wecker at Frederick near Gay street.", "Source": "Scharf.Chronicles, p.600-601", "Type": "War; Political; Ethnic\/National; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Pro-Confederate; Confederate; Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Pro-Union; Union; Press; German; Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.615924, 39.293324 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2049, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/01", "State": "Kentucky", "Sublocation": "Near Peak's Mill, Franklin Co.", "Location": "Franklin Co., KY", "Lat": 38.2984, "Long": -84.81247, "Description": "January: Hanging of \"slave of 'Miss Pearce'\" for alleged rape and murderous assualt", "Source": "New York Times, Jan. 14, 1862 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice.", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Vigilante; Law", "Rioter Classification": "White; Vigilante", "Target Classification": "Black; Slave; Alleged Criminal; Alleged Murderer; Alleged Sexual Assailant", "Actions": "Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": "1", "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": "PTH", "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.81247, 38.2984 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2055, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/03", "State": "Ohio", "Sublocation": "Cincinatti", "Location": "Cincinnati", "Lat": 39.105032, "Long": -84.517971, "Description": "March: Mob pelted Wendell Phillips with eggs and stones during his attempt to give a speech. He was whisked away when the crowd threatened to lynch or tar and feather him.", "Source": "Voegili.Free But…, p.18", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Political", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Abolitionist; Pro-Slavery", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Threat; Humiliation", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": "Wendell Phillips", "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.517971, 39.105032 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2059, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/07", "State": "Louisiana", "Sublocation": "New Orleans", "Location": "New Orleans", "Lat": 29.944425, "Long": -90.08651, "Description": "July: 40 slaves attempting to enter the city routed the police and were only subdued by the arrival of Federal troops.", "Source": "Messner. \"Black Violence,\" p.22", "Type": "Slavery; Racial; Law", "Rioter Classification": "Slave; Black", "Target Classification": "Legal; Law Officer; Military; White", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.08651, 29.944425 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2086, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/11", "State": "Wisconsin", "Sublocation": "West Bend", "Location": "West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin", "Lat": 43.42489, "Long": -88.18415, "Description": "November: Mob stones houses of prominent citizens and abolitionists in opposition to the draft. 300 troops sent to area.", "Source": "Coakeley.Role, p.234", "Type": "War; Political; Military; Slavery; Racial", "Rioter Classification": "Anti-Draft; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Reformer; Anti-Slavery", "Actions": "Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -88.18415, 43.42489 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2088, "year": 1862, "date": "1862\/12", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Indiana", "Location": "Indiana", "Lat": 40.26328, "Long": -86.1646, "Description": "December: Mob surrounds house of a farmer who had hired a \"contraband\" - a newly freed black man from the South. They captured the free black man and ordered him out of the community.", "Source": "Klement.Copperheads, p.16", "Type": "War; Racial; Slavery", "Rioter Classification": "White", "Target Classification": "Black; Worker; Farmer", "Actions": "Seized Person(s); Threat", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "National", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.1646, 40.26328 ] } },
{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "ID": 2136, "year": 1863, "date": "1863\/06", "State": "Indiana", "Sublocation": "Shelbyville", "Location": "Shelbyville, Indiana", "Lat": 39.52073, "Long": -85.77787, "Description": "June: Rioting broke out between supporters of abolitionist and pro-Southerners on Saturday in what was probably a market day. Several (??) torn down and cattle and swine allowed to enter a garden.", "Source": "Turbulent Times, p.94", "Type": "Political; Slavery; Racial; War", "Rioter Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Target Classification": "Abolitionist; Anti-Slavery; Pro-Slavery; Anti-Abolitionist", "Actions": "Non-Lethal Violence; Property Destroyed", "Recorded # Killed": null, "Recorded # Injured": null, "Riot Size": "Unknown", "Riot Scope": "Unknown", "Persons Named as Rioters": null, "Persons Named as Targets": null, "Note": null, "field_22": null }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -85.77787, 39.52073 ] } }
]
}